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高考英语语法填空连词从句类
知识梳理
01
[考向分析]
热考点 语法填空考查的重点是定语从句和名词性从句;低频考点是并列句和状语从句。
重点考查并列连词and,but,or和定语从句的引导词。名词性从句及状语从句较少涉及。
新考向 考查同位语从句和并列连词;考查定语从句和并列连词。
[技法指导]
1.判断依据
没有提示词,前后均为平行成分:两个主谓完整的句子,同词性单词,词组,非谓语或者同类从句。
2.并列连词的基本含义
and表并列或顺承, but表转折, or表选择,so表因果, for表因为, while表对比且含义为“而”。
3.固定结构
①并列关系: both...and...两者都, not only...but (also)...不但……而且……
②选择关系: either...or...或者……或者……,neither...nor...既不……也不……,not...but...不是……而是……
③祈使句+and/or+陈述句
[技法指导]
1.判断依据
①设空处无提示词。
②设空处前的句子完整。
③设空处后的句子不完整,而且对前面位置相近的名词或句子有修饰或者限定关系。
2.三步确定关系词
Step 1 逗号判断限制非限制
先行词后面出现逗号,是非限制性定语从句,先行词往往是代替整句话。
①表示“这一点,这件事” ,用which 引导,绝对不能用that。
②as 引导非限制性定语从句,表示“正如”,常见结构有:
as is well-known 众所周知
as is often the case 情况常常如此
as is reported正如报道的那样
Step 2 找到先行词,判断是人是物
①先行词是人:that/who/whom/whose
②先行词是物:that/which/whose
③先行词是时间/地点/原因:when/where/why
Step 3 根据从句即设空处后面缺少的成分,确定最后答案
①缺主语:that/which/who
②缺及物动词的宾语:that/which/who/whom
③缺介词的宾语:which/whom
④缺定语:whose(和先行词构成所属关系)
⑤缺时间/地点/原因状语:when/where/why
3.固定句型
①there was a time when...曾经有一段……的时光
②days are gone when...……的时光一去不复返
③the reason why...is that...……的原因是……
注意:stage/point/case/situation/scene/degree 等抽象意义的地点名词作先行词时,若从句成分完整则用where,若从句缺少主宾成分,则用that/which。
[技法指导]
1.判断依据:名词性从句的位置特点
①主语从句往往位于句首,或者it作形式主语位于句首。
②宾语从句位于及物动词或者介词之后。
③表语从句位于系动词之后。
④同位语从句位于抽象意义的名词之后,如:fact,idea,news,truth,hope,doubt,suggestion,belief,evidence等,说明抽象名词的内容。
2.分析从句缺少成分,判断常见引导词
①缺少主宾表,考虑用what/who/whom/which或者whatever/whoever/whomever
/whichever。
②缺少状语,考虑用where/wherever(地点),when/whenever(时间),how/however(方式),why(原因)。
③不缺少成分,缺少含义“是否”,考虑用whether/if,首选whether。
④不缺少成分,不缺少含义,考虑用that。
3.用引导词含义代入到句子中理解,对解决名词性从句有奇效。
4.注意:
①what 是高频考点。除了在从句中充当主宾表成分以外,还充当定语。如:It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about,although about two thousand patients have taken it.
②that引导名词性从句,没有含义,不充当成分。但是只在引导第一个宾语从句时可以省略。that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或第二个宾语从句时绝对不可以省略。
5.重点句型
What...is that...
what引导主语从句,that引导表语从句。
如:What is the most important is that every one should be present in time.
[技法指导]
1.判断依据
状语从句是用来描述动作发生的状态,如时间、原因、地点、条件等。如果设空前后两个句子有一定的逻辑关系,就考虑选用状语从句引导词。
2.高频状语从句引导词
①时间状语从句:when/while/as/the moment/whenever/until/till/before/after/as soon as/immediately/once/since
②地点状语从句:where/wherever
③原因状语从句:as/because/since/now that
④条件状语从句:if/unless/as long as/in case
⑤目的状语从句:so that/in order that
⑥结果状语从句:so that/so...that.../such...that...
⑦让步状语从句:though/although/as/while/even if/whether...or.../whatever/
whoever/however/whenever/no matter+疑问词
3.as表示“尽管”,引导让步状语从句时,需要把表语前置到句首。作表语的名词前置时,有冠词的要去掉冠词。
如:Difficult as it may be=Although/Though it may be difficult
Silent student as he is =Although/Though he is a silent student
1.________ she was invited to the ball made her very happy.
答案:That 空格处引导主语从句。从句中不缺少成分,并且句意完整,因此用that引导该主语从句。
2.Children should be reminded of ________ they should do in public places.
答案:what 句意:应该提醒孩子们在公共场所应该做些什么。所填词引导宾语从句且在从句中作do的宾语,意为“……的事情”,故用what。
3.Dick enjoys painting but he knows the fact ________ he doesn't have what it takes to be a professional.
答案:that 句意:迪克喜欢画画,但他知道自己没有成为一名专业画家所需要的(素质)。that引导同位语从句,说明fact的具体内容。
4.Success partially depends on ________ you have the patience to do simple things perfectly.
答案:whether 根据句子结构可知,设空处引导宾语从句;根据句意可判断,设空处意为“是否”,其前有介词on,故填 whether。
5.I lost my cell phone yesterday. Can you tell me ________ I can buy one
答案:where where引导宾语从句,且在从句中作地点状语。
6.It never occurred to me ________ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
答案:that it为形式主语,真正的主语为后面的从句,从句中不缺少成分,且句意完整,因此用that。
7.________ breaks the law will be punished.
答案:Whoever 句意:无论谁违法都将受到惩罚。主语从句中缺少主语,指人,并且表泛指,故用whoever。
8.She will give ________ needs help a warm support.
答案:whoever 句意:凡是需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。由句意可知,应填whoever,在宾语从句中充当主语。
9.I have no idea ________ the girl is doing in her room now.
答案:what 句意:我不知道那个女孩现在在房间里干什么。由句意可知,应填what,在同位语从句中作宾语,且意为“……的事情”。
10.________ is well known to everyone, I should say, is that a man becomes learned by asking questions.
答案:What 分析句子成分可知,主语从句中缺少主语,且指事物,因此用what。
11.Exactly ________ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.
答案:when 句意:土豆被引入欧洲的确切时间不能确定,但很可能是1565年左右。分析句子结构可知,设空处为主语从句的引导词,从around 1565判断,这里指时间,故填when。
模拟练习
02
The history of computer began in 1642 as a calculating machine in France. It could ____72____ (simple) difficult sums. The computer developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years ____73____ it was built as an ____74____ (analyze) machine. In 1936, Alan Turing wrote a book about how the computer could be made to work as a “universal machine”____75____ (solve) any difficult mathematical problems.
At the beginning, the computer was as large as a room. This reality worried the designers. With time ____76____ (go) by, it became smaller and smaller and ____77____ memory developed a great deal. With artificial intelligence, it is getting cleverer and cleverer, quicker and quicker. In ____78____ early 1960s, computers could be connected by a network, which enabled their users to share information with others. Since the 1970s, computers have had many new ____79____ (apply) and become very important in communication, finance, trade and been put into space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars. Since its birth, the computer ____80____ (design) to serve the human race and provided humans ____81____ a life of high quality.
【答案】72. simplify 73. before 74. analytical 75. to solve 76. going 77. its 78. the 79. applications 80. has been designed 81. with
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了计算机的发展历史。
72.考查动词。句意:它可以简化复杂的计算。根据句意及空前could可知,此处应使用动词simplify“简化”的原形。故填simplify。
73.考查连词。句意:计算机的发展非常缓慢,在它被建造成分析机器之前它花了近200年的时间。根据句意可知,此处应使用连词before“在……之前”。故填before。
74.考查形容词。句意:它被建造成分析机器。此处做machine的定语,应使用形容词analytical“分析的;解析的;善于分析的”。故填analytical。
75.考查非谓语动词。句意:1936年,阿兰·图灵写了一本关于如何使计算机能作为一个“通用机器”来解决任何数学难题。根据句意及句子结构分析可知,此处表目的,应使用不定式。故填to solve。
76.考查非谓语动词。句意:随着时间的流逝。此处为with复合结构,time与go是逻辑主谓关系,应使用现在分词,表主动进行。故填going。
77.考查代词。句意:它变得越来越小,内存也得到了发展。根据句意可知,此处指“它(计算机)的”,应使用代词its。故填its。
78.考查冠词。句意:在20世纪60年代早期,计算机可以通过网络连接,这使得用户可以与其他人共享信息。“多少世纪多少年代”前要加定冠词。故填the。
79.考查名词。句意:自20世纪70年代以来,计算机有了许多新的应用,在通信、金融、贸易方面变得非常重要,并被用于太空火箭和探索月球和火星。根据空前many可知,此处应使用名词application“应用”的复数形式。故填applications。
80.考查时态和语态。句意:自从诞生以来,计算机就被设计为服务于人类。根据Since its birth可知,应使用现在完成时,the computer与design是被动关系,应使用被动语态。故填has been designed。
81.考查介词。句意:为人类提供了高质量的生活。短语:provide sb. with sth.“给某人提供某物”。故填with。
thanks