第十一章　构词法 课件(共18张PPT) 2024年中考英语二轮专题复习（广东专版）

(共18张PPT)
第十一章　构词法
第二部分　语法强化
英语的构词法主要有转化法、合成法、派生法、混成法、截短法和词首字母缩略法。
一、常用前缀
前缀 含义 例词
un- 不;无;没有 happy—unhappy, lucky—unlucky, comfortable—uncomfortable, able—unable, like—unlike
il- 不;无 legal—illegal, logical—illogical
im- 不;无;非 possible—impossible,polite—impolite
in- 不;无;缺 effective—ineffective,direct—indirect,complete—incomplete,dependent—independent
ir- 不;无;非 regular—irregular,relative—irrelative
dis- 否定;相反;去除 agree—disagree,like—dislike,cover—discover
re- 重新;再 tell—retell,write—rewrite,open—reopen,call—recall,
build—rebuild
名词后缀
二、常用后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-er / -or 从事某种工作的人;某地人 wait—waiter,visit—visitor,London—Londoner
-ian 某种人 history—historian,India—Indian
-ness / -ity(ty) (抽象)状态;性质;特征 useful—usefulness,safe—safeness,cruel—cruelty,able—ability
-ess / -ress 女性;雌;母 actor—actress,wait—waitress
-hood 时期;状态;集合 boy—boyhood,child—childhood,man—manhood
-ship 身份;情况;关系 leader—leadership,friend—friendship,
member—membership
(续表)
名词后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-tion / -ion 状态;行动 act—action,direct—direction,operate—operation
-ment 手段;结果;状态; 行动　　　　　　 improve—improvement,move—movement,
argue—argument
-age 作用;结果;物;状态 pack—package,short—shortage
-th 状况;性质 grow—growth,warm—warmth,true—truth
-ing 动作;性质;状态 build—building,boat—boating
形容词后缀
动词后缀
(续表)
后缀 含义 例词
-ify 变成;转变 beauty—beautify,diverse—diversify,simple—simplify
-ize / -en 使……化; 变得…… modern—modernize, popular—popularize
threat—threaten, length—lengthen
-ful 充满;有 use—useful,beauty—beautiful,hope—hopeful
-less 没有;无 hope—hopeless,harm—harmless,care—careless
-ly 有……的品质 friend—friendly,brother—brotherly
-y / -ish 充满;像……一般 sun—sunny,sand—sandy,noise—noisy,
girl—girlish,fool—foolish
-al 有……类型的 culture—cultural,music—musical,person—personal
-ary / -ory 属于……的 imagine—imaginary
-ous 富含……的 danger—dangerous,mountain—mountainous
-ive / -able / -ible 易于;能;可……的 attract—attractive, eat—eatable, reduce—reducible
1.从社会层次、地位、工作职务上来看
(1)加-er表示“人”,这类词泛指从事某项活动和职业的人。如:
beginner　初学者 / 新手　 driver　司机　　　　 traveller　旅游者
(2)加-or表示“人”,这类词在多数情况下表示从事专业性较强的职业的人。如:
actor　(男)演员 director　主任;导演 collector　收藏家
(3)加-ist表示“人”,这类词在多数情况下表示事业有较高成就或较为特殊的人。如:
artist　艺术家 pianist　钢琴家 scientist　科学家
physicist　物理学家 journalist　新闻记者 dentist　牙医
注意:区分表示“人”的词缀
2.从性别上来看
通常加-er / -or多为“男性”,加-ess多为女性。如:
waiter　男服务员 waitress　女服务员
actor　男演员 actress　女演员
3.从主动、被动上来看,加-er / -or为主动,加-ee为被动。如:
employer　雇主 (雇佣别人) employee　雇员 (被雇佣)
interviewer 面试者;采访者 interviewee 被接见者;被访问者;被面试者
4.有时会直接用表示人的单词来构词,如-boy,-girl,-man,-woman。如:
cowboy　牛仔 salesgirl　女店员 salesperson　推销员 workman　男工人 postman　邮递员
三、合成词
class (班级)+room (房间) → classroom (教室)
black (黑色的)+board (木板) → blackboard (黑板)
note (记录)+book (簿本) → notebook (笔记簿)
hide (躲藏)+ and (和)+seek (寻找) → hide-and-seek (捉迷藏)
即学即练
一、用括号里所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.(2022·扬州市中考改编)We youths do our best for our dreams and together a small success can give us a sense of 　 　_
(achieve).
2.(2023·永州市中考)China plans to pay more attention to scientific
　 　(educate)in its primary and middle schools.
3.(2023·凉山彝族自治州中考改编)In my opinion,good friends should share 　 　 (happy) or sadness with each other.
　happiness　
　education　
　achievement　
4.(2023·云南省中考)Amy is my best friend.She’s always there to be a good 　 　.(listen)
5.The book is very popular among the 　 　 (visit).
6.We are amazed to see the 　 　 (India) at the school gate.
7.The 　 　 (post) is knocking at the door now.
8.Why do you want to be an 　 　 (art) in the future
9.The government is working hard to reduce the 　 　 (pollute).
10.The 　 　 (advertise) are bad for the children.
11.You should think about the 　 　 (difficult) in your study.

　difficulties　
　advertisements　
　pollution　
　artist　
　postman　
　Indian(s)　
　visitors　
　listener　
12.Can you tell me the 　 　 (true)
13.Thank you for your 　 　 (kind).
14.The audience is excited at the 　 　 (perform).
15.They want to be 　 　 (science) when they grow up.
16.He has more 　 　 (confident) than Lily.
17.It’s my 　 　 (please) to help you.
18. 　 　 (fail) is the mother of success.
　Failure　
　pleasure　
　confidence　
　scientists　
　performance　
　kindness　
　truth　
即学即练
用括号里所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.He was so 　 　 (happy) because he didn’t pass the exam.
2.The kid is so short that he is 　 　 (able) to pick the apples on the tree.
3.Jim 　 　 (like) running because he is too lazy.
4.Oh dear!It is 　 　 (possible) to finish the work in such a short time.
5.Lucy is so 　 　 (careful) that she often makes mistakes.
　careless　
　impossible　
　dislikes　
　unable　
　unhappy　
即学即练
用括号里所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.It is 　 　 (cloud) today.
2.How 　 　 (luck) she is!
3.She is a 　 　 (love) girl.
4.It is 　 　 (help) to do some sports.
5.We’d like to find a 　 　 (comfort) room.
　comfortable　
　helpful　
　lovely　
　lucky　
　cloudy　
6.To swim in the deep water is 　 　 (danger).
7.In the end,he became a 　 　 (success) businessman.
8.The Great Wall is located in 　 　 (north) China.
9.It is our duty to protect the 　 　 (person) information.
10.We should be 　 　 (act) in class.
11.The children were 　 　 (excite) about opening their presents.
12.We have an 　 　 (interest) day.
　interesting　
　excited　
　active　
　personal　
　northern　
　successful　
　dangerous　
1.一般情况下,直接加-ly。如:immediately,slowly,quickly
2.以y结尾的,变y为i再加-ly。如:luckily,happily,easily,healthily
3.以e结尾的,一般不省略,如closely,completely,safely,politely等。但是truly,holly和duly例外。
4.以-ble / -ple / -tle结尾的,去e加-y。如:terribly,possibly,gently
5.以元音字母加l结尾的,仍然要加-ly。如:finally,carefully,really,specially
即学即练
1.The little boy missed his mother 　 　 (terrible).
2.It’s been raining 　 　 (heavy) all day.
3.He read through the pages 　 　 (careful).
4.We should speak 　 　 (polite) when we talk to the elders.
5.Let me repeat 　 　 (exact) what he just said.
　exactly　
　politely　
　carefully　
　heavily　
　terribly　
谢 谢 观 看