2024年中考英语二轮题型专题：阅读理解 (北京专用)（含解析）

2024年中考英语（阅读理解）模拟真题速递(北京专用)
（2024·北京东城·一模）Daisy forgot to set the alarm clock (闹钟) so she had to run to catch the bus. This made her feel tired and rushed when she started her science test. After she handed in her test paper, she was certain that the test had not gone well. With a heavy heart, she left the classroom.
That afternoon, Daisy left school to work part-time at Beckman’s. After she finished her work, Mrs. Beckman called her into the office. “Daisy,” she said, “you have been a great worker. But business has been slow; we have to let you go.”
Feeling down, Daisy left the office. As she walked slowly towards her aunt’s house, she tried to think about the new hairstyle her aunt had promised her. When she arrived, Daisy showed her aunt a picture of the style she wanted.
“Well, you’re done. What do you think ” Her aunt asked about an hour later.
What Daisy saw in the mirror left her speechless. It was nothing like the picture! How could she possibly go to school again
The next morning, putting her things in her locker, she ran into Ms. Wilson, her science teacher.
“I know, Ms. Wilson, I did very poorly on the test. It’s just that I forgot…”
“What are you talking about Daisy, you did a great job!” Ms. Wilson said. “What I wanted to ask you is if you would be interested in working a few days a week after school as a lab assistant (助手). I need some help organizing all the materials.” Daisy happily accepted.
“Daisy!” she heard as the rest of the students began to enter the building. “Where did you get your hair done ” She was so excited about her test and new job that she had completely forgotten about her hair.
“Wow! That is so cool!” she was told. She couldn’t believe her ears. Everyone loved her hair.
What a couple of days it had been! Walking home, she smiled as the radio of a passing car played the song “What a Difference a Day Makes”.
1．Daisy left the classroom with a heavy heart because ________.
A．she arrived late for the test
B．she forgot to study for the test
C．she thought she did poorly on the test
D．she had to do her part-time job after the test
2．How did Daisy feel when she first saw her new hairstyle
A．Disappointed. B．Uninterested. C．Excited. D．Calm.
3．From her experience, Daisy probably learned that ________.
A．it is important to be prepared for the worst
B．things are not always as bad as they seem
C．life is full of challenges and choices
D．hard work leads to good results
（2024·北京东城·一模）Short videos have become increasingly popular in recent years. These videos are typically short in length, lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes, and offer a quick supply of entertainment (娱乐) or information. While these videos may seem harmless, there are worries about the effect they can have on the human brain and attention span (持续时间).
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter (神经递质) that is connected with the reward (奖励) center of the brain. When we experience something pleasurable or rewarding, such as eating a delicious meal or receiving praise, our brains release (释放) dopamine. This release of dopamine strengthens the behavior that led to the reward, making us more likely to do that behavior again.
Short videos can also make our brains release dopamine. The quick and easy-to-understand nature of these videos provides an immediate satisfaction that can be addictive (上瘾的). Each time we watch a video and experience the pleasure of entertainment or information, our brains release dopamine, strengthening the behavior of watching more videos.
Over time, this continuous release of dopamine can lead to a decrease in dopamine receptors in the brain. This means that it takes more and more dopamine to create the same pleasurable sensation, making it even more difficult to stop watching short videos.
Studies have shown that too much use of social media can lead to a decrease in attention span, and short videos may be even more harmful. The never-ending excitement provided by these videos can make it difficult for people to focus on tasks that require lasting attention. This can lead to a decrease in productivity and a reduced interest in activities that don’t offer immediate rewards.
Additionally, these videos can have a bad influence on mental health. Watching an endless stream of short videos can lead to feelings of anxiety and stress. You might also start to feel bad about yourself because you think you’re not as good as the people in the videos.
Not all short videos are harmful, and they can be a valuable tool for entertainment and education. However,
it is important to be mindful of how long you watch these videos and focus on activities that require full attention and provide long-term rewards.
4．What do you know about dopamine from the passage
A．Dopamine makes people more attentive.
B．Dopamine keeps us from repeating things we like.
C．Dopamine influences emotions instead of behaviors.
D．Dopamine is released as a result of pleasurable experiences.
5．What causes people to increase their behaviors of watching short videos
A．The strong wish to learn new things.
B．The convenience of getting short videos.
C．The necessity of having social communication.
D．The need to keep the same level of satisfaction.
6．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage
A．To introduce how dopamine works in our brains.
B．To encourage people to improve their attention span.
C．To remind people to limit their time of watching short videos.
D．To explain why short videos have become increasingly popular.
（2024·北京西城·一模）Have you ever wondered why you are good at noticing things in your environment that are possibly dangerous Defensive circuits, one of our brain systems, detect (察觉) signs that might suggest threats (威胁) and prepare the body to take quick action, therefore increasing our chances of staying alive.
Our defensive circuits are always on the lookout for things that might be threats.
They look for certain features of objects (物体) that make those objects stand out from the other things around them. Objects with these features are given priority in our brains; that is, we pay attention to them before other things. So, how exactly does our threat detection work
First, the presence of a feature that could suggest a threat grabs, or catches, our attention very quickly—it is an automatic (自动的) process. Threat detection happens so quickly because the threat information does not have to go all the way around the cortex (大脑皮层). You can think of this as a shortcut through the brain, which gives us more time to avoid possible threats.
Once we look at something that might be a threat, we often find looking away to be very difficult—the threatening object holds our attention. This process is also automatic, and its advantage is that it gives us more
time to collect additional details about the possible threat. Those details are important for understanding whether we are facing a real threat and deciding how to best deal with the situation.
After we have recognized the possible threat, our brains must often make up for the time we’ve spent examining it-we need to avoid paying attention to the threat, and then we can look around and process the rest of the environment. This can help us find additional threats, or find a way out.
Once we detect a threat, the defensive circuits prepare our body to take action. We make changes to our emotions (for example, feeling fear) and body functions (such as speeding up our heartbeat). Together, these changes allow us to act properly in threatening situations, increasing the likelihood that we will get away without being harmed.
There are differences between people on how easily the defensive system is activated. Some of us are frightened more easily than others, and it takes less to activate the defensive circuits. This, however, can be problematic. Overly sensitive defensive circuits might stop working as they should when overused.
7．What can we learn about the defensive circuits
A．They watch out for possible danger.
B．They help us remember threat features.
C．They promise us a happy and healthy life.
D．They easily stand out from other brain systems.
8．What do our brains do to make up for the time spent examining possible danger
A．Create additional details immediately.
B．Activate a shortcut through the cortex.
C．Push our body to make lasting changes.
D．Redirect our attention to the rest of the environment.
9．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．How does your brain work in various situations
B．What makes us different when it comes to facing threats
C．Why are we overly sensitive to certain threatening objects
D．What happens in your brain when you notice something frightening
（2024·北京东城·一模）Have you heard of mental toughness Often talked about in relation to sports, mental toughness is characterized by the ability to always perform well under stress. Research has shown that it is also a useful quality (品质) for students, with benefits for school achievement, classroom behavior, and
relationships with others.
However, mental toughness is often misunderstood. It is sometimes related to hiding your feelings. or not acknowledging (承认) your weaknesses, which can harm student well-being, as well as school performance and socializing.
So, what actually is mental toughness, and how can it be developed in schools
Students who show mental toughness are aware of (意识到) and able to control their emotions. This helps them to think clearly under stress, on the day of exams for example. One way to help with this is to encourage students to talk to themselves in a positive and helpful way. Students may be upset if they don’t do as well on a task as they hoped. By asking themselves questions, such as “What would I do differently next time ”, they can stop focusing on the negatives and direct their attention towards improving in the future.
Mental toughness means asking for help. Many students are too ashamed to do it, for fear they would show weakness by acknowledging they don’t understand something. However, others actually consider it a positive quality. Recognizing when they are experiencing difficulties takes courage for students, but it also shows a willingness to learn and get better.
Mental toughness is also about being open to learning, not being a know-it-all. Over time, the students who grow the most are those who like to explore (探索) things, looking for answers in books, online, or by paying attention to what’s happening around them. They also work together, helping each other with challenges.
What’s more, mental toughness involves having a strong sense of self-belief and confidence in one’s abilities. Mentally tough students have a clear idea of their goals, and their wills to achieve them are unwavering. They are not easily influenced by others’ opinions and are willing to step outside of their comfort zone to reach their goals.
To create mentally tough students and classrooms, it is important for teachers themselves to be role models. Teachers can develop their mental toughness in much the same way as students. In order to develop mental toughness, both students and teachers should recognize that it is about having positive behaviors and attitudes that help them learn and improve.
10．You were most probably being mentally tough when ________.
A．you kept your sadness inside without telling others
B．you acted as if you were doing well with everything
C．you received praise for answering a difficult question
D．you managed your nervousness to make a great speech
11．The word “unwavering” in Paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to ________.
A．unshakeable B．unacceptable C．unclear D．uncommon
12．What can we learn from the passage
A．Experiencing difficulties makes students less willing to learn.
B．Mentally tough students doubt their abilities when facing failure.
C．Mentally tough students have curiosity about the world around them.
D．High-performing students are more likely to have a good attitude to learning.
13．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．Why Is Mental Toughness a Key to Success
B．What Does Mental Toughness Look like in Schools
C．How Does Mental Toughness Influence School Achievement
D．Who Should Be Responsible for Developing Mental Toughness
（2024·北京西城·一模）On a Saturday afternoon, your best friend calls you and says he needs help moving. You gladly show up to help. When you are done, he hands you some money, saying “Thanks for your help.” The situation suddenly feels awkward (尴尬的).
Why doesn’t direct payment fit the situation According to economist Dan Ariely, we live in two worlds—one governed by social norms (规范), and the other characterized by market norms. Social norms are part of our social nature. They include the friendly requests (请求) that people make of one another and immediate payback is not required. In the second world, where market norms make the rules, people work for money and get what they pay for. Market relationships are not necessarily bad or mean, but they do suggest comparable benefits and immediate payments.
When we keep social norms and market norms on their separate paths, things move along smoothly. Moreover, when social and market norms run into each other, the results are not satisfying.
There was an experiment involving daycare center fines. Some parents would arrive late to pick up their children, so fines were introduced. However, this made more parents late. Before the fine was introduced, parents were sorry for keeping the teachers waiting, and this made them feel compelled to arrive on time in the future. But the introduction of the fine replaced this social norm with a market norm. Parents felt they were paying to be allowed to choose whether they wanted to be late. Even after the center removed the fine, the parents didn’t return to social norms and the number of late pick-ups didn’t drop. The result showed a fact: when a special norm runs into a market norm, the social norm goes away and seldom returns.
However, does this necessarily mean market norms always have a bigger effect than social norms Ariely
performed an experiment by paying people $5 (Group 1) or $0.50 (Group 2) for dragging (拖动) circles across a computer screen for five minutes. With payment, he expected them to use market norms in that situation and act accordingly. And to Group 3, he introduced the task as a social request, just asking them for help. The results showed that Group 1 dragged on average 159 circles, and Group 2 dragged about 101 circles. But the ones who were paid nothing dragged 168 circles. When people were paid, motivation (动力) and productivity rose as pay rose, but people worked even harder under social norms than for money, Why Because people love to feel that they have helped others.
Money is the most expensive way to motivate people. Social norms are not only cheaper, but often more effective as well. Money will take you only so far—social norms are the forces that can make a difference in the long run.
14．Which of the following examples fits within social norms
A．Paying a friend for his voluntary help.
B．Fining a worker because of his mistakes.
C．Offering a neighbor a free ride to the airport.
D．Returning a product to get your money back.
15．The words “feel compelled to” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean ________.
A．remain unwilling to B．think it necessary to
C．be afraid to D．find it easy to
16．What can we learn about Dan Ariely’s experiment in Paragraph 5
A．Ariely expected people to help each other to complete the task.
B．The result suggested who should receive the highest payment.
C．People in the experiment acted according to the same norms.
D．The experiment showed the effects of the two norms.
17．According to the passage, the writer probably agrees that _________.
A．social norms can play a great role in society
B．market norms aren’t effective as they used to be
C．better performance sometimes leads to lower pay
D．people should replace market norms with social norms
（2024·北京通州·一模）Sharing your opinions is fun when everyone else agrees with you. But what about when they don’t No one likes feeling like the strange one out, and these days it seems like people with unpopular
opinions are more likely to get shunned (回避). Does that mean you should change your opinions to conform (符合) to the majority’s beliefs Of course not. Here’s what you should do.
Say it, but don’t push it
We all have ideas that we want to share. But don’t try to convince (说服) other people that your opinion is the best idea or the only idea they should have. Stand your ground, but don’t be condescending (居高临下的).
Be respectful of other people’s opinions, too
It’s not only you who need to express an opinion. Everyone should have the chance, and you should give them that chance. When people share their thoughts, be open to them and don’t bring them down for unpopular opinions.
Agree to disagree
Sometimes, we have to accept the fact that we won’t agree on everything. When your opinions clash (冲突), make sure that it ends there. Don’t have any arguments or negative feelings. Agree to disagree when there’s no other way for you.
Unpopular opinions can rock the boat when it comes to conversations. But they can be the best conversation topics. Having an unpopular opinion is hard, but it doesn’t have to ruin your relationships or your self-esteem (自尊). With the right way, you can stand firm (坚定地) in your beliefs, even when you feel like others don’t share them.
You can share a different idea on the topic. Be sure not to be so surprised when someone doesn’t agree with you. It is an unpopular opinion, after all. Learning how to handle having an unpopular opinion is important if you want to be able to share your opinion respectfully and effectively, and you don’t want to feel emotionally isolated (孤立的) because of your opinion.
18．What can we learn from the passage
A．We should use our opinions to challenge others’ opinions.
B．We should try our best to make our friends accept our ideas.
C．When we share our opinions, we should stop others from talking.
D．When it’s hard to accept different opinions, we should set them aside.
19．The words “rock the boat” in Paragraph 5 probably mean “______”.
A．bring benefits B．draw away attention C．make trouble D．win support
20．What is the passage mainly about
A．The collection of unpopular opinions. B．Ways to deal with unpopular opinions.
C．The importance of unpopular opinions. D．Benefits of having unpopular opinions.
（2024·北京通州·一模）We all experience different levels of stress, and we can manage a certain amount of it while still feeling comfortable and fulfilled. But everywhere you look today, some people are stressed out. Why do people seem to have more stress
Many researchers agree that stress comes down to the larger number of tasks and our higher expectations.
But we believe there is more to consider. The attitudes towards the tasks can also influence the level of stress. An attitude is the way that you think and feel about things. Bad attitudes towards the tasks can slow down the management of the tasks. Some people may be overwhelmed (压倒) by their growing list of to-do items. This can lead to anxiety. For many, anxiety can be painful. For some, anxiety can be so painful that they may avoid tasks big and small. Avoidance can lead to an expanding list of unfinished tasks. When some one reminds us to face what we have not completed or when a new pressure has been added, the burden (负担) becomes too much. For example, if someone tells us tomorrow is the deadline of our projects or a new one is given to us, we are facing the accumulation (积累) of stress.
One of the elements that influence attitudes is emotions. Emotions are powerful internal (内部的) experiences that influence attitudes and behaviors by shaping ideas, evaluations, and decision-making processes. Pleasant emotions tend to promote positive attitudes, while unpleasant emotions can lead to negative attitudes. Furthermore, negative emotions will reduce the thinking process that is necessary to handle stress. For example, shame over unfinished projects or unmet expectations can push us down, and negative judgment can create a lack of self-belief, which can affect performance and the overall management of stress.
When you’re stressed out and have a bad attitude on top of that stress, you will feel that even the simplest tasks are boring and impossible to do, which can increase your stress level. But if we want to have less stress on our tasks, it’s time to have proper attitudes.
21．You will most probably experience the accumulation of stress when you ______.
A．leave your tasks to the last minute
B．have comfortable feelings at school
C．have positive attitudes towards your work
D．are able to finish your homework correctly every day
22．Why does the writer talk about anxiety in Paragraph 3
A．To provide examples of the growing list.
B．To show a new way to face the stress.
C．To help us know the importance of the tasks.
D．To explain the relationship between attitudes and stress.
23．What do you know about the attitudes and emotions from the passage
A．Emotions are a kind of behaviors guided by attitudes.
B．Pleasant emotions can lead to negative attitudes.
C．Emotions are easier to change than attitudes.
D．Attitudes are affected by emotions.
24．The writer probably agrees that ______.
A．positive attitudes can help people feel less stressed
B．people can change attitudes by observing people around them
C．high expectation is a key part of effective stress management
D．people have pleasant emotions when they fall behind on tasks
（2024·北京通州·一模）When I was 13, I was going to visit my grandfather in Lancashire. My aunt made me sandwiches for the road. They would keep me going until I reached the airport.
As I got onto the bus, I was so thankful to find a window seat. When I sat there, I saw an old man watching me. “Excuse me Can I sit here ” His voice was deep.
“Yes, of course!” I said. He looked kind of nervous, or tired. He let out a sigh (叹气) and relaxed a bit in his seat.
“Hi, I’m Tony.” I said as I gave him my right hand to shake.
“George.” He looked at me for a couple of seconds before accepting my hand.
He was friendly and we talked about this trip. I knew he was 70 and headed to Birmingham to visit his son and grandchildren. I told him about my grandfather, and we both seemed to relax.
Our conversation was rudely interrupted by my stomach. I took out a sandwich and took a big bite. I noticed George was watching me eating. He probably was hungry.
“Would you eat with me ” I said as I handed him my second sandwich.
“No, no, I don’t want to eat your food. You will need that for your next coach.”
“No, I won’t. I will eat again on the plane. Plus, I don’t really like eating alone.” The determination (决心) on my face must have been very persuasive (有说服力的), because after a moment’s hesitation (犹豫), he nodded his head weakly and accepted the sandwich.
After eating, I decided that I should have a nap. I had an hour to kill before we reached Birmingham.
The sudden tap (轻拍) on my shoulder made me open my eyes. It was George. He told me we had reached
Birmingham. I said, “Nice to meet you, George. I hope you have a great time with your family.”
As I extended (伸出) my hand for a final handshake, he not only took it, but cupped it in both his hands. “Thank you for being so kind to me. Safe travels.” He said and turned around to get off the bus.
I didn’t know what he walked away with that day, but I walked away with a sense of satisfaction. His words “Thank you for being so kind to me” kept ringing in my ears and I kept smiling to myself.
25．Tony met George on the ______ to Birmingham.
A．train B．plane C．ship D．bus
26．Tony ______ George during the trip.
A．found a seat for B．shared his food with
C．listened to music with D．had a sudden tap on the shoulder of
27．Tony had a sense of satisfaction because ______.
A．his aunt made him sandwiches for the road B．George was friendly and had a nice family
C．his kindness made George feel warm D．he could see his grandparents
（2024·北京大兴·一模）The Greatest Gift
On Christmas Eve, George found himself on a bridge outside his hometown. He was sad because he thought his life had been a complete waste. In this hopeless moment, a mysterious man appeared. The man wondered why George was here instead of staying with his family. George told him he disliked his simple life in the small town. George believed he was just an insignificant banker with a family doing the same thing every day. Without any achievement, George wished he had never been born at all. Hoping to teach him a lesson, the man granted (满足) George his wish.
After the man disappeared, George traveled back to town. Nothing appeared out of place until he walked by Hank Biddle’s tree. The tree should have been damaged (毁坏) from the time George ran his car into it. But in this moment, the tree looked like it hadn’t been hit. In fact, he remembered clearly that he had run his car into it. Soon, George discovered the town he knew so well didn’t know him at all-because he had never been born.
As George walked around town, he noticed he was a stranger to everyone. Not only that, George learned that the lives of his friends and family had taken a turn for the worse. For one, George’s job as a banker was replaced by another man. Because the new banker was greedy (贪婪的), many people’s lives were negatively affected.
Without George, the lives of his family members were also disturbed. George learned that his beloved brother, whom he had once saved from drowning (溺水), died because George was not there to save him. The
death of George’s brother continued to bring huge sadness to their parents. George also found out that Alice, the love of his life, ended up in a difficult marriage with someone else.
George realized these dark changes might stay forever unless he did something. He returned to the bridge to find the man and begged for his life back. Once again, his wish was granted. George raced back home to hug Alice and their children on Christmas. He realized that life was truly the greatest and most wonderful gift.
28．What did George think of his life before he met the mysterious man
A．Wonderful. B．Busy. C．Hopeful. D．Simple.
29．When George returned to the town, he found ________.
A．everyone treated him as a stranger
B．his parents were sad about his death
C．his brother saved a person
D．he became a greedy banker
30．After the Christmas, George would ________.
A．feel bored with his life B．value his life and family more
C．race home faster than before D．beg the mysterious man for money
（2024·北京大兴·一模）Clean electricity is the power of the future, but engineers are facing a big challenge. How can we store electricity to be used at times when the wind is not blowing and the sun is not shining In some cases, the answer will be batteries; but in other cases, it could come from a variety of different solutions—starting with gravity.
Gravity is the most abundant source of power on Earth. It’s always been everywhere since the beginning of time. Nobody knew about it until around 1700, when Isaac Newton saw an apple fall from a tree in his garden. Newton asked himself the question: “Why did that apple fall to the ground ” And he soon worked out the answer. Everything will fall to the ground if it can do so, because there is a massive force that pulls things towards the center of the earth. Newton decided to call this force “gravity”, a word that then just meant “weight”.
Engineers have used gravity as a source of power for centuries, long before Newton first explained it. In particular, they used gravity to move water from one place to another to irrigate (灌溉) fields and bring water to cities. They knew that water would flow downhill, but never uphill, so they built structures to use the force of gravity most effectively.
In 1907, engineers in Switzerland first used gravity for a new purpose: to store energy. They pumped (用泵抽送) water up a hill, where they stored it in a lake. Then when they needed more electricity, they let the water
come back down the hill, driving electric turbines (涡轮机) as it fell. The idea was just so simple, and it is now used in many parts of the world. However, the problem is that “pumped storage” hydro schemes (抽水蓄能水电方案) can’t be built just anywhere, as they need lots of water and big hills or mountains.
Some experts believe that gravity systems are the cheapest way to store electricity. Gravity-stored electricity is maybe half the price of battery-stored electricity, but even so it is not cheap. In order to make gravity more effective, we would need to increase its force—and that, of course, is quite impossible. Yet gravity is not the only way of storing energy, and engineers are working on systems that store it using water pressure or compressed air... and even sand!
Storage is one of the big scientific challenges of our time, as storage is the essential partner of wind power and solar power. We need clean electricity 24 hours a day, not just when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing.
31．The word “abundant” in Paragraph 2 probably means ________.
A．expensive B．environmental C．famous D．plentiful
32．From the passage, we can know that ________.
A．gravity systems are the cheapest way to store electricity
B．“pumped storage” hydro schemes can be built on small hills
C．engineers in Switzerland first stored energy by using gravity creatively
D．experts have already made gravity more effective by increasing its force
33．Why does the author write this passage
A．To tell the story of finding gravity.
B．To show the importance of gravity.
C．To call on people to use clean electricity.
D．To introduce a good way to store electricity.
（23-24九年级上·北京顺义·期末）We see space exploration updates in the news almost every week now. This is great for those who want a future like in science fiction movies. On the other hand, some believe space
exploration is not necessary because there are a few reasonable cons to it. So, read further to see what the space exploration pros and cons (利弊) are.
It’s true that space exploration technologies are costly and consume many resources (资源). Only launching space exploration satellites takes at least $ 40 million per launch and can go for as much as $400 million. Analyzing some space exploration facts, we are aware that space exploring costs a lot. While the UN says $30 billion could end world hunger, NASA is being offered a lot every year. And this is a good argument for those who are against space exploration.
While space exploration is highly important for learning about who we are, some are worried about what it can do to humanity. Countries can use their space crafts and satellites to collect information about other countries they’re in conflict (冲突) with. Obviously, this can lead to tensions between countries and eventually to wars.
Another issue that space exploration brings is that it causes a great danger for astronauts. NASA mentions in an article how damaging cosmic radiation (宇宙辐射) is for the human body because it can damage the nervous system both badly and in the long run. Besides, cosmic radiation sickness causes extreme tiredness, nausea (恶心), anorexia, and vomiting. From this point of view, space exploration does put our astronauts at great risks. However, preventive measures are taken, and their health is kept in check through intensive training and daily checkups.
While all previously mentioned observations are very good and make great points, space exploration still has more benefits than negative effects. It allows us to develop our technologies, which are already advanced thanks to space exploration. Moreover, by exploring space, we can discover new resources that we could use to better our lives here on Earth. And another thing is certain as well: we couldn’t build a better future for our children without space exploration.
34．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2
A．To prove NASA spends too much money.
B．To raise more money for space exploration.
C．To show space exploration is highly important.
D．To stress the disadvantage of space exploration.
35．What can we learn from the passage
A．Space exploration can lead to wars between countries.
B．Cosmic radiation can cause totally physical pain to astronauts.
C．The problem of world hunger can be solved by space exploration.
D．Through space exploration we can give our children a better future.
36．The writer probably agrees that ________.
A．it is necessary to explore space
B．cosmic radiation is harmful to astronauts
C．it is easy to discover new resources on Earth
D．space exploration costs $400 million every year
（23-24九年级上·北京海淀·期末）In the face of all kinds of changes in nature and life, our survival and development have been closely tied to our complexity. An idea called self-complexity refers to people’s thoughts about their different roles. It is the key to a strong and lasting identity (the sense of self) which can help us go through unexpected changes we all face. With self-complexity, people have developed various parts to their identities. For example, imagine a woman who sees herself as student, wife, daughter and tennis player and who has a wide variety of life experiences. Social scientists would say that she has high self-complexity. On the other hand, a man who regards himself only as a student or only as a member of the hockey team and who has limited life experiences would be said to have low self-complexity. For those with high self-complexity, the various parts of the self are separate. This means the positive and negative thoughts about a certain part of the self won’t affect (影响) thoughts about other parts.
A large body of research shows that if you depend too much on any one part of the self, you will become fragile. When one’s identity connects too closely with the only one part that he cares deeply, then one will easily get stressed and burnt out when unexpected changes appear. This is especially true for an athlete during periods of change when his main—and all too often, only—sense of identity feels at risk. Yet while it may be heightened for athletes, it’s a pattern that holds true in all walks of life: if you want to be excellent and experience something fully, then you’ve got to go all in, but only to a point.
If your identity becomes too involved in any one part, then you are likely to suffer when things change. So what you need to do is to challenge yourself to put the various parts of your identity into a whole. This allows you to emphasize (强调) and reemphasize certain parts of your identity at different periods of time. The result is a fluid (流动的) sense of self.
Developing a fluid sense of self doesn’t mean you can be careless or just do things without effort. Caring deeply about the people, activities, and projects you love is undoubtedly the key to a rich and meaningful life. The problem is not caring deeply; it is when your identity is too closely fixed to any single goal.
37．Which most probably shows you have high self-complexity
A．You complete your science project with music on.
B．You turn to the people around you when in trouble.
C．You make an effort to improve English through practice.
D．You keep a balance between schoolwork and sports training.
38．The word “fragile” in Paragraph 3 probably means “________”.
A．cold B．lazy C．weak D．careless
39．What can we learn from the passage
A．Most people get stressed out more easily than athletes.
B．A strong identity comes from going all in for a single goal.
C．Doing well in one area betters other parts of a person’s identity.
D．Developing a fluid sense of self helps deal with unexpected changes.
40．What’s the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage
A．To introduce different ways to face challenges.
B．To stress the importance of trying hard in one area.
C．To remind us to care about various parts of the self.
D．To discuss the meaning of a strong and lasting identity.
（23-24九年级上·北京海淀·期末）
It was a cold and cloudy afternoon at the end of winter. I put on my hockey pads, picked up my bag and ran towards the car. My heart was racing because I was getting ready to try out for the Boston Junior Team.
“Dad,” as we drove, I said, “I’m really nervous. Will I make it ”
“You’ll do fine, Emily,” he said to me comfortingly. “I know what kind of player you are. No matter what, give your all.”
“OK,” I answered.
When I arrived at the rink (冰场), I greeted some friends who were also trying out. I tied my skates and carefully stepped out onto the ice. After a while, we were divided into two teams, and the match started. I tried to stay focused but still felt nervous. I messed up a few times. Sometimes I passed too early, took a bad shot, or didn’t make a play I probably should have. I felt like my skates had minds of their own, but I remembered what my dad said: I should give my all. I kept trying to make the best play possible. My dad’s words pushed me to keep
going.
After the match, some players were pleased, while others seemed to be in the same situation as me, feeling like their playing was awful. I got home and told my parents that I didn’t think I would make the team, and I went to sleep without dinner.
As I was eating breakfast the next morning, my mother, to my surprise, walked into the kitchen with a wide smile on her face.
“The coach just emailed me. You’ve made it!”she said excitedly.
I was so relieved (如释重负) and shocked at the same time. I got up and hugged her, then read the email for myself, still unable to believe it was true.
That day, I realized that I may not be the most talented person there, but if I try my hardest, I can do anything.
41．How did the writer feel before the match started
A．Confident. B．Excited. C．Nervous. D．Angry.
42．During the match, Emily ________.
A．made some mistakes B．talked with her father again
C．asked her coach for help D．broke her skates by accident
43．From her experience, Emily learned about ________.
A．the value of talent B．the power of putting in full effort
C．the strength of teamwork D．the importance of planning ahead
（23-24九年级上·北京海淀·期末）
Before the invention of air-conditioning, southern China’s skywells played a key role in keeping people’s homes cool. Could they do it again today
A skywell, or “tian jing”, is a typical feature (特色) of a traditional home in southern and eastern China, which can date back to Ming and Qing dynasties. A skywell is almost always in the center of a house. It is enclosed by rooms on four sides or three sides plus a wall. It acts as a transitional (过渡的) space between indoor
life and the outdoor environment.
Skywells were designed to cool buildings. When wind blows above a skywell house, it can enter the indoor space through the opening. As the cool outdoor air travels down the walls to the lower storeys, it replaces warmer indoor air, enabling the bottom of the skywell to stay cool. Even when there is no natural wind, air circulation (循环) still takes place, because the temperature is different between the top and bottom of the skywell. Moreover, another part of the cooling effect comes from the evaporation (蒸发) of water. People collect rainwater in their skywells, and when the water evaporates, it cools hot air.
Today, although fewer and fewer people live in skywell houses, some designers take a new interest in the traditional Chinese buildings. They are getting creative ideas from skywells to help keep new buildings cooler. One example is the National Heavy Vehicle Engineering Technology Research Centre in Jinan, which was completed in 2022. The 18-storey glass-walled tower block has a huge skywell in the middle, from the fifth to the top floor. The lifts, toilets and meeting rooms are all set around the skywell, which helps improve the lighting and air circulation of the building and cut the overall use of energy.
Although ancient “green wisdom” like skywells has caught more attention of modern Chinese people, there are some challenges for bringing skywells into modern designs. For one thing, traditional skywells highly depend on their natural conditions, like how much sunlight or rainfall in the area, so adding skywells into modern buildings requires designers to fully consider their projects’ situations. Meanwhile, lighting, air conditioning and water supply have become so convenient that we depend on them with little care about the environmental cost. So it won’t be easy to be green by learning from the past without considering our present behaviours.
44．What do we know about skywells
A．Skywells are typical in western China.
B．Skywells are enclosed by glass on four sides.
C．Natural wind is kept out of the house by skywells.
D．Water evaporation in skywells takes the heat away.
45．Why does the writer mention the 18-storey glass-walled tower block in Paragraph 4
A．To show that skywell design can be creatively used in mordern buildings.
B．To prove that modern skywells are different from the traditional ones.
C．To present how glass walls can improve the lighting of buildings.
D．To explain why fewer and fewer people live in skywell houses.
46．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．Skywells: A Traditional Design to Be Protected
B．Skywells: Ancient Wisdom for Modern Times
C．Skywells: A Green Structure to Be Improved
D．Skywells: Modern Technology for City Lives
（23-24九年级上·北京门头沟·期末）Students Raise Money for Baseball Team
Two years ago, high school students Michael Pinsky and David Connor read an article in a newspaper about a school in Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City. The school had a baseball team, but no money to buy the baseball equipment.
Michael and David had an idea. They decided to help the team get money for the equipment they needed. So the two boys started a project to raise money for the baseball team. They called the project “Home Runs for Harlem.” They placed boxes in stores to collect money for the team and sold bracelets (手镯；手链) with the words “Home Runs for Harlem” on them. Their plan was to collect money to support the team.
Michael and David’s project was a great success. They raised over $9, 000. The team bought the equipment they needed: gloves, baseballs and bats. The school also used some of the money to pay a baseball coach.
After the school in Harlem received the money, Michael and David spoke to the students at the school, and David explained why this was a dream come true. “It’s not just about me,” he says. “It’s for other people. It’s for the community.”
“I just hope they have a fun time playing baseball, and if they can have the equipment, then that just helps out,” says David. David and Michael now plan to raise money for other baseball teams in Harlem.
For their passionate and inspiring efforts to support school baseball programs, the two teenagers were New Yorkers of the Week on one of New York’s news stations.
47．A school in Harlem had no money to buy _______ for their baseball team.
A．newspapers and magazines B．the baseball equipment
C．baseballs and news stations D．boxes and bracelets
48．Michael and David’s plan was to _______.
A．write an article in a newspaper
B．show their success to the team
C．sell things to pay a basketball coach
D．collect money to support the team
49．What made Michael and David New Yorkers of the Week
A．Their efforts to help the school baseball programs.
B．Their creation of bracelets with words on them.
C．Their programs for their news stations and school.
D．Their successful project on how to raise money.
（23-24九年级上·北京门头沟·期末）On Nov. 11, an Australia jockey got hurt after his horse “broke down” during a horse race in Hong Kong. Though the jockey is safe now, his horse is not so lucky. Since the horse’s leg injury would lead to its death, vets killed it in front of audience on the spot.
Falling off a horse at high speed has a big risk of injury. You can say it’s the jockey’s choice to take part in the sport. But what about the horses
This is not the first time that animals have been harmed because of animal entertainment-related sports. For example, about 180,000 bulls are killed in bullfights around the world, with many more injured in bullfight events every year, according to Human Society International, an organization improving the human-animal relationship globally. Hunters shoot more than 800 lions in South Africa.
To help these animals, animal lovers have started many campaigns, which seem to be taking effect. In June, Churchill Downs, the site of the famous Kentucky Derby in the US, stopped all horse racing which was to run to July 3. Circuses (马戏团) using animals have been banned (禁止) by many countries around the world in recent years due to animal welfare worries, according to the website Four Paws.
Animals play an important part in our lives and are more than tools for sports and entertainment. The human-animal bond can be seen in all kinds of places. Service animals can help people in their jobs and animals are also used to help and care for people with illnesses and who have experienced abuse (虐待).
“We can have our sports, drinks, lively parties, and beautiful hats but we can leave the animals out of it,” reported Vox.
50．From Paragraph 3, we know that __________.
A．animals are hurt or even die in animal entertainment
B．many people hunt wild animals for fun or personal use
C．animal entertainment-related sports are popular
D．the number of bulls and lions goes down quickly
51．What is the opinion of the website Four Paws
A．Horses have been banned from participating in races in many countries.
B．Animal welfare concerns are helpful to stop using animals for fun and sports.
C．Circuses using animals and animal-related sports are popular for entertainment.
D．Bullfights should be banned and bulls can help people in their jobs and life.
52．According to Vox, animal entertainment-related sports are __________.
A．exciting B．necessary C．avoidable D．meaningless
（23-24九年级上·北京门头沟·期末）Most of us cannot imagine modern life without social media. We use it almost every day in order to keep up with what is happening in our friends’ lives or find out the latest information. Although it has a bad influence if we don’t use it properly, social media has done more good than harm.
The greatest advantage is that we can connect with people much more easily. We are still able to keep in touch with our friends if they are far away. With social media, friendship goes beyond geography. We’re able to find friends old and new. Also, it makes it easier for us to make friends, especially for those who are afraid of making friends face to face. Are you shy If yes, social media has probably helped.
Social media is also ideal (理想的) for making yourself heard. Anyone with a voice can express it. Anyone with a talent is free to show it. Everyone is the new content (内容) creator. Moreover, anyone with a smartphone and the Internet can be a reporter. As a result, it has become much faster to cover the news than ever before.
Social media, on the other hand, can make us less confident sometimes. A study published by the Public Library of Science, found that the more a person uses social media, the sadder he feels about his own life. One reason for this is that people around us put colourful information and perfect pictures online in order to show off their best moment. So we often get a distorted sense of how wonderful their lives are compared to our own.
Social media does not cause sadness; it simply provides another tool for us to use. Is it good or bad Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai says, “What is interesting is the power and influence of social media ... We must try to use social media in a good way.” After all, you decide how you use this powerful tool.
53．What can we learn about social media from the passage
A．We use social media to only record our best side.
B．We can use social media to find out the shiest friends.
C．Social media can help people connect with others more easily.
D．Everyone can be a reporter in the Public Library of Science.
54．The word “distorted” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．clear B．different C．simple D．incorrect
55．Which picture shows the structure (结构) of the passage (①=Paragraph 1, ...)
A． B． C． D．
56．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage
A．Social Media: To Create Or Not To Create
B．Social Media: Our Friend Or Enemy
C．Social Media: Connecting the World
D．Social Media: Making Yourself Heard
（23-24九年级上·北京顺义·期末）Some parents and some students feel that the study of English literature is misguided and disadvantageous to students, particularly if they are second language learners of English. However, there are still good reasons for the study of English literature.
Students of English language sometimes fail to see the point of studying English literature, especially if they have no plans to study English or translation at university. But English literature can introduce students to many aspects (方面), not only the English language but also the culture of English-speaking countries.
There are aspects of English culture that summarized by English literature. Of course,this is quite evident (明显的) when we are studying the works of Shakespeare or of writers, poets and playwrights of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is, however, also true when we are studying other works of English literature. Students can learn about good stories and references to different aspects of English culture. They can also learn the context (背景) and meanings of famous quotes and phrases.
Studying literature does not confine the students to the traditions of England but includes the possibility of introducing them to traditions which influence English literature, such as the study of Ancient Greek drama, and to literature in other contexts, such as American literature. The enjoyment and appreciation of literature will give students the ability to develop this into an interest in books and reading as they move away from their studies and
into the adult lives. They will have the confidence to approach and deal with new forms of books and writing.
When studying literature, students can learn not only language aspects such as vocabulary but also the language aspects which can be used for specific purposes. For example, if the students are familiar with the concepts of the beat and rhythm of English poems, they can improve their own writing as they are able to appreciate and apply these ideas.
Finally, the study of literature can provide students with a fresh and creative angle, from which the students can deal with their studies in particular and their lives in general. So the next time you are reading a newspaper article complaining of the lack of creativity and initiative (主动性) in the local workforce, remember that in a small way the study of English literature can help to add a refreshing and further dimension to a person’s life.
57．The word “confine” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ________.
A．advise B．warn C．limit D．require
58．The writer probably agrees that the study of English literature ________.
A．has a long-lasting influence on students
B．is misguided and has more disadvantages
C．is not necessary for second language learners
D．only allows the students to learn traditions of England
59．What can we learn from the passage
A．Schools fail to care about students’ need.
B．English culture is closely related to English literature.
C．Learning English literature can make students smarter.
D．The more you read literature works, the more you complain.
60．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．Why We Learn English Literature
B．The Needs of Students and Parents
C．What We Know about English Culture
D．English Culture and English Literature
（23-24九年级上·北京顺义·期末）A Little Imagination Makes a Difference
Susan had finished her homework and was going to paint a picture of the stairs. It was for a competition in school the next day.
When her father reminded her it was almost time for bed, Susan said,“I’ll be quick but I wonder what color
to use ”
“Well, our stairs are brown” said her father.“Thanks, Dad.” said Susan. When she finished her picture, Susan began playing with her brush which was still wet. Suddenly, she dropped the brush right on the picture! There in the middle of her picture was a blob (污点) of brown paint!
“Oh, Dad! What shall I do ” Susan cried. “My picture is ruined. And it’s too late to paint another.”
“Let me see,” said her father. “The blob looks just like...”
“Wow, I have an idea!” cried Susan. She drew a dog around the blob of brown paint.
“Wonderful! You know, few things are as bad as they are seen at first. With a little imagination you can turn bad into good.” said Susan’s father.
The next day Susan went to school early. When the competition began, Mr.King said, “I’ve chosen three pictures, and I want you to say which one you like best.” The children did not like the first one. The next picture was on black paper, but the stairs were red. So it was not so good. Then Mr. King showed the third painting. It was Susan’s!
“The stairs are straight.” said Joe.
“Yes, and the brown paint shows up well on the white paper.” said Lucy. “The little dog seems to belong there.” said Terry.
The children voted and Susan’s painting won.
“Susan had a good idea,” Mr. King said. “That little dog finished a good painting. It made the stairs seem real.”
Susan smiled. She could hardly wait to tell her father the news. He was right. With a little imagination you can turn something bad into something good!
61．When Susan finished her picture, she ________·
A．went to bed early
B．played with her dog
C．drew a blob in the picture
D．dropped the brush on the picture
62．Susan won the competition because of ________.
A．her stairs
B．her brush
C．her imagination
D．her white paper
63．According to the passage,we can learn that ________.
A．fathers always love their children
B．never give up when we face difficulties
C．most things are as bad as they are seen
D．we can turn bad into good with imagination
（23-24九年级上·北京丰台·期末）People with the growth mindset (思维形式) believe that intelligence (智力) or skill, can be developed through effort. Basically, they believe that anyone can develop their abilities in anything.
The opposition of the growth mindset is the fixed mindset. People with this believe that intelligence and skill are innate: it’s something that we’re born with. We’re either born gifted or not; there is no room for change. Basically, they believe intelligence is fixed from birth.
All of us are a mixture of both the growth and fixed mindsets. In some areas of our lives, we operate with the growth mindset. In others, we operate with the fixed mindset. Because of this, we all wear both in different situations in our lives. Although, we should all try to wear the growth ones much more than we wear the fixed ones. But, why
A lot of research seems to suggest that people with the growth mindset are more successful than people with the fixed mindset. For example, a study found that students who held a growth mindset were three times more likely to score in the top 20% on the test, while students with a fixed mindset were four times more likely to score in the bottom 20%. Another study found that when 7th graders participated in a growth mindset program, they were able to avoid a drop in grades which usually happens in middle school.
People with the growth mindset are much more resilient (有适应力的) which allows them to deal with challenging and difficult situations. Because they prioritize (优先考虑) learning over failure, people with the fixed mindset don’t, want to challenge themselves because they believe talent and intelligence are fixed. They look at failure as an assault (攻击), failure once means failure always.
We know that the brain can continue to learn until the day we die, thanks to the field of neuroscience (神经科学). It also seems quite clear that people must work hard and keep trying even when they meet difficulties if they want to be successful. So the growth mindset seems to be a much more correct view of reality than the fixed mindset. People with the growth mindset are living in greater accordance (符合) with relality than people with the fixed mindset. They can make truer decisions while a person with the fixed mindset lives in a greater state of delusion (妄想). So, now you know why the growth mindset is important. Keep in mind that it takes a lot of effort
to develop and that it will always be a hard fight to a avoid falling into the fixed mindset.
64．People with the growth mindset ________.
A．think learning and developing are more important
B．believe they are born with intelligence and skill
C．are afraid of making mistakes and taking risks
D．are less likely to deal with difficult situations
65．The word “innate” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ________”.
A．changeable B．natural C．trainable D．growing
66．The writer probably agrees that ________.
A．if people fail once in their life, they may never become successful
B．if people operate with two mindsets, they are more likely to succeed
C．if people can challenge themselves, they will have intelligence and skill
D．if people understand the real world correctly, they may make true decisions
67．What’s the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage
A．To introduce the ways to develop mindsets.
B．To discuss why people have different mindsets.
C．To compare the growth mindset with the fixed mindset.
D．To encourage people to operate with the growth mindset.
参考答案：
1．C 2．A 3．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Daisy经历的不可思议的一天。
1．细节理解题。根据“after she handed in her test paper, she was certain that the test had not gone well.”可知，Daisy交了考卷后，她确信这次考试不太顺利。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据“What Daisy saw in the mirror left her speechless. It was nothing like the picture! How could she possibly go to school again ”Daisy觉得新发型不好看，可推测她很失望。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据全文的描述可知，Daisy经历了上学赶时间、对科学考试结果的不自信、兼职工作被辞退和对新发型的失望，但最终事情都没有她想象中的那么糟糕，可推测，Daisy可能从那天的经历中明白了事情并不总是像看上去的那么糟。故选B。
4．D 5．D 6．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了短视频成隐的机制与危害；多巴胺是一种神经递质，与大脑的奖赏中枢相连；愉悦的经历会释放多巴胺；而多巴胺的释放加强了导致奖励的行为，使我们更有可能再次做出这种行为。但是随着时间的推移，多巴胺的持续释放会导致大脑中多巴胺受体的减少。这意味着需要越来越多的多巴胺来产生同样的愉悦感，这使得停止观看短视频变得更加困难。文章呼吁我们注意看这些视频的时间，并把注意力集中在需要全神贯注并提供长期回报的活动上来。
4．细节理解题。根据第二段“When we experience something pleasurable or rewarding, such as eating a delicious meal or receiving praise, our brains release dopamine.”可知，当我们经历一些愉快或奖励的事情时，比如吃一顿美味的饭或受到表扬，我们的大脑会释放多巴胺。故选D。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段“Each time we watch a video and experience the pleasure of entertainment or information, our brains release dopamine, strengthening the behavior of watching more videos.”和第四段“Over time, this continuous release of dopamine can lead to a decrease in dopamine receptors in the brain. This means that it takes more and more dopamine to create the same pleasurable sensation, making it even more difficult to stop watching short videos.”可知，愉悦的经历会释放多巴胺；随着时间的推移，多巴胺的持续释放会导致大脑中多巴胺受体的减
少；这意味着需要越来越多的多巴胺来产生同样的愉悦感，这使得停止观看短视频变得更加困难。故选D。
6．主旨大意题。综合全文尤其是最后一段“However, it is important to be mindful of how long you watch these videos and focus on activities that require full attention and provide long-term rewards.”可知，本文通过介绍短视频了成隐的机制与危害，提醒我们要注意控制刷短视频的时间。故选C。
7．A 8．D 9．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了我们的大脑如何在面临威胁时作出反应，以及这种反应机制的优点和可能的问题。
7．细节理解题。根据第二段“Our defensive circuits are always on the lookout for things that might be threats.”我们的防御回路总是在寻找可能构成威胁的东西，可推测此处是指它们警惕可能发生的危险。故选A。
8．细节理解题。根据“we need to avoid paying attention to the threat, and then we can look around and process the rest of the environment.”可知，此处是指把我们的注意力转移到环境的其他部分。故选D。
9．最佳标题类。通读全文，主要讲述了我们的大脑如何在面临威胁时作出反应，以及这种反应机制的优点和可能的问题，选项D“当你注意到可怕的事情时，你的大脑会发生什么”符合题意。故选D。
10．D 11．A 12．C 13．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍什么是心理韧性以及如何在学校培养心理韧性。
10．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Have you heard of mental toughness Often talked about in relation to sports, mental toughness is characterized by the ability to always perform well under stress.”可知，心理韧性的特点是在压力下始终表现良好的能力，所以D项符合。故选D。
11．词句猜测题。根据第七段中的“Mentally tough students have a clear idea of their goals, and their wills to achieve them are unwavering. They are not easily influenced by others’ opinions and are willing to step outside of their comfort zone to reach their goals.”可知，心理坚强的学生对自己的目标有明确的想法，他们实现目标的意志是坚定不移的，他们不容易被别人的观点所影响，并且愿意走出自己的舒适区来实现自己的目标，所以划线词的含义是“不动摇的”，A项
符合。故选A。
12．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Mental toughness is also about being open to learning, not being a know-it-all. Over time, the students who grow the most are those who like to explore (探索) things, looking for answers in books, online, or by paying attention to what’s happening around them.”可知，心理韧性也意味着乐于学习，成长最快的学生是那些喜欢探索事物的人，他们喜欢在书中、网上或通过关注周围发生的事情来寻找答案，所以C项符合。故选C。
13．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍什么是心理韧性以及如何在学校培养心理韧性，所以B项符合。故选B。
14．C 15．B 16．D 17．A
【导语】本文主要介绍了我们生活在两个世界，一个是社会规范统治的世界，一个是以市场规范为特征的世界，并通过实验表明从长远来看，社会规范更能够产生影响。
14．推理判断题。根据“Social norms are part of our social nature. They include the friendly requests (请求) that people make of one another and immediate payback is not required.”可知，社会规范是我们社会本性的一部分。它们包括人们相互友好的请求，并且不需要立即回报。因此C选项“让邻居搭便车去机场”符合社会规范。故选C。
15．词义猜测题。根据“Before the fine was introduced, parents were sorry for keeping the teachers waiting, and this made them feel compelled to arrive on time in the future.”可知，在罚款开始之前，家长们为让老师们久等而感到抱歉，因此这让他们觉得以后有必要准时到达。因此划线单词表示“认为有必要”。故选B。
16．细节理解题。根据“The results showed that Group 1 dragged on average 159 circles, and Group 2 dragged about 101 circles. But the ones who were paid nothing dragged 168 circles. When people were paid, motivation (动力) and productivity rose as pay rose, but people worked even harder under social norms than for money, Why Because people love to feel that they have helped others.”可知，当人们得到报酬时，动力和生产力随着报酬的增加而增加，但人们在社会规范下比为钱更努力工作，由此可知这项实验表明了这两种规范的影响。故选D。
17．推理判断题。根据“Social norms are not only cheaper, but often more effective as well. Money will take you only so far—social norms are the forces that can make a difference in the long run.”可知，社会规范不仅成本更低，而且往往更有效，因此作者可能同意社会规范可以在社会中发挥很大的作用。故选A。
18．D 19．C 20．B
【导语】本文主要介绍了处理不受欢迎观点的方法。
18．推理判断题。根据“When your opinions clash (冲突), make sure that it ends there. Don’t have any arguments or negative feelings”可知观点发生冲突时，确保到此为止，不要有任何争论或负面情绪，由此推出当很难接受不同的意见时，我们应该把它们放在一边。故选D。
19．词义猜测题。根据“Unpopular opinions can rock the boat when it comes to conversations.”可知此处讲谈话时不受欢迎的观点会带来的影响，结合选项内容及常识可推出是会带来麻烦，rock the boat与make trouble意思相近。故选C。
20．主旨大意题。根据“Does that mean you should change your opinions to conform (符合) to the majority’s beliefs Of course not. Here’s what you should do.”及全文内容可知本文主要介绍了处理不受欢迎观点的方法。故选B。
21．A 22．D 23．D 24．A
【导语】本文主要讲述了人们有更大压力的原因。
21．推理判断题。根据“For example, if someone tells us tomorrow is the deadline of our projects or a new one is given to us, we are facing the accumulation (积累)