选择性必修三 Unit 3语法：语法精讲精练
直接引语和间接引语
一、直接引语和间接引语的基本用法
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号标出，称为直接引语。用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号的称为间接引语。
直接引语和间接引语之间的转化规则有以下几种：
I.人称变化的三原则
1. “第一人称随主”原则：如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
Mary said, “I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说：“我想有一台我自己的电脑。”(直接引语中主语为第一人称)
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说，她想拥有一台自己的电脑。(间接引语中人称随主语改为第三人称)
2. “第二人称随宾”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
The customer asked the salesgirl, “Can you show another pair of shoes in a different colour？”
顾客问女售货员：“你能否给(我)看一看另一双不同颜色的鞋？”(直接引语中主语为第二人称)
→The customer asked the salesgirl whether she could show another pair of shoes in a different colour.
顾客问女售货员，她能否给(他/她)看一看另一双不同颜色的鞋。(间接引语中人称随宾语改为第三人称)
3. “第三人称不更新”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
The organiser said, “Jack would come here to help.”
组织者说：“杰克会来这儿帮忙。”(直接引语中主语为第三人称)
→The organiser said that Jack would go there to help.
组织者说杰克会去那儿帮忙。(间接引语中人称不改变)
【即学即练1】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”
→She said that she had not heard from him since May.
②“When did you go to bed last night ” Father said to Peter.
→Father asked Peter when he had gone to bed the night before.
③Mr Smith said, “Mary is a good worker.”
→Mr Smith said that Mary was a good worker.
II. 时态的变化
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时
His friend said to him, “We are planning to have a picnic.”
他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.
他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。(间接引语改为过去进行时)
The organiser said, “We have begun our plan.”
组织者说：“我们已经开始了我们的计划。”(直接引语为现在完成时)
→The organiser said that they had begun their plan.
组织者说，他们已经开始了他们的计划。(间接引语改为过去完成时)
【名师点津】直接引语变为间接引语，时态无变化的情况：
(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语或格言；
Our teacher said to us yesterday, “Early birds catch worms.”
昨天老师对我们说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃。”
→Our teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.
昨天老师告诉我们早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
(2)直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语。
The guide said, “The bridge was completed in 1980.”
导游说：“这座桥完工于1980年。”
→The guide said that the bridge was completed in 1980.
导游说这座桥完工于1980年。
【即学即练2】单句语法填空
①John said that he liked (like) reading storybooks.
②He told me that he had found (find) his wallet.
③Mr Wang told the children that he would leave (leave) for Shanghai on business the next month.
④She said that she hadn’t finished (finish) her work till that day.
III. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
词类 直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
ago before/earlier
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next/following day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
地点状语 here there
方向性动词 come go
bring take
She asked, “Is this book his？”
她问：“这本书是他的吗？”(直接引语中指示代词为this)
→She asked whether that book was his.
她问那本书是不是他的。(间接引语中指示代词改为that)
“I’ll be very busy today,” said the man.
那个人说：“我今天会很忙。”(直接引语中时间状语为today)
→The man said he would be very busy that day.
那个人说，那天他会很忙。(间接引语中时间状语改为that day)
【即学即练3】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①He said, “I’m afraid I can’t finish this work.”
→He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work.
②Tom said, “I will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.”
→Tom said that he would visit the Great Wall the next/following day.
③Miss Zhao said, “These problems are easy.”
→Miss Zhao said that those problems were easy.
④Bob said, “His wife returned from London 40 years ago.”
→Bob said that his wife had returned from London 40 years before.
⑤He said to me, “I wrote to my friend yesterday.”
→He told me that he had written to his friend the day before.
IV. 句子结构的变化
1. 直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
She said, “I am working in that company now.”
她说：“我现在在那家公司工作。”(直接引语为陈述句)
→She said that she was working in that company then.
她说她那时在那家公司工作。(间接引语改为that引导的宾语从句)
2. 直接引语为一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether (...or not)或if引导。
His friend asked him, “Are you interested in playing football ”
他的朋友问他：“你对踢足球感兴趣吗？”(直接引语为一般疑问句)
→His friend asked him whether/if he was interested in playing football.
他的朋友问他是否对踢足球感兴趣。(间接引语改为whether或if引导的宾语从句)
3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
He asked Mary, “How is your sister now？”
他问玛丽：“你姐姐现在怎么样了？”(直接引语为how提问的特殊疑问句)
→He asked Mary how her sister was then.
他问玛丽那时她的姐姐怎么样了。(间接引语仍用how引导宾语从句)
【名师点津】
(1)直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，主句谓语动词said to sb常改为told sb；
(2)直接引语为疑问句，主句中谓语动词是said，变为间接引语时将其改为asked；
(3)直接引语为疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
【即学即练4】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①“Where are you going ” the father asked his son.
→The father asked his son where he was going.
②Mother said to her daughter, “Are you satisfied with your new room ”
→Mother asked her daughter whether/if she was satisfied with her new room.
4. 直接引语为祈使句
(1)当祈使句表示要求或命令时，变为间接引语时常采用tell/order/command sb to do sth的形式。若祈使句为否定形式，变为间接引语时不定式前加not或never。
“Go and wash your face, Tom,” Mother said.
→Mother told Tom to go and wash his face.
母亲叫汤姆去洗脸。
He said to me, “Don’t go out.”
→He ordered me not to go out.
他命令我不要出去。
【即学即练5】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①“Don’t look out of the window, ” she said to me.
→She told me not to look out of the window.
②“Call the police, Sean,” he said.
→He ordered Sean to call the police.
(2)当直接引语为表示建议、提议、请求、劝告的祈使句(或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句)时，多用“suggest＋doing/that从句”(suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气“should＋动词原形”，should也可省略)，及“ask/advise/want/beg＋sb＋to do”等结构。
“Please don’t come late,” he said to me.
→He asked me not to go late.
他叫我不要去晚了。
He said, “Let’s go to the museum.”
→He suggested that we (should) go to the museum.
他建议我们去博物馆。
【即学即练6】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①“Let’s go there together,” said her friend.
→Her friend suggested that they (should) go there together.
②She said to me, “Please wait till I return, will you ”
→She asked me to wait till she returned.
(3)引述表示警告或提醒的祈使句时，多用remind/warn sb to do sth的结构转述。
“Take an umbrella in case of rain,” his mother said to him.
→His mother reminded him to take an umbrella in case of rain.
他的妈妈提醒他带把伞以防下雨。
The leader said to the workers, “Don’t speak while working.”
→The leader warned the workers not to speak while working.
领导者警告工人们工作期间不要讲话。
【名师点津】
(1)无论是否定祈使句，还是表示委婉语气的否定疑问句，在变为间接引语时，要用不定式的否定形式：not/never to do sth。
(2)直接引语中的称呼语变为间接引语时，一般把它当作主句谓语动词的宾语用。
She said,“Don’t make so much noise, children!”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
她告诉孩子们不要制造如此多的噪音。
【即学即练7】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①“Don’t forget to take your book with you,” she said.
→She reminded me not to forget to take my book with me.
②“Don’t break the rules,” said the headmaster.
→The headmaster warned us not to break the rules.
二、单句语法填空：
1. The boss ordered the workers ___________ (finish) it in three days.
2. The teacher requested us not ___________ (make) so much noise.
3. The army officer commanded his men ___________ (fire) as soon as the enemies came up.
4. She asked me whether I ___________ (had returned) the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
5. The gold medal will be awarded to whoever ___________ (win) the first place in the bicycle race.
6. The boy dived into the water and after what ___________ (seem) to be a long time, he came up again.
7. Our bad living habits ___________ (destroy) the earth. Only by changing how we live can we save the earth.
8. Many of the creatures in Rowling’s world ___________ (be) not real, and much of what happens is strange.
9. The manager demanded that his lawyer ___________ (call) or he wouldn’t say a single word.
10. Not only the swimmers who are in the swimming pool but also the coach ___________ (try) to save the drowning girl.
11. Last Sunday, Mr. Green asked Lily whether she ___________ (write) to her mother the day before.
12. Susan asked her husband how much they ___________ (spend) on petrol last year.
13. Mary asked me whether I ___________ (take) part in Anne’s party the night before.
14. He said that most of the students ___________ (show) great interest in the painting.
15. The policeman asked me where it was that I ___________ (lose) my key to the classroom.
16. I told Mum that I ___________ (learn) about 2,000 English words so far.
17. The old lady’s hand shook frequently. She explained to her doctor how this shaking ___________ (begin) half a year before.
18. The teacher told me the earth ___________ (move) around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.
19. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I ___________ (enjoy) a good drink.
20. It is said that he ___________ (send) to Australia to improve his English next year.
21. Having seen the film, he said what a wonderful film he ___________ (see).
22. Last night at twelve o’clock, he phoned me and said he ___________ (watch) TV then.
23. I wonder if she ___________ (help) us, but I think if she helps us we will be able to complete the take ahead of time.
24. My mother ___________ (tell) me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with
my friends.
25. I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby’s house I was one of the few guests who ___________ (invite) indeed.
26. So far all the preparations for the task ___________ (complete), and we’re ready to start.
27. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ___________ (build) in my hometown, Beijing.
28. Mrs. Smith felt less worried when she learned that her husband ___________ (save).
29. Tom said that they ___________ (meet) a meeting that time the day before.
30. By the end of last year, about 2 million Chinese characters ___________ (translate) into English.
31. Eye doctors suggest that a child’s first eye exam ___________ (be) at the age of six months old.
32. Most environmental problems exist because enough measures for preventing them ___________ (not take) in the past.
33. So far, English ___________ (study) for 3 years by the students in senior school.
34. In the factory, more than newly-designed 100 tractors ___________ (produce) by the end of last year.
35. The person who owns the gun may try to deny (否认) that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just ___________ (fire).
36. By last December three large spaceships ___________ (build) by the workers in the plant.
37. she added, it ___________ (steal) from her desk at school more than a year before.
38. I asked her how many English books she ___________ (read) the next term.
39. Henry asked his cousin what ___________ (be) the matter with her.
40. Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me ___________ (go) to the country for a picnic with him.
41. In the history lesson, the teacher told us that Columbus ___________ (discover) America in 1492.
42. The policeman warned the children ___________ (not play) football in the middle of the street.
43. Shirley said that their bus ___________ (arrive) in five minutes.
44. He asked me whether I ___________ (have) any difficulty with my pronunciation.
45. He said that practice ___________ (make) perfect.
46. The police found that the house ___________ (break) and a lot of things stolen.
47. Great changes ___________ (take) place in the city, and a lot of factories have been set up.
48. How many buildings ___________ (destroy) when the hurricane ended
49. By the time he got to the school, the first period ___________ (finish).
50. The media reported more than 1,000 people ___________ (kill) in the earthquake.
【答案】
1. to finish / should finish 2. to make 3. to fire / should fire 4. had returned 5. wins 6. seemed 7. will destroy 8. are 9. (should) be called 10. tries 11. had written 12. had spent 13. had taken 14. showed 15. had lost 16. had learned 17. had begun 18. moves 19. had enjoyed 20. will be sent 21. had seen 22. was watching 23. will help 24. told 25. had been invited 26. have been completed 27. had been built 28. had been saved 29. were holding 30. had been translated 31. (should) be 32. were not taken 33. has been studied 34. had been produced 35. been fired 36. had been built 37. had been stolen 38. read 39. was 40. to go 41. discovered 42. not to play 43. would arrive 44. had 45. makes 46. had been broken into 47. have taken place 48. had been destroyed 49. had been finished 50. had been killed
三、高考真题回顾：
1. (2022·新课标全国卷II) “He saved my son’s life,” said Mrs. Brown. “I don’t know _________ to thank him.”
2. (2021·全国I卷) You can’t help wondering how hard it _________ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
3. (2021·浙江卷6月) Mary’s niece wrote, “The little home _________ (paint) white.
4. (2020 ·全国I卷) Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it _______ (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon _____________ (construct)”.
5. (2018·全国卷I ) While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it ___ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
6. (2017·全国Ⅲ) Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school ______ (come) first. I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling.”
7. (全国Ⅱ)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly _________ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
8. (广东) We were told that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, but for the week after. I didn’t understand _________ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
【答案与解析】
1.【解析】考查连接词。根据句子结构可知，设空处填写的是特殊疑问词+to do结构做宾语，相当于一个宾语从句，表示“我不知道如何感谢他”，故填how。
2.【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句中主语是it，为单数。另外，句中有时间状语then，用过去时。故填was。
3.【解析】考查语态和主谓一致。句意：玛丽的侄女写道: “这个小家被漆成了白色。句子主语是表物的单
数名词，又用于直接引语中，用现在时态。故填is painted。
4.【解析】考查时态和被动语态。布朗大学科学家Carle Pieters表示: “因为这意味着我们有机会获得有关月球是如何构成的信息。”这里用在直接引语中，因此应该用一般现在时。第二空的主语是月亮，表物。故填means和is constructed。
5.【解析】考查谓语动词的时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个客观事实，故用一般现在时。故填is。
6.【解析】考查谓语动词的时态。此处为陈述客观事实，故用一般现在时。
7.【解析】分析句子结构可知，这是一个宾语从句。根据形容词thick及结构可知，这里的意思是印第安人算出土坯墙的确切厚度。空格后为形容词，因此空格上应用副词，故填how。
8.【解析】分析句子结构可知，此处为宾语从句。由语境可知，此处意为：我不明白为什么会发生这样的事。故填why。
四、语篇语法填空：
(1)
Meet Yourself, 1 popular TV series shot in Dali, Southwest China’s Yunnan Province, has fascinated audiences with its themes of 2 (tradition) culture preservation, rural development and idyllic (闲适恬静的) lifestyle. Cai Huaijun, the deputy head of Hunan Radio and Television Group Co Ltd, said the show had set a successful example of 3 (combine) the film and television industry with cultural tourism. According 4 Dali authorities, Yunnan received many visitors during the Spring Festival holiday, which pushed its tourism income forward to 38.4 billion yuan, topping all other 5 (province) in the country. Niu Yan, the head of Dali’s publicity department, also said that the drama had a positive impact on Dali, promoting the locals’ special lifestyle and making the beautiful and 6 (cultural) rich area more well-known to the world.
Actor Li Xian, 7 plays one of the leading roles in the drama, said the drama shows the healing power of nature for those who want to escape stress and get 8 (recharge) in a beautiful and peaceful country life and scenery.
Xu Hailong, an associate professor of cultural industry at Capital Normal University, said that the drama could also 9 (see) as an exploration of modern ecological civilization, showing how humans can balance societal development with environmental 10 (protect).
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了《去有风的地方》这个电视节目在推广云南旅游方面所起到的巨大作用，不仅如此，它还同时促进了人们的环保意识，可谓意义非凡。
1. 考查冠词。句意：《去有风的地方》是一部在中国西南部云南省大理市拍摄的热门电视剧，它以传统文化保护、农村发展和田园生活为主题吸引了观众。横线后是名词词组popular TV series，核心词series是可数名词单数，意思是“一系列的东西”，所以横线处应该填冠词，popular首字母的发音为辅音音素，故答案是a。
2. 考查形容词。句意：《去有风的地方》是一部在中国西南部云南省大理市拍摄的热门电视剧，它以传统文化保护、农村发展和田园生活为主题吸引了观众。横线后有culture，所以横线处应该填入形容词做定语，tradition是名词，意思是“传统”，其形容词是traditional，而traditional culture也是固定用法，意思是“传统文化”，故答案是traditional。
3. 考查动名词。句意：湖南广播电视集团有限公司副总经理蔡怀军表示，该节目树立了影视产业与文化旅游相结合的成功典范。combine是动词，意思是“结合”，固定用法是“combine A with B”。横线前有介词of，说明combine需要变成doing的形式，故答案是combining。
4. 考查介词词组。句意：根据大理官方的数据，云南在春节期间接待了很多游客，这使其旅游收入达到了384亿元，超过了全国其他省份。根据句意，能读出句子表示“根据官方数据”的意思，“根据”的固定用法是according to，符合题意，故答案是to。
5. 考查名词复数。句意：根据大理官方的数据，云南在春节期间接待了很多游客，这使其旅游收入达到了384亿元，超过了全国其他省份。province是可数名词，意思是“省份”，横线前有“all other”，说明province应该变成复数，故答案是provinces。
6. 考查副词。句意：大理市宣传部部长牛艳也表示，这部电视剧对大理产生了积极的影响，促进了当地人特殊的生活方式，使这个美丽而文化丰富的地区更加为世界所知。cultural是形容词，意思是“文化的”，横线后有形容词rich，说明横线处应该填入副词做状语，从而修饰rich，culturally rich的意思是“文化丰富的”，故答案是culturally。
7. 考查定语从句。句意：在剧中扮演主角之一的演员李贤表示，这部剧向那些想要逃离压力、在美丽宁静的乡村生活和风景中恢复精神的人展示了大自然的治愈力量。本句是定语从句，先行词是Actor Li Xian，它在从句里充当主语。另外注意本句是非限定性定语从句，不可以使用that，故答案是who。
8. 考查形容词。句意：在剧中扮演主角之一的演员李贤表示，这部剧向那些想要逃离压力、在美丽宁静的乡村生活和风景中恢复精神的人展示了大自然的治愈力量。recharge是动词，意思是“使……精神振奋”。横线前有get，在这里是系动词，后面应该接形容词充当表语，recharge的形容词是recharged，意思是“充满精神的”，符合题意，故答案是recharged。
9. 考查被动语态。句意：首都师范大学文化产业专业的副教授徐海龙表示，这部电视剧也可以被看作是对现代生态文明的探索，展示了人类如何平衡社会发展和生态环境保护。本句的主语是“the drama”，通过句意
可知，句子应该使用被动语态，因为“这部剧被看作是一种探索”。横线前有could，被动语态的be应该使用原形，故答案是be seen。
10. 考查名词。句意：首都师范大学文化产业副教授徐海龙表示，这部电视剧也可以被看作是对现代生态文明的探索，展示了人类如何平衡社会发展和生态环境保护。protect是动词，意思是“保护”，横线前有形容词environmental（环境的），所以应该将protect变成名词作宾语，故答案是protection。
(2)
Beautiful and fragile coral reefs (珊瑚礁) in tropical oceans worldwide are threatened 1 climate change and storms. Now 2 (traveller) can help restore them by supporting coral replanting programmes.
National Geographic Explorer Paola RodriguezTroncoso 3 (work) on a Mexican programme for six years that sustainably replanted more than 6,000 coral fragments (碎片). In this project, divers collect fragments from the ocean floor 4 have been washed away by storms or waves. Then they fasten 5 (health) pieces to the substrata (底层) of reefs at the same or nearby sites. It’s 6 process that can vary by location. For example, in some areas, such as French Polynesia, the coral fragments 7 (place) in underwater nurseries to recover before replanting.
Conservation groups are starting to educate and involve visitors in these efforts. 8 (avoid) programmes that may do more harm than good, RodriguezTroncoso cautions the persons who break off fragments from healthy corals on purpose or fail to get the 9 (require) permits. Though replanted fragments grow 10 (slow), each one can be part of a reef’s centurieslong life span. RodriguezTroncoso says, “That will really help.”
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了由于珊瑚礁受到气候变化和风暴的威胁，国家地理探险家Paola RodriguezTroncoso致力于墨西哥珊瑚礁移植项目，环保组织开始教育游客并让游客参与其中。
1. by 考查介词。空处置于表被动的动词后引出该动作的执行者，意为“被……”。故填by。
2. travellers 考查名词的数。分析句子成分及语境可知，空处应用名词复数形式作主语。故填travellers。
3. has worked/has been working 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语for six years及语境可知，此处应该用现在完成时或现在完成进行时；主语为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has worked或has been working。
4. that/which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为fragments，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which引导。故填that或which。
5. healthy 考查形容词。空处修饰名词pieces，应用形容词形式。故填healthy。
6. a 考查冠词。process为可数名词，此处表示泛指；且process的发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。故填a。
7. are placed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处应用一般现在时；主语the coral fragments与动词place之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为复数形式，be动词应用are。故填are placed。
8. To avoid 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，空处应用动词不定式形式作目的状语。故填To avoid。
9. required 考查非谓语动词。空处作定语修饰permits；require和permits构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以此处应用过去分词作定语。故填required。
10. slowly 考查副词。空处修饰动词grow，应用副词形式。故填slowly。
(3)
This year, August 15th marked China’s first National Ecology Day, 1 aims were to raise awareness of environmental protection and address unlawful activities and safeguard the development of forestry and grassland resource by law.
The establishment of National Ecology Day will enhance ecological understanding among the public and help the nation 2 (well) participate in global environment and climate governance.
The move 3 (see) as part of China’s efforts to build an ecological civilization, a concept that glorifies balanced and sustainable development and harmonious coexistence between 4 (human) and nature 5 promotes the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
China’s laws and administrative regulations 6 (involve) the environment and ecology, 7 (base) on what environmental difficulties villagers are eager to solve and what ecological measures should be taken urgently from their opinions, have laid a solid legislative (立法的) foundation 8 the ecological civilization.
9 makes Aug. 15 special is that on that day in 2005, the concept of “lucid waters and lush mountains” was first put forward, being 10 (value) assets.
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了今年8月15日是中国首个“全国生态日”，旨在提高环境保护意识，打击违法违规行为，依法维护林业和草原资源开发。
1. 考查定语从句。句意：今年，8月15日是中国首个“全国生态日”，旨在提高环境保护意识，打击违法违规行为，依法维护林业和草原资源开发。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为China’s first National Ecology Day，在从句中作定语修饰aims，表示所有格“……的”，应用关系代词whose引导从句。故填whose。
2. 考查副词比较级。句意：设立“国家生态日”，有助于增进公众对生态的认识，有助于国家更好地参与全球环境和气候治理。根据前后文句意可知，此处表示“更好地参与全球环境和气候治理”，应用副词well的比较级。故填better。
3. 考查时态和语态。句意：此举被视为中国建设生态文明努力的一部分，生态文明是一种崇尚平衡可持续发展、人与自然和谐共生、推动构建人类命运共同体的理念。主语The move与动词see之间是被动关系，此处描述现实情况，用一般现在时的被动语态。主语The move为单数，主谓一致。故填is seen。
4. 考查名词复数。句意：同上。名词human表“人”，为可数名词，前无限定词，应用复数形式。故填humans。
5. 考查连词。句意：同上。后文promotes the building of a community with a shared future for mankind和前文glorifies balanced and sustainable development and harmonious coexistence之间是并列关系，应用并列连词and。故填and。
6. 考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的环境、生态方面的法律、行政法规，根据村民迫切需要解决的环境难题和村民意见中迫切需要采取的生态措施，为生态文明建设奠定了坚实的立法基础。此处为非谓语，China’s laws and administrative regulations与动词involve之间是主动关系，故用其现在分词表主动，作后置定语。故填involving。
7. 考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。此处为非谓语，动词base和前文China’s laws and administrative regulations之间是被动关系，故用其过去分词作后置定语，based on是固定搭配，此处也可以看作状语。故填based。
8. 考查介词。句意：同上。根据句意和句子结构可知，此处应用介词for构成介词短语，表示“为了”。故填for。
9. 考查名词性从句。句意：8月15日的特殊之处在于，2005年的这一天，“绿水青山”的概念首次被提出，是无价的财富。分析可知，此处引导名词性从句，指代事物，应用连接代词what引导，作主语，意为“……的事”。句首字母大写，故填What。
10. 考查形容词。句意：同上。修饰名词assets应用形容词。valuable“宝贵的”和invaluable“无价的，极其宝贵的”均符合句意，故填valuable/invaluable。
(4)
With seasonal temperatures breaking records almost every year, tree species 1 (expect) to adapt to the changes by slowly shifting their population centres northward. But 2 recent survey shows the trend towards westward movement is even 3 (strong) than expected—in some cases, species have shifted their ranges to west by as much as 73 percent.
The survey shows that roughly threequarters of the 86 tree species 4 (survey) have shifted their population centres westward 5 1980.
Obviously, trees aren’t uprooting 6 (them) and moving elsewhere. The survey provides insight into general population trends as young trees continue to take root in westward land, while some of the older 7
(plant) of the species in the eastern areas are slowly dying out. In this way, the centre of a species’ range can gradually shift over time.
Though scientists aren’t sure 8 is causing this change, the publishers of the study think that it’s connected to rainfall. Rainfall totals across the United States have changed, 9 (cause) areas such as the southeast to experience significantly less rain annually, while the Great Plains is getting far more than its historical average. For this reason, most trees are moving towards the 10 (increasing) watery plains.
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了调查显示大多数的树种向西迁移。尽管科学家们不确定是什么导致了这一变化，但一项研究认为它与降雨有关。
1. are expected 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处介绍客观事实，应用一般现在时；expect与tree species是被动关系，应用被动语态；tree species是复数名词，谓语动词应用复数形式。故填are expected。
2. a 考查冠词。此处泛指“一项调查”，用不定冠词，且recent的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
3. stronger 考查形容词的比较级。根据than可知，空处应用strong的比较级。故填stronger。
4. surveyed 考查非谓语动词。tree species与survey之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填surveyed。
5. since 考查连词。根据空前的“have shifted”可知，时态为现在完成时。由此可知，此处应用since引导时间状语从句。故填since。
6. themselves 考查代词。根据语境可知，此处表示“树木自己”，应用反身代词。故填themselves。
7. plants 考查名词的数。根据“some of the older”可知，空处应用所给名词的复数形式。故填plants。
8. what 考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为宾语从句，且从句中缺少主语，表示“什么”。故填what。
9. causing 考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，此处要用动词ing形式作状语，表示自然而然的结果。故填causing。
10. increasingly 考查副词。空处修饰形容词watery，要用副词。故填increasingly。
(5)
Citizens Forest is a young organization from northern Germany. Its small team helps people in 1 (vary) places to plant forests in the city. The principle is very simple: citizens look locally to see if there are any small, unused areas 2 are possible to be reforested (重新造林). The areas do not have to be large. A “Tiny Forest” can be created from as little as 60m2. The organization 3 (provide) support with planning, talks with the authorities involved and shows everyone involved what is possible.
The model is a sure-fire success. There are motivated people and companies everywhere 4 (long) to get
involved. Until now, around 30 projects 5 (carry) out and 500 more are planned to be launched over the next three years. The aim of Citizens Forests is 6 (establish) a Germany-wide network of local reforestation projects. They also hope to make reforestation 7 normal part of social life in the future.
Tiny Forests are more than just woodlands 8 nature and people, they also helps create natural biotopes (生物栖息地) with a variety of plant and animal 9 (species). In addition, Citizens Forests also makes efforts to promote environmental education, which as a result raises people’s 10 (aware) of environmental protection.
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要介绍了来自德国北部的年轻组织Citizens Forest，他们帮助人们在城市中种植森林的工作。
1. 考查形容词。句意：Citizens Forest是一个来自德国北部的年轻组织。它的小团队帮助不同地方的人们在城市种植森林。分析句子，设空处使用vary的形容词varied/various作定语，修饰名词，意为“各种各样的”。故填various/varied。
2. 考查定语从句。句意：这个原则很简单：市民在当地看看是否有任何小的、未使用的地区可以重新造林。分析句子，设空处引导的是定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，修饰先行词areas为物，用that或者which。故填that或者which。
3. 考查动词时态。句意：该组织在规划方面提供支持，与有关当局进行会谈，并向所有参与的人展示什么是可能的。分析句子，设空处使用动词作谓语，根据后文的talks，shows可知，句子应该使用一般现在时。故填provides。
4. 考查非谓语动词。句意：到处都有积极的个人和公司渴望参与其中。分析句子，句中are motivated为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，此处people and companies与long之间是主动关系，故使用现在分词作后置定语。故填longing。
5. 考查动词时态和语态。句意：到目前为止，已经实施了大约30个项目，并计划在未来三年内启动500多个项目。分析句子，设空处使用动词作谓语，句中until now为现在完成时时间标志，同时30 projects与carry之间是被动关系，故使用现在完成时的被动语态。故填have been carried。
6. 考查非谓语动词。句意：公民森林的目标是建立一个全德国范围的地方再造林项目网络。句中the aim is to do为固定短语，意为“目标是去做某事”，使用不定式结构作表语。故填to establish。
7. 考查冠词。句意：他们还希望在未来使重新造林成为社会生活的正常组成部分。句中part为可数名词，此处表示泛指，故使用不定冠词。同时其修饰词normal首字母为辅音音素，故用a。故填a。
8. 考查介词。句意：微型森林不仅仅是为了自然和人类而存在的林地，它们还有助于创造拥有各种植物和动物物种的自然生物栖息地。分析句子，设空处应该使用介词与后文的nature and people构成介词短语，此处表示“为了”用for。故填for。
9. 考查名词。句意：同上。分析句子，设空处使用名词作宾语，species意为“物种”，此处表示复数意义，故使用复数形式；species单复数同形。故填species。
10. 考查名词。句意：此外，公民森林还致力于促进环境教育，从而提高人们的环境保护意识。分析句子，设空处使用aware的名词awareness作宾语，意为“意识”。故填awareness。选择性必修三 Unit 3语法：语法精讲精练
直接引语和间接引语
一、直接引语和间接引语的基本用法
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号标出，称为直接引语。用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号的称为间接引语。
直接引语和间接引语之间的转化规则有以下几种：
I.人称变化的三原则
1. “第一人称随主”原则：如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
Mary said, “I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说：“我想有一台我自己的电脑。”(直接引语中主语为第一人称)
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说，她想拥有一台自己的电脑。(间接引语中人称随主语改为第三人称)
2. “第二人称随宾”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
The customer asked the salesgirl, “Can you show another pair of shoes in a different colour？”
顾客问女售货员：“你能否给(我)看一看另一双不同颜色的鞋？”(直接引语中主语为第二人称)
→The customer asked the salesgirl whether she could show another pair of shoes in a different colour.
顾客问女售货员，她能否给(他/她)看一看另一双不同颜色的鞋。(间接引语中人称随宾语改为第三人称)
3. “第三人称不更新”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，变为间接引语时从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
The organiser said, “Jack would come here to help.”
组织者说：“杰克会来这儿帮忙。”(直接引语中主语为第三人称)
→The organiser said that Jack would go there to help.
组织者说杰克会去那儿帮忙。(间接引语中人称不改变)
【即学即练1】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”
→She said that __________ had not heard from him since May.
②“When did you go to bed last night ” Father said to Peter.
→Father asked __________ when __________ had gone to bed the night before.
③Mr Smith said, “Mary is a good worker.”
→Mr Smith said that __________ was a good worker.
II. 时态的变化
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时
His friend said to him, “We are planning to have a picnic.”
他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.
他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。(间接引语改为过去进行时)
The organiser said, “We have begun our plan.”
组织者说：“我们已经开始了我们的计划。”(直接引语为现在完成时)
→The organiser said that they had begun their plan.
组织者说，他们已经开始了他们的计划。(间接引语改为过去完成时)
【名师点津】直接引语变为间接引语，时态无变化的情况：
(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语或格言；
Our teacher said to us yesterday, “Early birds catch worms.”
昨天老师对我们说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃。”
→Our teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.
昨天老师告诉我们早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
(2)直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语。
The guide said, “The bridge was completed in 1980.”
导游说：“这座桥完工于1980年。”
→The guide said that the bridge was completed in 1980.
导游说这座桥完工于1980年。
【即学即练2】单句语法填空
①John said that he __________ (like) reading storybooks.
②He told me that he __________ (find) his wallet.
③Mr Wang told the children that he __________ (leave) for Shanghai on business the next month.
④She said that she __________ (finish) her work till that day.
III. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
词类 直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
ago before/earlier
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next/following day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
地点状语 here there
方向性动词 come go
bring take
She asked, “Is this book his？”
她问：“这本书是他的吗？”(直接引语中指示代词为this)
→She asked whether that book was his.
她问那本书是不是他的。(间接引语中指示代词改为that)
“I’ll be very busy today,” said the man.
那个人说：“我今天会很忙。”(直接引语中时间状语为today)
→The man said he would be very busy that day.
那个人说，那天他会很忙。(间接引语中时间状语改为that day)
【即学即练3】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①He said, “I’m afraid I can’t finish this work.”
→He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish __________ work.
②Tom said, “I will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.”
→Tom said that he would visit the Great Wall ____________________.
③Miss Zhao said, “These problems are easy.”
→Miss Zhao said that __________ problems were easy.
④Bob said, “His wife returned from London 40 years ago.”
→Bob said that his wife had returned from London 40 years __________.
⑤He said to me, “I wrote to my friend yesterday.”
→He told me that he had written to his friend __________.
IV. 句子结构的变化
1. 直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
She said, “I am working in that company now.”
她说：“我现在在那家公司工作。”(直接引语为陈述句)
→She said that she was working in that company then.
她说她那时在那家公司工作。(间接引语改为that引导的宾语从句)
2. 直接引语为一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether (...or not)或if引导。
His friend asked him, “Are you interested in playing football ”
他的朋友问他：“你对踢足球感兴趣吗？”(直接引语为一般疑问句)
→His friend asked him whether/if he was interested in playing football.
他的朋友问他是否对踢足球感兴趣。(间接引语改为whether或if引导的宾语从句)
3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
He asked Mary, “How is your sister now？”
他问玛丽：“你姐姐现在怎么样了？”(直接引语为how提问的特殊疑问句)
→He asked Mary how her sister was then.
他问玛丽那时她的姐姐怎么样了。(间接引语仍用how引导宾语从句)
【名师点津】
(1)直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，主句谓语动词said to sb常改为told sb；
(2)直接引语为疑问句，主句中谓语动词是said，变为间接引语时将其改为asked；
(3)直接引语为疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
【即学即练4】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①“Where are you going ” the father asked his son.
→The father asked his son __________ he was going.
②Mother said to her daughter, “Are you satisfied with your new room ”
→Mother asked her daughter __________ she was satisfied with her new room.
4. 直接引语为祈使句
(1)当祈使句表示要求或命令时，变为间接引语时常采用tell/order/command sb to do sth的形式。若祈使句为否定形式，变为间接引语时不定式前加not或never。
“Go and wash your face, Tom,” Mother said.
→Mother told Tom to go and wash his face.
母亲叫汤姆去洗脸。
He said to me, “Don’t go out.”
→He ordered me not to go out.
他命令我不要出去。
【即学即练5】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①“Don’t look out of the window, ” she said to me.
→She told ____________________ the window.
②“Call the police, Sean,” he said.
→He ordered ____________________.
(2)当直接引语为表示建议、提议、请求、劝告的祈使句(或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句)时，多用“suggest＋doing/that从句”(suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气“should＋动词原形”，should也可省略)，及“ask/advise/want/beg＋sb＋to do”等结构。
“Please don’t come late,” he said to me.
→He asked me not to go late.
他叫我不要去晚了。
He said, “Let’s go to the museum.”
→He suggested that we (should) go to the museum.
他建议我们去博物馆。
【即学即练6】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①“Let’s go there together,” said her friend.
→Her friend suggested that ____________________ together.
②She said to me, “Please wait till I return, will you ”
→She ____________________.
(3)引述表示警告或提醒的祈使句时，多用remind/warn sb to do sth的结构转述。
“Take an umbrella in case of rain,” his mother said to him.
→His mother reminded him to take an umbrella in case of rain.
他的妈妈提醒他带把伞以防下雨。
The leader said to the workers, “Don’t speak while working.”
→The leader warned the workers not to speak while working.
领导者警告工人们工作期间不要讲话。
【名师点津】
(1)无论是否定祈使句，还是表示委婉语气的否定疑问句，在变为间接引语时，要用不定式的否定形式：not/never to do sth。
(2)直接引语中的称呼语变为间接引语时，一般把它当作主句谓语动词的宾语用。
She said,“Don’t make so much noise, children!”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
她告诉孩子们不要制造如此多的噪音。
【即学即练7】把下列句子中的直接引语变为间接引语
①“Don’t forget to take your book with you,” she said.
→She reminded me ____________________ my book with me.
②“Don’t break the rules,” said the headmaster.
→The headmaster warned us ____________________.
二、单句语法填空：
1. The boss ordered the workers ___________ (finish) it in three days.
2. The teacher requested us not ___________ (make) so much noise.
3. The army officer commanded his men ___________ (fire) as soon as the enemies came up.
4. She asked me whether I ___________ (had returned) the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
5. The gold medal will be awarded to whoever ___________ (win) the first place in the bicycle race.
6. The boy dived into the water and after what ___________ (seem) to be a long time, he came up again.
7. Our bad living habits ___________ (destroy) the earth. Only by changing how we live can we save the earth.
8. Many of the creatures in Rowling’s world ___________ (be) not real, and much of what happens is strange.
9. The manager demanded that his lawyer ___________ (call) or he wouldn’t say a single word.
10. Not only the swimmers who are in the swimming pool but also the coach ___________ (try) to save the drowning girl.
11. Last Sunday, Mr. Green asked Lily whether she ___________ (write) to her mother the day before.
12. Susan asked her husband how much they ___________ (spend) on petrol last year.
13. Mary asked me whether I ___________ (take) part in Anne’s party the night before.
14. He said that most of the students ___________ (show) great interest in the painting.
15. The policeman asked me where it was that I ___________ (lose) my key to the classroom.
16. I told Mum that I ___________ (learn) about 2,000 English words so far.
17. The old lady’s hand shook frequently. She explained to her doctor how this shaking ___________ (begin) half a year before.
18. The teacher told me the earth ___________ (move) around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.
19. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I ___________ (enjoy) a good drink.
20. It is said that he ___________ (send) to Australia to improve his English next year.
21. Having seen the film, he said what a wonderful film he ___________ (see).
22. Last night at twelve o’clock, he phoned me and said he ___________ (watch) TV then.
23. I wonder if she ___________ (help) us, but I think if she helps us we will be able to complete the take ahead of time.
24. My mother ___________ (tell) me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with
my friends.
25. I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby’s house I was one of the few guests who ___________ (invite) indeed.
26. So far all the preparations for the task ___________ (complete), and we’re ready to start.
27. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ___________ (build) in my hometown, Beijing.
28. Mrs. Smith felt less worried when she learned that her husband ___________ (save).
29. Tom said that they ___________ (meet) a meeting that time the day before.
30. By the end of last year, about 2 million Chinese characters ___________ (translate) into English.
31. Eye doctors suggest that a child’s first eye exam ___________ (be) at the age of six months old.
32. Most environmental problems exist because enough measures for preventing them ___________ (not take) in the past.
33. So far, English ___________ (study) for 3 years by the students in senior school.
34. In the factory, more than newly-designed 100 tractors ___________ (produce) by the end of last year.
35. The person who owns the gun may try to deny (否认) that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just ___________ (fire).
36. By last December three large spaceships ___________ (build) by the workers in the plant.
37. she added, it ___________ (steal) from her desk at school more than a year before.
38. I asked her how many English books she ___________ (read) the next term.
39. Henry asked his cousin what ___________ (be) the matter with her.
40. Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me ___________ (go) to the country for a picnic with him.
41. In the history lesson, the teacher told us that Columbus ___________ (discover) America in 1492.
42. The policeman warned the children ___________ (not play) football in the middle of the street.
43. Shirley said that their bus ___________ (arrive) in five minutes.
44. He asked me whether I ___________ (have) any difficulty with my pronunciation.
45. He said that practice ___________ (make) perfect.
46. The police found that the house ___________ (break) and a lot of things stolen.
47. Great changes ___________ (take) place in the city, and a lot of factories have been set up.
48. How many buildings ___________ (destroy) when the hurricane ended
49. By the time he got to the school, the first period ___________ (finish).
50. The media reported more than 1,000 people ___________ (kill) in the earthquake.
三、高考真题回顾：
1. (2022·新课标全国卷II) “He saved my son’s life,” said Mrs. Brown. “I don’t know _________ to thank him.”
2. (2021·全国I卷) You can’t help wondering how hard it _________ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
3. (2021·浙江卷6月) Mary’s niece wrote, “The little home _________ (paint) white.
4. (2020 ·全国I卷) Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it _______ (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon _____________ (construct)”.
5. (2018·全国卷I ) While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it ___ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
6. (2017·全国Ⅲ) Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school ______ (come) first. I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling.”
7. (全国Ⅱ)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly _________ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
8. (广东) We were told that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, but for the week after. I didn’t understand _________ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
四、语篇语法填空：
(1)
Meet Yourself, 1 popular TV series shot in Dali, Southwest China’s Yunnan Province, has fascinated audiences with its themes of 2 (tradition) culture preservation, rural development and idyllic (闲适恬静的) lifestyle. Cai Huaijun, the deputy head of Hunan Radio and Television Group Co Ltd, said the show had set a successful example of 3 (combine) the film and television industry with cultural tourism. According 4 Dali authorities, Yunnan received many visitors during the Spring Festival holiday, which pushed its tourism income forward to 38.4 billion yuan, topping all other 5 (province) in the country. Niu Yan, the head of Dali’s publicity department, also said that the drama had a positive impact on Dali, promoting the locals’ special lifestyle and making the beautiful and 6 (cultural) rich area more well-known to the world.
Actor Li Xian, 7 plays one of the leading roles in the drama, said the drama shows the healing power of nature for those who want to escape stress and get 8 (recharge) in a beautiful and peaceful country life and scenery.
Xu Hailong, an associate professor of cultural industry at Capital Normal University, said that the drama could also 9 (see) as an exploration of modern ecological civilization, showing how humans can balance societal development with environmental 10 (protect).
(2)
Beautiful and fragile coral reefs (珊瑚礁) in tropical oceans worldwide are threatened 1 climate change and storms. Now 2 (traveller) can help restore them by supporting coral replanting programmes.
National Geographic Explorer Paola RodriguezTroncoso 3 (work) on a Mexican programme for six years that sustainably replanted more than 6,000 coral fragments (碎片). In this project, divers collect fragments from the ocean floor 4 have been washed away by storms or waves. Then they fasten 5 (health) pieces to the substrata (底层) of reefs at the same or nearby sites. It’s 6 process that can vary by location. For example, in some areas, such as French Polynesia, the coral fragments 7 (place) in underwater nurseries to recover before replanting.
Conservation groups are starting to educate and involve visitors in these efforts. 8 (avoid) programmes that may do more harm than good, RodriguezTroncoso cautions the persons who break off fragments from healthy corals on purpose or fail to get the 9 (require) permits. Though replanted fragments grow 10 (slow), each one can be part of a reef’s centurieslong life span. RodriguezTroncoso says, “That will really help.”
(3)
This year, August 15th marked China’s first National Ecology Day, 1 aims were to raise awareness of environmental protection and address unlawful activities and safeguard the development of forestry and grassland resource by law.
The establishment of National Ecology Day will enhance ecological understanding among the public and help the nation 2 (well) participate in global environment and climate governance.
The move 3 (see) as part of China’s efforts to build an ecological civilization, a concept that glorifies balanced and sustainable development and harmonious coexistence between 4 (human) and nature 5 promotes the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
China’s laws and administrative regulations 6 (involve) the environment and ecology, 7 (base) on what environmental difficulties villagers are eager to solve and what ecological measures should be taken urgently from their opinions, have laid a solid legislative (立法的) foundation 8 the ecological civilization.
9 makes Aug. 15 special is that on that day in 2005, the concept of “lucid waters and lush mountains” was first put forward, being 10 (value) assets.
(4)
With seasonal temperatures breaking records almost every year, tree species 1 (expect) to adapt to the changes by slowly shifting their population centres northward. But 2 recent survey shows the trend towards westward movement is even 3 (strong) than expected—in some cases, species have shifted their ranges to west by as much as 73 percent.
The survey shows that roughly threequarters of the 86 tree species 4 (survey) have shifted their population centres westward 5 1980.
Obviously, trees aren’t uprooting 6 (them) and moving elsewhere. The survey provides insight into general population trends as young trees continue to take root in westward land, while some of the older 7 (plant) of the species in the eastern areas are slowly dying out. In this way, the centre of a species’ range can gradually shift over time.
Though scientists aren’t sure 8 is causing this change, the publishers of the study think that it’s connected to rainfall. Rainfall totals across the United States have changed, 9 (cause) areas such as the southeast to experience significantly less rain annually, while the Great Plains is getting far more than its historical average. For this reason, most trees are moving towards the 10 (increasing) watery plains.
(5)
Citizens Forest is a young organization from northern Germany. Its small team helps people in 1 (vary) places to plant forests in the city. The principle is very simple: citizens look locally to see if there are any small, unused areas 2 are possible to be reforested (重新造林). The areas do not have to be large. A “Tiny Forest” can be created from as little as 60m2. The organization 3 (provide) support with planning, talks with the authorities involved and shows everyone involved what is possible.
The model is a sure-fire success. There are motivated people and companies everywhere 4 (long) to get involved. Until now, around 30 projects 5 (carry) out and 500 more are planned to be launched over the next three years. The aim of Citizens Forests is 6 (establish) a Germany-wide network of local reforestation projects. They also hope to make reforestation 7 normal part of social life in the future.
Tiny Forests are more than just woodlands 8 nature and people, they also helps create natural biotopes (生物栖息地) with a variety of plant and animal 9 (species). In addition, Citizens Forests also makes efforts to promote environmental education, which as a result raises people’s 10 (aware) of environmental protection.
