(共21张PPT)
第二部分 语法强化
第二章 名 词
类别 例词
普通名词 可数名词 ball,girl,mother,book,dog,flower,bag
不可数名词 weather,money,fun,paper,news,information,knowledge,advice,music,rice,bread,traffic,homework,housework,air,furniture,chalk,milk,meat,beef,mutton
专有名词 人名、尊称、头衔 Einstein,Doctor Lin,Mr Brown
洲名 Asia,Europe,Africa,North America
国名 Egypt,Japan
城市名 London,Sydney,Tokyo,Paris,Seoul
海洋、河流、湖泊 the Pacific,the Atlantic,Nile,Thames,Lake Baikal
月份和星期 January,February,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday
单位、机构、组织 Class 4 Grade 1,Communist Party of China
事件 the Second World War
1.有些单词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但意义不同。
名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数
glass 玻璃杯;眼镜 玻璃 paper 试卷;论文 纸
room 房间 空间 chicken 鸡 鸡肉
fish 鱼;鱼的种类 鱼肉 orange 橙子 橙汁
beauty 美人 美丽 life 生命 生物
iron 熨斗 铁 light 灯 光
experience 经历 经验 exercise 练习;体操 运动;锻炼
2.有些不可数名词变为复数形式后,意义不同。
不可数名词原形 汉语意思 复数形式 汉语意思
work 工作 works 作品
good 好处 goods 货物
cloth 布 clothes 衣服
time 时间 times 时代;倍数;次数
wood 木头 woods 树林
3.不可数名词还常用“数词 / 不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”的搭配来表示不可数名词的量。
如:a piece of news 一条新闻 three bottles of water 三瓶水
即学即练
用括号里所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.(2023·江西省中考改编)— Kevin,could you pass me some _
(water) It’s so hot today.I’m really thirsty.
— OK.Here you are.
2.— Will you please make (room) for the woman with a little baby
— Sure.Take my seat,please.
3.You can get more (information) about the World Expo on the Internet.
information
room
water
4.My uncle gave me some (piece of advice) on how to make full use of the Internet.
5.Lucy bought two (bottle of milk) yesterday.
6.My sister has long black hair and wears (glass).
glasses
bottles of milk
pieces of advice
1.名词复数形式的规则变化
分类 构成方法 例词
一般情况 在词尾加-s book—books,bag—bags
以s,x,ch,sh结尾 在词尾加-es bus—buses,box—boxes,watch—watches,
wish—wishes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾 将y变为i再加-es country—countries,study—studies,
city—cities
以“元音字母+y”结尾 词尾只加-s toy—toys,day—days
以o结尾 (有生命的)加-es hero—heroes,potato—potatoes,
tomato—tomatoes
(无生命的)加-s radio—radios,photo—photos,piano—pianos
以f或fe结尾 将f或fe变为v 再加-es wife—wives,thief—thieves,
shelf—shelves,half—halves,leaf—leaves,
wolf—wolves,life—lives,knife—knives
在词尾加-s roof—roofs,proof—proofs
注意: month — months mouth — mouths
2.名词复数形式的不规则变化
(1)单复数不同形
单数形式 复数形式 单数形式 复数形式
child children foot feet
man men tooth teeth
woman women mouse mice
(2)单复数同形
单数形式 复数形式 单数形式 复数形式
sheep sheep deer deer
Chinese Chinese Japanese Japanese
(3)表示“某国人”的复数形式
单数形式 复数形式 单数形式 复数形式
Chinese Chinese Japanese Japanese
Englishman Englishmen Frenchman Frenchmen
American Americans Australian Australians
German Germans Roman Romans
Egyptian Egyptians Canadian Canadians
Indian Indians Italian Italians
Greek Greeks
口诀:中日不变英法变,其余 -s加后面。
(4)集体名词的单复数形式根据句子意义而定。
如:There’s room for a family of five.那儿能住下一个五口之家。
His family are completely behind him,whatever he decides.
无论他做出什么决定,他的家人都全力支持。
(5)表示由两部分构成的物品,如glasses (眼镜),trousers(裤子), shorts(短裤),
scissors(剪刀),clothes(衣服)等表达具体数目时,要借助数量词pair (对;双),
suit (套)等。
如:a pair of glasses 一副眼镜 two pairs of trousers 两条裤子
注意:
1.“数词-名词(-形容词)”的特殊用法
“数词-名词(-形容词)”,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。这个结构只放在所修饰的名词之前作定语,作用相当于形容词。
如:an eight-year-old boy 一个8岁的男孩
a 100-metre race 一场100米赛跑
2.名词作定语
(1)名词作定语修饰复数名词的时候,前面的名词不能用复数形式。
如:five boy students 五名男同学 several shoe shops 几家鞋店
(2)由man或woman构成的复合名词,变复数时要把名词和man或woman同时变为复数。
如:a woman doctor — some women doctors
a man lawyer — two men lawyers
即学即练
用括号里所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.(2023·岳阳市中考改编)Yueyang is one of the top 10 most beautiful
(city) in China this year.
2.(2022·新疆维吾尔族自治区中考改编)— I find there are more and more overweight children in our school.
— Exactly,so we should have good eating (habit).
3.(2023·天水市中考真题)Frank has more than 500 (stamp).
4.(2023·云南省中考真题)We’re going to make vegetable salad.
How many (tomato) do we need
tomatoes
stamps
habits
cities
5.(2023·永州市中考真题)Deng Yaping is my hero because she’s one of the best table tennis (player) in the world,and I love playing table tennis.
6.(2020·达州市中考改编)— It’s said that the two (man) doctors have just come back from Wuhan.
— Yeah,I know them.They are both already in their (sixty).
7.We should brush our (tooth) every day.
8.When I think of the worried (look) of foreign students who are learning Chinese,I can go to study English calmly.
looks
teeth
sixties
men
players
9.Tim got four (toy) from his relatives on Children’s Day.
10.— I’m not sure what to write about The Secret Garden in the report.
— You should read some (review) about the book before writing.
11.— How many (sheep) can you see in the picture
— Only one.
12.I like (fish) a lot,and my mother usually cooks it in different ways.
fish
sheep
reviews
toys
1.’s 所有格。
分类 所有格形式 例子
单数名词 加-’s the old woman’s daughter,Mother’s Day
以s结尾的复数名词 加’ Teachers’ Day
不以s结尾的复数名词 加-’s Children’s Day,Women’s Day
表示两人共有 A and B’s Tom and Tony’s mother
表示各自所有 A’s and B’s Tom’s and Tony’s mothers
表示时间、距离或度量单位的名词 单数名词加-’s today’s homework
以s结尾的复数名词,加’ ten days’ holiday
注意: 表示某人的家、店铺或教堂的名字时,名词所有格的后面经常不出现它所修饰的词。
如:at Lily’s 在莉莉家 at the doctor’s 在医务室 at the barber’s 在理发店
2.of用于无生命名词的所有关系时,常用“名词+of+名词”来表示。
如:the name of the film 电影的名字 the cover of the book 书的封面
3.由“名词+of+名词性物主代词 / 名词所有格”构成的双重所有格。
如:a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 a friend of Jane’s 简的一个朋友
4.to表示所有格的特殊用法。
如:the answer to the question 问题的答案
the key to the door 门的钥匙
the way to the cinema 去电影院的路
即学即练
用括号里所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.(2023·郴州市中考改编)My parents took me to the amusement park on
(child) Day. There were so many exciting things to do there.
2.Tom is a son of my (aunt).
3.— Where have you been,Tim
— I’ve been to (Henry).
4.(2022·绥化市中考改编) (Tony and Peter) father is a pilot.He has been to many countries around the world.
Tony and Peter’s
Henry’s
aunt’s
Children’s
5.After playing football for more than half an hour,the students took a few
(minute) rest.
6.On April 24,Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the (man) 110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar.
men’s
minutes’
单词 含义 例句
1 work 是不可数名词,泛指劳动 I have much work to do.我有很多的工作要做。
job 指具体的某种工作、 职业、职位 Linda wants to find a good job.
琳达想找一份好工作。
2 cook v.烹饪 n.厨师 He is good at cooking.His dream is to be a good cook.
他擅长烹饪。他的梦想是成为一名优秀的厨师。
cooker 厨具 The cooker is electric.这厨具是用电的。
3 sound 声音的总称 Too loud sound is bad for your ears.
声音太大会损伤你的耳朵。
voice 人的嗓音 “The police are here,”she said in a low voice.
她低声说道,“警察在这儿。”
noise 噪音 Don’t make any noise.别弄出任何噪音。
谢 谢 观 看