人大附中2024届高三考前适应性训练
英语
说明：本试卷共8页，共100分;考试时间90分钟;请在答题卡上填写个人信息，并将选择题的答案填涂在机读卡上.
第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节完形填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
While taking a 20-hour train ride along the edge of the Taklimakan Desert in northwestern China, I had the kind of humbling, educational, and above all else, wonderful ___1___ with a local that all travelers long for. A young Chinese man approached me on the train. My ___2___ friend spoke virtually no English, so I happily took the chance to practice my Chinese.
Over several hours, he would tell me about how he had attended a two-year professional school to quickly find a job ___3___ highways in order to help support his family. Perhaps the most ___4___. however, was the fact. that this man spent hours studying every day after hard physical labor. Without batting an eye, he would ___5___ a translated Emerson passage before asking about the literary influence of American writers as a whole. “And what do you all learn about Russian authors ” I ___6___ him asking at one point.
It would have been easy to ___7___ my assumptions about this highway builder who had never been more than a few hundred miles from home. But this highly informed, ___8___, and admirable person prevented me doing so. In the course of a couple of hours, he showed me just how much one can gain from ___9___ with an open mind, and a willingness to _____10_____ with locals from all walks of life.
1. A. experiment B. encounter C. competition D. appointment
2. A. true B. so-called C. new D. long-lost
3. A. building B. sweeping C. checking D. guarding
4. A. typical B. obvious C. natural D. remarkable
5. A. publish B. quote C. copy D. download
6. A. anticipate B. imagine C. recall D. catch
7. A. look into B. rely on C. go over D. deal with
8. A. well-behaved B. multi-skilled C. warm-hearted D. self-educated
9. A. traveling B. reading C. searching D. teaching
10. A. cooperate B. side C. negotiate D. engage
第二节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Mrs. Bailey was important in the educational journey that carried me through school and into my profession. Before I joined her class, I ____11____ (doubt) my ability as a writer. She ____12____ (persuade) me to join the poetry society and lit in me a fire for literature. She recognised my potential and showed me that I could write with creativity and enthusiasm. Because of the confidence she inspired in me. I’ve carved out a ____13____ (success) profession as a journalist.
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Some university students carried out a campaign ____14____ they celebrated their whole day without cell phones This move was ____15____ (improve) their relationships with their near and dear ones and to keep them away from the virtual life. Studies indicate that a majority of young people use their phones during lessons, over family meals or even at the cinema. The problem of phone addiction has been observed since a few years ago, with experts and psychologists ____16____ (try) to increase awareness about this problem.
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The tiger shark ____17____ (consider) to be one of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Why are tiger sharks so dangerous First, they like to live ____18____ waters where humans usually swim, so the chances of an encounter are much greater. Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can easily hit a person. And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly ____19____ (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain ____20____ the damage will be disastrous.
第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
Welcome to Muir Woods! This rare ancient forest is a kingdom of coast redwoods, many over 600 years old.
How to get here
People using personal vehicles must have reservations before arriving at the park. (Details at www..)
Muir Woods National Monument is open daily, 8 a. m. to sunset. Stop by Visitor Center to get trails (路线) and program information, and to take in exhibits.
What’s your path
Enjoy a walk on the paved Redwood Creek Trail (also called Main Trail). Choose short, medium, or long loops (环线). Other trails go deep into Muir Woods and Mount Tamalpais State Park.(Refer to the map of Muir Woods on the right for details.)
Ready to explore more
Muir Woods is part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Marin Headlands, Alcatraz, the Presidio, and Ocean Beach. Download the app at www.nps.gov/goga.
Stay safe and protect your park
Wi-Fi and cell service are not available. ·Watch for poisonous plants and falling branches. ·Do not feed or disturb animals. ·Fishing is prohibited in the park. ·Do not mark or remove trees, flowers, or other natural features. ·Go to the park website for more safety tips and regulations.
Accessibility
We make a great effort to make facilities, services, and programs accessible to all. For information, go to Visitor Center, ask a ranger, call, or check our website.
More Information
Muir Woods National Monument www.nps.gov/muwo Mill Valley, CA 94941-2696
21. Muir Woods will probably attract ________.
①redwood lovers ②hunting lovers ③fishing lovers ④hiking lovers
A. ①② B. ③④ C. ①④ D. ②③
22. What can be learned from the passage
A. Muir woods is surrounded by highland and ocean beaches.
B. Visitors can read electronic maps using Wi-Fi in Muir Woods.
C. Visitors are advised to call Visitor Center for safety tips and regulations.
D. Reservations should be made if visitors drive private cars to Muir Woods.
23. According to the map of Muir Woods, ________.
A. Bridge 4 is the farthest from the parking lots of all bridges
B. Mill Valley is located on the southwest side of Muir Beach
C. Bootjack Trail can lead one to Visitor Center from Bridge 3
D. food and gifts can be bought on various sites in Muir Woods
B
I write this on a spring morning, in the van I have called home for two years now.
From one small window, I have a view of joggers pounding the sunny path by the Oxford Canal, and the other looks onto the busy railway line along which trains travel from Southampton Docks to Birmingham.
The woods where I’ve parked my van have grown up between them. This ancient van, a vehicle designed for freedom and the open road, has proved a stable solution for surviving the current housing crisis.
I became a travel writer after my studies ended, committing to brief “residencies” with museums and art centres—where temporary accommodation is often provided in exchange for producing new work about a community. Over the years that followed, living and working on location in the polar regions or Scandinavia or the Alps, not settling down for very long, meant wherever I landed was always “home”.
It was necessary to adopt a more permanent engagement with locality. Oxford had often drawn me back. It’s a crossroads of reality and the imagination, the perfect city for a writer.
It takes a surprising amount of work to keep a tiny home in order: buying a used van online; ensuring the smooth running of a gas cooker and car batteries; fetching water and emptying the mobile toilet. I began to enjoy taking care of my immediate surroundings. Over the summer, I worked to turn waste-ground into a wild garden, replacing weeds with wild plants.
I made friends with the self-sufficient boaters living nearby, always ready to share knowledge on the low-carbon simplicity of life without electricity. I’ve learnt that comfort can be found away from the bright infrastructure of urban life: in watching the birds that nest in the tree and the foxes playing in the woods at dawn, in making a cup of coffee on a spring morning.
My step away from conventional housing has been a necessary act of personal economy, but the benefits include taking nothing for granted, and unexpected delight.
24. The writer makes the van his home because ______.
A. the feature of the van and that of his occupation are matching
B. the van equals to a crossroads of reality and the imagination
C. the views of joggers and trains outside of it can relieve his pressure
D. living and working on location in the polar regions are appealing to him
25. What does “immediate surroundings” in Paragraph 6 refer to
A. a used van B. a gas cooker C. a wild garden D. a mobile toilet
26. Which of the following is the benefit of unconventional housing
A. Joining joggers to do exercise. B. Keeping a tiny home in order easily.
C. Improving the economy of Oxford. D. Embracing delightful surprises.
C
From Smells to Soundtracks
When a young sawfly, a bee-like insect, is threatened by its attackers like ants, it emits a mixture of unpleasant smells to defend itself. These emissions can seriously annoy a potential enemy.
Scientists wanting to study these smelly compounds—to understand which aspects of them discourage attackers and why—face great challenges. Meetups between sawflies and ants in a lab are difficult to carry out. There are also a very limited quantity of the insects’ emissions. On the side, Jean-Luc Boevé, a zoologist who studies insects, from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and composer. He decided to try a different way—the sound approach. “To be honest, I considered this project so unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was months before Boevé and his partner, Rudi Giot, finally made a resolution to get started on it.
They chose 16 sawfly species’ emissions to translate into sounds. First, they figured out which molecules (分子) were present in each smelly compound and in what amounts. Then they assigned various characteristics of those molecules matching properties of sound. For example, smaller molecules like a kind of acid found in vinegar, a sour-tasting liquid, evaporate (挥发) quickly, so Boevé and Giot assigned them sounds with higher pitch ( 音 高 ). Larger molecules were given lower-pitched sounds. In all, the scientists created individual audio descriptions for 20 molecules. Then they combined the sounds of each molecule present in a sawfly’s smell to construct the insect’s soundtrack. If a molecule was of higher proportion in an emission, they assigned it a higher volume. In such a case, the smaller a molecule is, the higher its pitch will be; and the higher the proportion of a molecule is, the higher its volume will be.
To test out the audio descriptions they created Boevé and Giot examined people’s reactions to the soundtracks and compared them to ants’ reactions to the original smells. They played the 16 emission soundtracks and the 20 molecule sounds through speakers to about 50 study participants. Then the scientists measured how far people backed up to get to a “comfortable position” away from the noise. Most of the study volunteers told the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high volume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and volunteers moved away from a chemical and its matching soundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrote.
Boevé said he hoped the process would give other zoologists a new way to compare sawflies’ chemical defenses with those from other insects. It may also offer researchers clues about which molecules fight off enemies most.
27. What do we know about Boevé from paragraph 2
A. He was devoted to the research for several months.
B. He started a new approach after months’ hesitation.
C. He came up with a creative idea thanks to a composer.
D. He was faced with difficulties in studying rare sawflies.
28. What can be concluded in terms of the sound approach
A. The volume of sounds is based on the proportion of molecules.
B. Smaller molecules and lower pitch share similar characteristics.
C. Audio descriptions of the molecules can be divided into 16 kinds.
D Participants were required to compare the sounds with the smells.
29. From paragraphs 4 and 5, we can learn that ________.
A. the soundtracks are more than what humans are likely to bear
B. the ants dislike the sounds as much as humans hate the smells
C. humans’ reactions to the sounds resemble ants’ responses to the smells
D. other zoologists are looking for innovative ways of studying molecules
30. This passage is mainly intended to ________.
A. explain ways to transfer smells into soundtracks
B. introduce research on sawfly’s effect on humans
C. demonstrate a scientific study on insects’smells
D. test out people’s reaction to various soundtracks
D
Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war War is an ancient institution which has occurred ever since men were organized into units larger than the family. In the past human race managed to survive it. Why should it not continue to survive even if wars go on occurring from time to time Moreover, people like war, and will feel frustrated without it. And without war there will be no adequate opportunity for heroism or self-sacrifice.
Modem technology has changed this. Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.
There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology (意识形态) would prevent war. I believe this to be a big error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.
The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atom bomb.
31. From the passage we can learn that war now is ______.
A. as bad as in the past B. worse than in the past
C. as necessary as in the past D. not so dangerous as in the past
32. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Men, as well as war, will have to make the ultimate choice between the two.
B. Modern technology has empowered man to choose whether to have war or not.
C. At least 6,000 years later, man has finally decided to abandon war once and for all.
D. People will eventually destroy themselves if they choose to go to war at modern times.
33. As for ideology, what does the author intend to tell us
A. Certain ideology is superior regarding its truthfulness.
B. It is useless to adopt an ideology to prevent war.
C. Not every ideology is not worth fighting for.
D. It is wrong to follow any ideology.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. War or No War, That Is A Question
B. Nuclear Weapons Bring the End of Human Race
C. Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration
D. From Ideology to Negotiation: A New Approach to International Conflicts
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
My, what a big beak you have!
For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help to make the effects of a warmer world less harmful. ____35____ In a paper published in Trends & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a PhD candidate at Deakin University, shows that is already happening. Climate change is already altering the bodies of many animal species, giving them bigger beaks (喙), legs and ears.
In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern. ____36____
All that is perfectly consistent with evolutionary theory. “Allen’s rule”, named for Joel Asaph Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger body parts than those in temperate (温带的) regions. ____37____ Being richly filled with blood vessels, and not covered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins.
Ms. Ryding is not the first researcher to take that approach. But it is hard, when dealing with individual species, to prove that climate change was the cause of an anatomical (解剖学的) changes. All sorts of other factors, from changes in prey to the evolving reproductive preferences of males or females, might have been driving the changes. ____38____ The team combined data from different species in different places. Since they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation.
____39____ That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might make feeding harder, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.
A. However, looking at the bigger picture makes the pattern clearer.
B. For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%.
C. Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviors.
D. It seems that the future world is going to be hotter than humans are used to.
E. Therefore, the negative effects of a warmer world are visible in these animals’ bodies.
F. Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body, helping it to release extra heat.
G. Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, legs and wings.
第三部分：书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节 阅读表达(共4小题;第40、41小题各2分，第42小题3分，第43小题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities （实体）, whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence.
Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual's face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception（感知）, attention, and reasoning in the offline world.
"We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia," said Park.
The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.
"Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics private thoughts, and social behaviors," noted Huang. "As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform."
40. What may an online profile photo reflect
41. According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because they want to maintain a good relationship with their Japanese friends.
43. Describe the profile photo you use for your social media such as WeChat or Weibo. Why do you choose it 人大附中2024届高三考前适应性训练
英语
说明：本试卷共8页，共100分;考试时间90分钟;请在答题卡上填写个人信息，并将选择题的答案填涂在机读卡上.
第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节完形填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
While taking a 20-hour train ride along the edge of the Taklimakan Desert in northwestern China, I had the kind of humbling, educational, and above all else, wonderful ___1___ with a local that all travelers long for. A young Chinese man approached me on the train. My ___2___ friend spoke virtually no English, so I happily took the chance to practice my Chinese.
Over several hours he would tell me about how he had attended a two-year professional school to quickly find a job ___3___ highways in order to help support his family. Perhaps the most ___4___. however, was the fact. that this man spent hours studying every day after hard physical labor. Without batting an eye, he would ___5___ a translated Emerson passage before asking about the literary influence of American writers as a whole. “And what do you all learn about Russian authors ” I ___6___ him asking at one point.
It would have been easy to ___7___ my assumptions about this highway builder who had never been more than a few hundred miles from home. But this highly informed, ___8___, and admirable person prevented me doing so. In the course of a couple of hours, he showed me just how much one can gain from ___9___ with an open mind, and a willingness to _____10_____ with locals from all walks of life.
1. A. experiment B. encounter C. competition D. appointment
2. A. true B. so-called C. new D. long-lost
3. A. building B. sweeping C. checking D. guarding
4. A. typical B. obvious C. natural D. remarkable
5. A. publish B. quote C. copy D. download
6. A. anticipate B. imagine C. recall D. catch
7. A. look into B. rely on C. go over D. deal with
8. A. well-behaved B. multi-skilled C. warm-hearted D. self-educated
9. A. traveling B. reading C. searching D. teaching
10. A. cooperate B. side C. negotiate D. engage
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一次在火车上偶遇了一个年轻的中国男子，在交谈中发现，年轻人见多识广、自学成才，是一个令人钦佩的人。
【1题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我在中国西北部的塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘坐了20个小时的火车时，其间我与一个当地人有了一种谦卑、有教育意义的，最重要的是，美妙的邂逅，这是所有旅行者都渴望的。A. experiment实验；B. encounter邂逅；C. competition比赛；D. appointment任命。根据后文“with a local that all travelers long for”指作者和当地人有了一次美妙的邂逅。故选B。
【2题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我的新朋友几乎不会说英语，所以我很高兴地抓住这个机会练习我的中文。A. true真的；B. so-called所谓的；C. new新的；D. long-lost很久不见的。根据上文“A young Chinese man approached me on the train.”可知，两人是在火车上认识的，所以是新朋友。故选C。
【3题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在几个小时里，他会告诉我他是如何参加了一个为期两年的专业学校，以便迅速找到一份工作，修建高速公路，以帮助支持他的家庭。A. building修建；B. sweeping打扫；C. checking检查；D. guarding守卫。根据后文“highways in order to help support his family”可知，年轻人修建高速公路，以帮助支持他的家庭。故选A。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，也许最值得注意的是这个人每天在辛苦的体力劳动之后花几个小时学习。A. typical典型的；B. obvious显然的；C. natural自然的；D. remarkable引人注目的。根据后文“this man spent hours studying every day after hard physical labor.”可知，这个人每天在辛苦的体力劳动之后花几个小时学习，这是最值得注意的品质。故选D。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他会眼都不眨地引用翻译的爱默生的一段话，然后再询问美国作家对文学的整体影响。A. publish出版；B. quote引用；C. copy复制；D. download下载。根据后文“a translated Emerson passage”指引用翻译的爱默生的一段话，故选B。
【6题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“你们对俄罗斯作家有什么了解？”我记得他曾经问过。A. anticipate预期；B. imagine想象；C. recall记起；D. catch抓住。根据后文“him asking at one point”可知，作者在回忆年轻人提过的问题。故选C。
【7题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：对于这位从未离开过家乡几百英里的公路建设者，我很容易凭空想象。A. look into调查；B. rely on依靠；C. go over复习；D. deal with处理。根据后文“my assumptions about this highway builder who had never been more than a few hundred miles from home”可知，这是作者凭想象进行的判断。故选B。
【8题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这位见多识广、自学成才、令人钦佩的人阻止了我这么做。A. well-behaved行为端正的；B. multi-skilled多技能的；C. warm-hearted热心的；D. self-educated自学的。呼应上文“this man spent hours studying every day after hard physical labor.(这个人每天在繁重的体力劳动之后花几个小时学习)”，指这个年轻人的自学能力。故选D。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在几个小时的时间里，他向我展示了带着开放的心态旅行，并愿意与来自各行各业的当地人打交道，会有多么大的收获。A. traveling旅行；B. reading阅读；C. searching搜索；D. teaching教学。根据后文“with an open mind, and a willingness to”结合作者当时在乘火车旅行，所以是指带着开放的心态旅行，故选A。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在几个小时的时间里，他向我展示了带着开放的心态旅行，并愿意与来自各行各业的当地人打交道，会有多么大的收获。A. cooperate合作；B. side支持；C. negotiate协商；D. engage参与。根据后文“with locals from all walks of life”指和各行各业的当地人打交道，应用短语engage with表示“与……接触”。故选D。
第二节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Mrs. Bailey was important in the educational journey that carried me through school and into my profession. Before I joined her class, I ____11____ (doubt) my ability as a writer. She ____12____ (persuade) me to join the poetry society and lit in me a fire for literature. She recognised my potential and showed me that I could write with creativity and enthusiasm. Because of the confidence she inspired in me. I’ve carved out a ____13____ (success) profession as a journalist.
【答案】11. had doubted
12. persuaded
13. successful
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Mrs. Bailey在学业和职业方面对作者的影响。
【11题详解】
考查时态。句意：在我加入她的班级之前，我一直怀疑自己的写作能力。结合语境可知，“怀疑”发生在“进入她的班级”之前，即过去的过去，故应用过去完成时。故填had doubted。
【12题详解】
考查时态。句意：她说服我加入诗社，点燃了我对文学的热情。空处为谓语动词。陈述过去发生的事情，为一般过去时。故填persuaded。
【13题详解】
考查形容词。句意：我开创了一个成功的记者职业。形容词successful作定语修饰名词。故填successful。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Some university students carried out a campaign ____14____ they celebrated their whole day without cell phones This move was ____15____ (improve) their relationships with their near and dear ones and to keep them away from the virtual life. Studies indicate that a majority of young people use their phones during lessons, over family meals or even at the cinema. The problem of phone addiction has been observed since a few years ago, with experts and psychologists ____16____ (try) to increase awareness about this problem.
【答案】14. where
15. to improve
16. trying
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了手机上瘾的现象，以及一些学生和专家为解决此问题所作的努力。
【14题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：一些大学生开展了一项活动，他们在没有手机的情况下庆祝了一整天。分析可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词campaign，指物，关系词在从句中作抽象的地点状语，故应用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
【15题详解】
考查不定式。句意：这一举动是为了改善他们与亲人的关系，让他们远离虚拟生活。动词不定式作表语，说明主语的内容。故填to improve。
【16题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：手机上瘾的问题早在几年前就被发现了，专家和心理学家试图提高人们对这个问题的认识。分析可知，空处应填非谓语动词作宾补，逻辑主语experts and psychologists和try之间是主动关系，应用现在分词。故填trying。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The tiger shark ____17____ (consider) to be one of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Why are tiger sharks so dangerous First, they like to live ____18____ waters where humans usually swim, so the chances of an encounter are much greater. Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can easily hit a person. And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly ____19____ (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain ____20____ the damage will be disastrous.
【答案】17. is considered## has been considered
18. in## around##near
19. designed
20. that
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为什么虎鲨如此危险。
【17题详解】
考查动词时态和语态。句意：虎鲨被认为是世界上最危险的鲨鱼之一。这是一个客观事实可以用一般现在时，或者这是到目前为止一种认知，所以也可以用现在完成时。主语是the tiger shark，是单数形式，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。而且虎鲨跟认为之间是被动关系，所以也要用被动语态。故填is considered/has been considered。
【18题详解】
考查介词。句意：首先，它们喜欢生活在人类经常游泳的水域/水域附近，所以遇到它们的几率要大得多。在水域或者在水域附近，要用介词in或者around或者near。故填in/ around/ near。
【19题详解】
考查非谓语。句意：第三，虎鲨有完美的设计来切割它们的食物牙齿，所以肯定会造成灾难性的破坏。空处为非谓语动词，teeth与design为被动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填designed。
【20题详解】
考查连接词。句意：第三，虎鲨有完美的设计来切割它们的食物牙齿，所以肯定会造成灾难性的破坏。It is certain that“……是确定的”为固定句型。故填that。
第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
Welcome to Muir Woods! This rare ancient forest is a kingdom of coast redwoods, many over 600 years old.
How to get here
People using personal vehicles must have reservations before arriving at the park. (Details at www..)
Muir Woods National Monument is open daily, 8 a. m. to sunset. Stop by Visitor Center to get trails (路线) and program information, and to take in exhibits.
What’s your path
Enjoy a walk on the paved Redwood Creek Trail (also called Main Trail). Choose short, medium, or long loops (环线). Other trails go deep into Muir Woods and Mount Tamalpais State Park.(Refer to the map of Muir Woods on the right for details.)
Ready to explore more
Muir Woods is part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Marin Headlands, Alcatraz, the Presidio, and Ocean Beach. Download the app at www.nps.gov/goga.
Stay safe and protect your park.
Wi-Fi and cell service are not available. ·Watch for poisonous plants and falling branches. ·Do not feed or disturb animals. ·Fishing is prohibited in the park. ·Do not mark or remove trees, flowers, or other natural features. ·Go to the park website for more safety tips and regulations.
Accessibility
We make a great effort to make facilities, services, and programs accessible to all. For information, go to Visitor Center, ask a ranger, call, or check our website.
More Information
Muir Woods National Monument www.nps.gov/muwo Mill Valley, CA 94941-2696
21. Muir Woods will probably attract ________.
①redwood lovers ②hunting lovers ③fishing lovers ④hiking lovers
A. ①② B. ③④ C. ①④ D. ②③
22. What can be learned from the passage
A. Muir woods is surrounded by highland and ocean beaches.
B. Visitors can read electronic maps using Wi-Fi in Muir Woods.
C. Visitors are advised to call Visitor Center for safety tips and regulations.
D. Reservations should be made if visitors drive private cars to Muir Woods.
23. According to the map of Muir Woods, ________.
A. Bridge 4 is the farthest from the parking lots of all bridges
B. Mill Valley is located on the southwest side of Muir Beach
C. Bootjack Trail can lead one to Visitor Center from Bridge 3
D. food and gifts can be bought on various sites in Muir Woods
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一些参观缪尔森林的注意事项。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Welcome to Muir Woods! This rare ancient forest is a kingdom of coast redwoods, many over 600 years old. (欢迎来到缪尔森林！这片罕见的古老森林是海岸红杉的王国，许多红杉已有600多年的历史。)”以及第四段“Enjoy a walk on the paved Redwood Creek Trail (also called Main Trail). Choose short, medium, or long loops (环线). (在红木溪小径（也称为主小径）上漫步。选择短的，中等的，或环线。)”可知，缪尔森林可能会吸引红杉爱好者以及远足爱好者。故选C。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“People using personal vehicles must have reservations before arriving at the park. (使用私家车的游客必须在进入公园前进行预约。)”可知，如果游客开私家车去缪尔森林，应该提前预约。故选D。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据地图中“Bridge 4：Long 1 hour 2.mile loop trail (桥4：长1个半小时2英里的环形步道)”可知，根据缪尔森林的地图，4号桥是所有桥中离停车场最远的。故选A。
B
I write this on a spring morning, in the van I have called home for two years now.
From one small window, I have a view of joggers pounding the sunny path by the Oxford Canal, and the other looks onto the busy railway line along which trains travel from Southampton Docks to Birmingham.
The woods where I’ve parked my van have grown up between them. This ancient van a vehicle designed for freedom and the open road, has proved a stable solution for surviving the current housing crisis.
I became a travel writer after my studies ended, committing to brief “residencies” with museums and art centres—where temporary accommodation is often provided in exchange for producing new work about a community. Over the years that followed, living and working on location in the polar regions or Scandinavia or the Alps, not settling down for very long, meant wherever I landed was always “home”.
It was necessary to adopt a more permanent engagement with locality. Oxford had often drawn me back. It’s a crossroads of reality and the imagination, the perfect city for a writer.
It takes a surprising amount of work to keep a tiny home in order: buying a used van online; ensuring the smooth running of a gas cooker and car batteries; fetching water and emptying the mobile toilet. I began to enjoy taking care of my immediate surroundings. Over the summer, I worked to turn waste-ground into a wild garden, replacing weeds with wild plants.
I made friends with the self-sufficient boaters living nearby, always ready to share knowledge on the low-carbon simplicity of life without electricity. I’ve learnt that comfort can be found away from the bright infrastructure of urban life: in watching the birds that nest in the tree and the foxes playing in the woods at dawn, in making a cup of coffee on a spring morning.
My step away from conventional housing has been a necessary act of personal economy, but the benefits include taking nothing for granted, and unexpected delight.
24. The writer makes the van his home because ______.
A. the feature of the van and that of his occupation are matching
B. the van equals to a crossroads of reality and the imagination
C. the views of joggers and trains outside of it can relieve his pressure
D. living and working on location in the polar regions are appealing to him
25. What does “immediate surroundings” in Paragraph 6 refer to
A. a used van B. a gas cooker C. a wild garden D. a mobile toilet
26. Which of the following is the benefit of unconventional housing
A. Joining joggers to do exercise. B. Keeping a tiny home in order easily.
C. Improving the economy of Oxford. D. Embracing delightful surprises.
【答案】24. A 25. C 26. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者作为旅行作家以面包车为家的体验和感受。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第三段第二句“This ancient van, a vehicle designed for freedom and the open road, has proved a stable solution for surviving the current housing crisis.”(这辆古老的面包车是为自由和开放道路而设计的，事实证明它是度过当前住房危机的稳定的解决方案。）和第四段“I became a travel writer after my studies ended, committing to brief “residencies” with museums and art centres — where temporary accommodation is often provided in exchange for producing new work about a community.”(学业结束后，我成为了一名旅行作家，致力于在博物馆和艺术中心进行短暂的“驻留”——在那里，通常会提供临时住宿，以换取创作关于社区的新作品。) 可知，面包车自由和开放的特征和作者作为旅行作家的职业是相匹配的。故选A项。
【25题详解】
词句猜测题。由文章第六段最后一句“Over the summer, I worked to turn waste-ground into a wild garden, replacing weeds with wild plants. ”(整个夏天，我努力把荒地变成野生花园，用野生植物代替杂草。）可知，我开始喜欢照顾我的野生花园，“immediate surroundings”指的是野生花园。故选C项。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。由文章最后一段“My step away from conventional housing has been a necessary act of personal economy, but the benefits include taking nothing for granted, and unexpected delight.”(我远离传统住房是个人经济状况的必要行为，但好处包括从不想当然，以及意想不到的快乐。)可知，住在面包车这种非传统住房里可以随时拥抱令人愉快的惊喜。故选D项。
C
From Smells to Soundtracks
When a young sawfly, a bee-like insect, is threatened by its attackers like ants, it emits a mixture of unpleasant smells to defend itself. These emissions can seriously annoy a potential enemy.
Scientists wanting to study these smelly compounds—to understand which aspects of them discourage attackers and why—face great challenges. Meetups between sawflies and ants in a lab are difficult to carry out. There are also a very limited quantity of the insects’ emissions. On the side, Jean-Luc Boevé, a zoologist who studies insects, from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and composer. He decided to try a different way—the sound approach. “To be honest, I considered this project so unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was months before Boevé and his partner, Rudi Giot, finally made a resolution to get started on it.
They chose 16 sawfly species’ emissions to translate into sounds. First, they figured out which molecules (分子) were present in each smelly compound and in what amounts. Then they assigned various characteristics of those molecules matching properties of sound. For example, smaller molecules like a kind of acid found in vinegar, a sour-tasting liquid, evaporate (挥发) quickly, so Boevé and Giot assigned them sounds with higher pitch ( 音 高 ). Larger molecules were given lower-pitched sounds. In all, the scientists created individual audio descriptions for 20 molecules. Then they combined the sounds of each molecule present in a sawfly’s smell to construct the insect’s soundtrack. If a molecule was of higher proportion in an emission, they assigned it a higher volume. In such a case, the smaller a molecule is, the higher its pitch will be; and the higher the proportion of a molecule is, the higher its volume will be.
To test out the audio descriptions they created, Boevé and Giot examined people’s reactions to the soundtracks and compared them to ants’ reactions to the original smells. They played the 16 emission soundtracks and the 20 molecule sounds through speakers to about 50 study participants. Then the scientists measured how far people backed up to get to a “comfortable position” away from the noise. Most of the study volunteers told the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high volume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and volunteers moved away from a chemical and its matching soundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrote.
Boevé said he hoped the process would give other zoologists a new way to compare sawflies’ chemical defenses with those from other insects. It may also offer researchers clues about which molecules fight off enemies most.
27. What do we know about Boevé from paragraph 2
A. He was devoted to the research for several months.
B. He started a new approach after months’ hesitation.
C. He came up with a creative idea thanks to a composer.
D. He was faced with difficulties in studying rare sawflies.
28. What can be concluded in terms of the sound approach
A. The volume of sounds is based on the proportion of molecules.
B. Smaller molecules and lower pitch share similar characteristics.
C. Audio descriptions of the molecules can be divided into 16 kinds.
D. Participants were required to compare the sounds with the smells.
29. From paragraphs 4 and 5, we can learn that ________.
A. the soundtracks are more than what humans are likely to bear
B. the ants dislike the sounds as much as humans hate the smells
C. humans’ reactions to the sounds resemble ants’ responses to the smells
D. other zoologists are looking for innovative ways of studying molecules
30. This passage is mainly intended to ________.
A. explain ways to transfer smells into soundtracks
B. introduce research on sawfly’s effect on humans
C. demonstrate a scientific study on insects’smells
D. test out people’s reaction to various soundtracks
【答案】27 B 28. A 29. C 30. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了对昆虫气味的科学研究。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段““To be honest, I considered this project so unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was months before Boevé and his partner, Rudi Giot, finally made a resolution to get started on it. ”(“说实话，我自己认为这个项目太不切实际了，所以我把它搁置了，”他说。几个月后，Boevé和他的搭档鲁迪·乔特(Rudi Giot)终于下定决心开始这项工作。)说明犹豫了几个月后，他开始采用新的方法。故选B项。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“If a molecule was of higher proportion in an emission, they assigned it a higher volume.”（如果一个分子在任务中所占比例更高，他们就会给它分配更高的音量。）说明声音的大小取决于分子的比例。故选A项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Most of the study volunteers told the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high volume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and volunteers moved away from a chemical and its matching soundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrote. ”（大多数参与研究的志愿者告诉研究人员，高音和高音量是他们退缩的原因。研究人员写道:“蚂蚁和志愿者分别远离了一种化学物质及其匹配的音乐。”）说明人类对声音的反应类似于蚂蚁对气味的反应。故选C项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Boevé said he hoped the process would give other zoologists a new way to compare sawflies’ chemical defenses with those from other insects. It may also offer researchers clues about which molecules fight off enemies most.”（Boevé说，他希望这一过程能给其他动物学家提供一种新的方法来比较锯叶蜂与其他昆虫的化学防御能力。它还可能为研究人员提供线索，说明哪些分子最能击退敌人。）结合标题“From Smells to Soundtracks”，说明这篇文章主要是为了演示对昆虫气味的科学研究。故选C项。
D
Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war War is an ancient institution, which has occurred ever since men were organized into units larger than the family. In the past human race managed to survive it. Why should it not continue to survive even if wars go on occurring from time to time Moreover, people like war, and will feel frustrated without it. And without war there will be no adequate opportunity for heroism or self-sacrifice.
Modem technology has changed this. Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.
There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology (意识形态) would prevent war. I believe this to be a big error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.
The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atom bomb.
31. From the passage we can learn that war now is ______.
A. as bad as in the past B. worse than in the past
C. as necessary as in the past D. not so dangerous as in the past
32. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Men, as well as war, will have to make the ultimate choice between the two.
B. Modern technology has empowered man to choose whether to have war or not.
C. At least 6,000 years later, man has finally decided to abandon war once and for all.
D. People will eventually destroy themselves if they choose to go to war at modern times.
33. As for ideology, what does the author intend to tell us
A. Certain ideology is superior regarding its truthfulness.
B. It is useless to adopt an ideology to prevent war.
C. Not every ideology is not worth fighting for.
D. It is wrong to follow any ideology.
34 Which would be the best title for the passage
A. War or No War, That Is A Question
B. Nuclear Weapons Bring the End of Human Race
C. Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration
D. From Ideology to Negotiation: A New Approach to International Conflicts
【答案】31. B 32. D 33. B 34. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。在当前的国际形势之下，作者阐述人类应该以一种新的方式看待国际问题，而不是把它看作武力的较量。这种方式就是通过根据公认的法律原则进行仲裁。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Modem technology has changed this”（现代科技改变了这一点）以及“For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat.”（目前，造成最严重危险的是核武器，但不久之后，细菌或化学武器可能带来更大的威胁。）可推知，现在的战争比过去更糟糕。故选B。
【32题详解】
词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. ”（要么人会消灭战争，要么战争会消灭人。目前，造成最严重危险的是核武器，但细菌或化学武器不久可能会带来更大的威胁。如果我们成功地废除了核武器，我们的工作也还没有完成。除非我们成功地废除了战争，否则这是永远不会实现的。）可知，只有成功废除战争，才能算做完成人类的工作，由此可推知，如果人们选择在现代进行战争，他们最终将自我毁灭。故选D。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.”（所有的意识形态都建立在武断的陈述之上，往好了说，这些陈述是可疑的，往坏了说，这些陈述是完全错误的。他们的追随者如此狂热地相信他们，以至于他们愿意为了支持他们而去打仗。）可推知，采用意识形态来防止战争是无用的。故选B。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第二段“To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law .”（要做到这一点，我们需要说服人类以一种新的方式看待国际问题，而不是将其视为武力的较量，在这种较量中，胜利属于最善于杀人的一方，而是通过根据商定的法律原则进行仲裁。）可知，作者呼吁人们以新的方式看待国际问题，通过仲裁来解决问题，以此来废除战争，因此，C选项“Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration”（走向无战争的未来：全球仲裁的呼吁）最能概括全文内容。故选C。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
My, what a big beak you have!
For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help to make the effects of a warmer world less harmful. ____35____ In a paper published in Trends & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a PhD candidate at Deakin University, shows that is already happening. Climate change is already altering the bodies of many animal species, giving them bigger beaks (喙), legs and ears.
In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern. ____36____
All that is perfectly consistent with evolutionary theory. “Allen’s rule”, named for Joel Asaph Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger body parts than those in temperate (温带的) regions. ____37____ Being richly filled with blood vessels, and not covered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins.
Ms. Ryding is not the first researcher to take that approach. But it is hard, when dealing with individual species, to prove that climate change was the cause of an anatomical (解剖学的) changes. All sorts of other factors, from changes in prey to the evolving reproductive preferences of males or females, might have been driving the changes. ____38____ The team combined data from different species in different places. Since they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation.
____39____ That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might make feeding harder, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.
A. However, looking at the bigger picture makes the pattern clearer.
B. For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%.
C. Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviors.
D. It seems that the future world is going to be hotter than humans are used to.
E. Therefore, the negative effects of a warmer world are visible in these animals’ bodies.
F. Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body, helping it to release extra heat.
G. Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, legs and wings.
【答案】35. C 36. G 37. F 38. A 39. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。讲述了地球变暖正在改变动物的外貌，如嘴巴变大。
【35题详解】
根据上文“For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help mitigate the effects of a warm world. (对人类来说，适应气候变化将主要是技术问题。更多的空调、更好设计的房屋和更大的防洪系统可能有助于缓解全球变暖的影响)”可知，人类依靠的是科学技术来适应气候变化。选项C“动物将不得不依靠改变它们的身体或行为（去适应）。”承接上文，说明和人类不同，动物要适应气候变化就只能依靠它们的身体和行为。从而引出下文对于动物适应气候变化发生的变化的讲述，上下文通顺合理。故选C项。
【36题详解】
空处位于段末应承接上文。上文“In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern. (例如，在一些澳大利亚鹦鹉中，自1871年以来，喙的大小增加了4%到10%。另一项研究，这次是在另一种鸟类北美黑眼鹦鹉中，发现了同样的模式)”列举了一些动物因为天气变暖，喙变大的例子。由此推知，空处承接上文，继续举例。选项G“哺乳动物也有类似的趋势，老鼠、鼩鼱和蝙蝠进化出更大的耳朵、尾巴、腿和翅膀”符合语境，是动物应对天气变化外貌发生变化的例子。故选G项。
【37题详解】
根据上文“‘Allen’s rule’, named for Joel Asaph Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded-animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages (附属物) than those in less hot regions. (“艾伦法则”是以Joel Asaph Allen的名字命名的，他在1877年提出了这一法则，认为在炎热地区的温血动物往往比在不那么炎热地区的动物有更大的附属物)”可知，炎热地区的温血动物往往长有更大的附属物，这是动物对气候的一种适应，选项F“这种适应性增加了动物相对于其身体体积的表面积，帮助它释放多余的热量。”解释了这种现象的产生原因。下文“Being richly filled with blood vessels, and not covered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins.( 喙拥有丰富的血管，没有绝缘羽毛覆盖，是鸟类散热的理想场所。又比如，与它们的北极近亲相比，原产于撒哈拉沙漠的芬内克狐狸有着惊人的大耳朵)”举例说明动物的这种适应性。上下文通顺合理。故选F项。
38题详解】
根据下文“The team combined data from different species in different places. (她的团队综合了来自不同地方不同物种的数据)”可知，团队综合了更多地方的数据，选项A“然而，从更大的角度来看，形式更清晰。”说明观察更多会更清楚地看到这种模式，符合语境，上下文通顺合理。故选A项。
【39题详解】
根据下文“That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go. (随着气候变暖的加速，这种情况可能会改变。由于任何进化适应都会进行利弊权衡，因此尚不清楚这一过程会走多远)”可知，未来这种情况的变化，that指代上文提到的情况，选项B“至少就目前而言，增幅很小，从未超过10%。”说明现在的变化情况，上下文合理通顺，下文预测这种情况的发展,，且下文中的“That may change”指代选项B中的增长。故选B项。
第三部分：书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节 阅读表达(共4小题;第40、41小题各2分，第42小题3分，第43小题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities （实体）, whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence.
Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual's face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception（感知）, attention, and reasoning in the offline world.
"We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia," said Park.
The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.
"Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics, private thoughts, and social behaviors," noted Huang. "As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform."
40. What may an online profile photo reflect
41. According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because they want to maintain a good relationship with their Japanese friends.
43. Describe the profile photo you use for your social media such as WeChat or Weibo. Why do you choose it
【答案】40. It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences.
41. Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
42. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because they want to maintain a good relationship with their Japanese friends. Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online.
43. possible version 1: I use a picture of a coffee mug as my profile photo. I use it because it is my favorite coffee mug and I want everyone to admire it. Besides, I am careful about privacy and don’t want to display my face to strangers online.
possible version 2: I use a picture of myself as my profile photo, and in the picture I am smiling confidently. I used it because I want people to feel that I am a confident person and I am trustworthy.
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们在社交媒体选择的照片作为自己的头像可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences.(根据德克萨斯大学达拉斯中心研究人员的一项研究，我们选择的照片可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。)”可知，一张网上的个人资料照片会反映出个人偏好和更加根深蒂固，无意识的文化差异。故答案为It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences.
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual's face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users. (总的来说，他们发现美国人的头像照片更倾向于关注个人的面部，而东亚人的头像往往不太强调面部，包含更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。)”可知，Facebook用户在美国更有可能使用档案照片，关注他们的脸，而东亚人的照片往往比较强调的脸，包括更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。故答案为Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第五段“In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country. (在其中一个研究样本中，在日本留学的美国人和在美国留学的日本人都倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整自己的头像。)”可知，在日本留学的美国人倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整个人资料照片，因为所在国的文化会影响他们在网上的自我表现。故答案为In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because they want to maintain a good relationship with their Japanese friends. Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online.
【43题详解】
开放题。考生言之有理则可。参考答案为：possible version 1: I use a picture of a coffee mug as my profile photo. I use it because it is my favorite coffee mug and I want everyone to admire it. Besides, I am careful about privacy and don’t want to display my face to strangers online.
possible version 2: I use a picture of myself as my profile photo, and in the picture I am smiling confidently. I used it because I want people to feel that I am a confident person and I am trustworthy.
