选择性必修三 Unit 4语法：语法精讲精练
现在完成进行时
一、现在完成进行时复习：
I.概念
现在完成进行时表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，可能还要继续进行下去。
II.结构
1. 肯定形式： have/has＋been doing
(2021·全国乙卷)People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.
从古希腊时代起，人们就开始涌入体育场。
2. 否定形式： have/has＋not＋been doing
He hasn’t been using the car for the last two months.
在过去的两个月里他一直没用这辆车。
III.基本用法
1. 表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，一直持续到说话之时，可能还会继续下去。通常和“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点(或从句)”的时间状语连用。
e.g. ①It has been snowing for three hours.
雪已经下了三个小时。(从过去某一时间开始下雪，强调到现在还在下)
②It has been raining for two hours.
雨已经下了两个小时了。 (现在还在下)
③Jack has been feeling very well recently.
杰克最近身体一直很好。(这个状态还要延续)
2. 表示刚刚结束的动作或状态。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。
e.g. ①—Sorry! I’m late. How long have you been waiting for me
—We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
——很抱歉，我迟到了。你们等了多长时间了？
——我们已经等了你半个小时了。
②Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you.
汤姆一直在想办法给你弄一个工作许可证。
③The tobacco industry has been trying to improve its image.
烟草行业一直在试图改善其形象。
3. 强调动作或状态延续时间的长久或带有感彩。
e.g. ① She has been saying that twenty times.
这话她已经说了二十遍了。
② I have been meeting him these days.
这些天我总是遇见他。
③ We have been making such mistakes.
我么一直犯这样的错误。
4. 表示这段时间反复发生的事情。
e.g. ① I have been visiting some cities of China this month.
这个月我一直在游览中国的一些城市。
② She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
她从八岁起就打网球了。(经常发生, 并且还要持续)
③We’ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.
最近我们常常见面。
IV. 现在完成进行时所用的时间状语
all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recently / lately; in the past few + 时间段; since +时间点; for + 时间段，等等。如：
e.g. ① They have been building the bridge for two month.
两个月来他们一直在修桥。
② Car sales have been shrinking recently.
汽车销量近来一直在下降。
③ The two parties have been trying to unite since the New Year.
自从新年以来，双方就一直在试图联手。
V. 不能用现在完成进行时的情况
1. 某些不能用于进行时的动词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时，只能用现在完成时，如see, hear, know, have, like, be等。
He has been having a cold for two weeks.(×)
He has had a cold for two weeks.(√)
2. 不具有延续意义的动词，如finish, come, go, marry等，也不能用于现在完成进行时。
【即学即练1】完成句子
①She has always been working hard recently.
她最近工作一直很努力。
②Her eyes are red. It’s obvious that she has been crying for a long time.
她的眼睛红红的，显然哭了很长时间。
③We have been staying in a hotel since we came here.
自从到这里以后，我们一直住在旅馆。
④Your clothes are covered with dust. You have been cleaning the classroom, I think.
你的衣服满是灰尘，我想你一直在打扫教室吧。
⑤My sister has been learning English since 2016.
自从2016年以来，我姐姐一直在学英语。
V. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时 现在完成时
强调过去的动作或状态对现在的影响或产生的结果 √
强调动作或状态的延续性 √
强调动作或状态重复 √
表达生动，含有感彩 √
说明一个事实、一种影响或结果 √
1. 两者都表示动作从过去开始，但现在完成时着重表示动作的完成；而现在完成进行时着重表示动作的延续性。因此表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时。
e.g. I have read the book.
我读过了这本书。（动作完成了，强调影响及结果）
I have been reading the book for two hours.
这本书我已经读了两个小时。（动作不一定完成，强调延续性）
2. 有少数动词（如work, study, live, teach, stay等）在表示持续一段时间时，用这两种时态含义差不多（只是用现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续性）。
e.g. How long have you worked / been working here
你在这儿工作多久了？
I’ve lived / been living here since 1988.
自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
最近我们经常见面。
3. 现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感彩。
e.g. I have waited here for her for more than two hours.
我在这里等了她两个多小时。（陈述事实）
I have been waiting here for her for more than two hours.
我在这里一直等了她两个多小时。（等得好辛苦）
She has always been working like that.
她一贯是那样工作的。(赞许)
4. 不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时，但它们可以用于现在完成时。如某些静态动词
know, marry, last等。
e.g. I’ve known her for two years.
我认识她两年了。
They’ve been married for twenty years.
他们结婚已二十年了。
The war has lasted for a long time.
这场战争持续了很长时间。
但不能说：I have been knowing him for two years.
5. 现在完成进行时不用于被动语态，若要用可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。
e.g. The house has been painted for a month.
这房子已漆了一个月。
The problem has been studied for five days.
这个问题已研究了五天。
6. 表示“重复”。既表示在一段持续的时间内动作多次的重复，而这个重复的动作在说话时并不一定正在进行。
区别：e.g. He has gone to the library.
他去图书馆了。
He has been going to the library recently.
最近他总去图书馆。
【即学即练2】用所给词的适当形式填空
①Although many measures have been taken(take), the world’s economy is still going down.
②You should go to bed.You have been watching(watch) TV for 5 hours.
③They have been planting(plant) trees since this morning.
④Sorry, but Mr Smith has left(leave) for Beijing.
⑤The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he has been playing(play) in the mud all the morning.
⑥By the time he realises he has walked(walk) into a trap, it'll be too late for him to do anything about it.
二、单句语法填空：
1. As is known to us all, The government __________ (dispose) of the air pollution these years.
2. The Boys and Girls Club which Michael Jordan started in Chicago __________ (help) young people since 1996.
3. I graduated from Beijing Foreign Studies University in 1998, and I __________ (teach) English lecture since.
4. It seems that water from this tap __________ (leak) for some time. We’ll have to take it apart to put it right.
5. Yuan Longping __________ (struggle) for Chinese farmers over the past decades.
6. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy __________ (consider) going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
7. These scientists __________ (work) at the project for nearly four years, and I don’t know how long it will last.
8. Since last month, George, along with some of his former classmates, __________ (desire) to have a 20-year gathering during this summer holiday.
9. The little girl’s hands are very dirty. She __________ (play) with the mud all morning.
10. Astronomers say this is a natural phenomenon that __________ (happen) for a century.
11. We __________ (work) on it for several hours but have not yet reached any conclusion.
12. You __________ (write) the whole morning. You should stop and have a break.
13. “People __________ (sit) there and standing there and taking pictures of each other,” Ro says.
14. I am sorry you __________ (wait) for so long, but it will still be some time before Jim gets back.
15. Tina __________ (think) about finding a new job for a whole year, but she hasn’t made her final decision yet.
16. The students who are preparing for the National Entrance Examination for Postgraduate __________ (wait) outside the library for two hours.
17. The children __________ (practise) dancing in the past month, and have made much progress in it.
18. In two months, it will be Thanksgiving. Children all over the USA __________ (look) forward to this day for weeks.
19. The green hand __________ (tackle) the problem for two weeks, only to realize that he has applied a wrong means.
20. We can find beautiful light in the other person, which may be precisely what we __________ (search) for all along.
21. I __________ (look) for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
22. We’ve been told the good news, but when and where to go for the exciting paid vacation __________ (not discuss) yet.
23. Since the beginning of the vacation, I ___________ (travel) across the country, and my next destination is the Wuyi Mountains.
24. Over the past decades, sea ice ____________ (decrease) in the Arctic as a result of global warming.
25. Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair ___________ (ring) all day. Could you speak to her now
26. You know, I ___________ (look) for a job for three months and this is my first formal interview.
27. The little boy is dirty all over because he ___________ (play) in the mud all the morning.
28. --- I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
--- I think so. He ___________ (prepare) for it for months.
29. — You look pale.
— I am tired. I ___________ (paint) the living room all day.
30. Now that she is out of job, Lucy ___________ (consider) going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
31. Danny __________ (work) hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.
32.Those candidates ___________ (wait) in the hall for over two hours.
33. He ___________ (sleep) for 6 hours and still can`t wake up.
34. My mother ___________ (clean) the furniture the whole weekend.
35. ---Have you finished the report
---No, I ___________ (do) it all by myself.
36. These flowers ___________ (give) off a strange smell this morning.
37. Marty ___ (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.
38. It (rain) every day since the beginning of this month.
39. They (be) here for three years by the end of this year.
40. I (learn) Chinese for many years since I came to China three years ago.
41. It has come to our knowledge that you ______ (cheat) the company.
42. Ever since middle school, he ______ (dream) about taking a great bike trip.
43. In recent years, military forces (assign) to help with peacekeeping.
44. For half a month, he (prepare) for the school basketball game.
45. In order to complete the task in advance, she (bury) herself in the work these days.
46. The tobacco industry (try) to improve its image.
47. The group (live) in a remote corner of the Cambodian jungle.
48. Jim (phone) Jenny every night for the last week.
49. The two parties ___________ (try) to unite since the New Year.
50. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy __________ (consider) going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
【答案】
1. has been disposing 2. has been losing 3. have been teaching 4. has been leaking 5. has been struggling 6. has been considering 7. have been working 8. has been desiring 9. has been playing 10. has been
happening 11. have been working 12. have been writing 13. have been sitting 14. have been waiting/have waited 15. has been thinking 16. have been waiting/have waited 17. have been practising 18. has been raining 19. has been tackling 20. have been searching 21. have been looking 22. hasn’t been discussed 23. have been travel(l)ing 24. has been decreasing 25. has been ringing 26. have been looking 27. has been playing 28. has been preparing 29. have been painting 30. has been considering 31. has worked 32. have been waiting / have waited 33. has been sleeping 34. has been cleaning 35. have been doing 36. have been giving 37. has been working 38. has been raining 39. have been / will have been 40. have been learning 41. have been cheating 42. has been dreaming 43. have been assigned 44. has been preparing 45. has been burying 46. has been trying 47. has been living 48. has been phoning 49. have been trying 50. has been considering
三、高考真题回顾：
1. (2022·全国甲卷) In the last five years, Cao ___________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
2. (2020北京卷) The Neanderthals ____________ (live) alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of years, before dying out about 40, 000 years ago.
3. (2020北京卷) Oliver is a host of a TV programme on food. He says food ____________ (play) a big role in his life.
4. (2019·全国Ⅱ卷) I don’t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___________ (make) over the years.
【答案与解析】
1.【解析】考查动词时态。根据时间状语“In the last five years”可知，句子要用现在完成时。故填has walked。
2.【解析】考查时态。句意：尼安德特人与人类祖先一起在欧洲生活了数万年，直到大约4万年前灭绝。设空处在句中作谓语，结合语意，尼安德特人生活在欧洲这一动作发生在过去，句子使用一般过去时，动词使用过去式形式lived；或表示live这一动作发生在灭绝之前，表示“过去的过去”，使用过去完成时had lived；或强调live这一动作是一直正在进行的，使用过去完成进行时had been living。故填lived/had lived/had been living。
3.【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：奥利弗是一档关于食物的电视节目主持人。他说食物在他的生命中扮演着重要角色。此处表示一般性事实，用一般现在时；也可表示“现在正在扮演重要角色”，用现在进行时；
也可以表示从过去一直到现在延续的状态，用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，主语food是不可数名词，故填plays/has played/is playing/has been playing。
4.【解析】考查时态。over the years 常与完成时连用，在此意为“(从过去某时到现在的)多年来”。根据主句谓语动词 love 的时态可知，定语从句的谓语动词make应用现在完成式。
四、语篇语法填空：
(1)
As a young man of both passion and endurance, Perce Blackhorow had long been dreaming 1 decent adventure. So he didn’t give up when Sir Ernest Shackleton turned down his request to join the expedition. Perce 2 (secret) hid himself in a cupboard, only 3 (find) three days after they set off. He felt fortunate and happy when he was assigned as a steward instead of 4 (send) back home.
It turned out to be a tough journey. The ship got 5 (stick) in the ice as they approached Antarctica and they had to abandon the ship. Under the guidance of Sir Ernest, they 6 (throw) away nearly everything except necessities and a banjo, 7 kept their spirits up during the journey. Survival was not easy and things went from bad to worse. Finally Sir Ernest left for South Georgia Island in order to find help. The desperate situation made young Perce Blackborow feel down 8 become bad-tempered. It was the genuine 9 (encourage) and concern from Bless Frank Wild that cheered him up. Frank and Ernest’s resolve and perseverance filled him with hope. Realizing that he shouldn’t become selfish just because of 10 adversity they were faced with, he learned to be optimistic and determined.
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了主人公Perce Blackhorow经历的一次冒险之旅。
21. 考查介词。句意：作为一个既有激情又有耐力的年轻人，Perce Blackhorow早就梦想着像样的冒险。根据句意可知，“dream of / about”意为“梦想……”，为动词短语，是一个固定搭配。故填of / about。
22. 考查副词。句意：Perce秘密地藏在一个柜子里，结果在他们出发三天后被发现。分析句子可知，句中“hid”为动词，意为“隐藏”，前面应用副词修饰，secret意为“秘密的”，形容词词性，对应的副词为secretly，意为“秘密地”。故填secretly。
23. 考查非谓语动词。句意：当他被指派做伙夫，而不是被遣送回家时，他感到很幸运、很高兴。此空用在介词of后，应该用动名词形式，另外，根据上下文意思来看，这里表示“被遣送回家”，故应用动名词的被动形式“being sent”。故填being sent。
24. 考查动名词被动式。句意：结果是一段艰难的旅程。根据句意可知，句中涉及固定短语“turn out to
be…”，意为“结果是……”，故空格处应用out。故填out。
25. 考查固定短语。句意：当他们接近南极洲时，船陷在了冰里，他们不得不弃船。根据句意可知，句中涉及固定短语“get stuck”，意为“被卡住，被困住”，句中指船被困在冰里，stick意为“插入”，动词词性，stuck为stick的过去分词。故填stuck。
26. 考查时态。句意：在Ernest先生的指导下，他们几乎扔掉了所有的东西，除了必需品和一把班卓琴，它使他们在旅途中精神振奋。根据句意和句中“kept”可知，句中讲述的是过去发生的事，应用一般过去时，动词要用过去式，throw意为“扔”，动词词性，过去式为threw。故填threw。
27. 考查定语从句。句意：在Ernest先生的指导下，他们几乎扔掉了所有的东西，除了必需品和一把班卓琴，它使他们在旅途中精神振奋。根据句意和句子结构可知，句子为非限制性定语从句，先行词为banjo，为物，在从句中作主语，故应用关系代词which引导从句，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。
28. 考查连词。句意：满溢
29. 考查名词。句意：正是来自Bless Frank Wild的真诚鼓励和关心使他振作起来。分析句子可知，句子为强调句，强调主语“the genuine _____ and concern from Bless Frank Wild”，句中“genuine”意为“真诚的”，形容词词性，后应接名词在句中作主语，encourage意为“鼓励”，动词词性，对应的名词为encouragement，意为“鼓励”，为不可数名词。故填encouragement。
30. 考查冠词。句意：意识到他不应该因为他们所面临的逆境而变得自私，他学会了乐观和坚定。分析句子可知，句中“adversity”意为“逆境”，名词词性，根据句中“they were faced with”可知，句中特指“他们所面临的逆境”，故应用不定冠词the修饰，表示特指。故填the。
(2)
Many of my friends like fall and take it as their favorite season. Last weekend, I went outdoors and soon 1 (find) a deeper appreciation for this season.
The change of leaf colors is a common reason given 2 the love of fall. Each tree reacts 3 (different) to the change of the season. Some shed their leaves in hopes of reproducing；however, other 4 (tree) remain green for as long as possible to gain additional energy from the sun to survive the winter. This effect 5 (call) the flight-or-fight response.
Fall is a time of 6 (reflect) and preparation for the year ahead. I have found a meaning of fall for me. I’m 7 18-year-old boy in the final year of high school and my life is a job in progress. There are times I want to give up, but then I look around me and realize life keeps 8 (move). The natural cycle of life is beautiful and doesn’t stop growing so I have to learn to keep up.
The meaning of fall is different for each person.I encourage you 9 (go) out to follow some path or
sidewalk and discover 10 fall means to you.
【解析】作者喜欢秋天这个季节，因为它是作者反思和准备未来的时刻，能让作者不断前进。
1. 考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“Last weekend”和“went”可知，此处叙述发生在过去的事，故填found。
2. 考查介词。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处用固定搭配the reason for...“……的原因”，故填介词for。
3. 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处用副词修饰动词reacts，故填differently。
4. 考查名词的单复数。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处other修饰名词复数，且谓语动词为复数，故填trees。
5. 考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，call和主语This effect是被动关系，且此处描述的是一种客观情况，应用一般现在时的被动语态，故填is called。
6. 考查词性转换。of是介词，后面接名词、代词或者动名词作宾语，再结合空后的preparation可知，此处应填reflection。
7. 考查冠词。此处泛指一个18岁的男孩，且所修饰单词的发音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词an。
8. 考查非谓语动词。keep doing sth意为“一直做某事；继续做某事”，为固定用法，故填moving。
9. 考查非谓语动词。encourage sb to do sth意为“鼓励某人做某事”，为固定用法，故填to go。
10. 考查宾语从句。根据语境且分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作宾语，表示“什么”，故填what。
(3)
A young man, while 1 (travel) through a desert, came across a spring of clear water. The water was sweet. He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder 2 had been his teacher. After a four–day journey, the young man presented the water to the old man. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled warmly, and thanked his student very much 3 the sweet water. The young man went home with a happy heart.
After the student 4 (leave), the teacher let another student taste the water. He spit it out, 5 (say) it was awful. Obviously, it was no longer fresh because of the old leather container. He asked his teacher, “Sir, the water was awful. Why did you pretend 6 (like) it” The teacher replied, “You taste the water. I tasted the gift. The water was 7 (simple) the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be 8 (sweet).
We understand this lesson best when we receive gifts of love from children. Whether 9 is a cheap pipe or a diamond neck lace, the proper response is 10 (appreciate). We love the idea within the gift rather than the thing.
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位学生长途跋涉给老师带来了沙漠里的清泉，虽然泉水由于装
在皮水壶里时间太长而变得味道苦涩，但是它承载的爱和善良却让老师深受感动。
1. 考查非谓语动词。句意：一个年轻人在穿越沙漠的时候，遇到一潭清水。此处为while引导的时间状语从句的省略，完整的从句应为“While he was traveling through a desert”，省略时应该将主语和be动词同时省略，即省略he was，故填traveling。
2. 考查定语从句。句意：他把他的皮容器装满水，这样他可以带些回去给做过他老师的老人。这里是定语从句，先行词是an elder（一位老人），在定语从句中作主语，故填who/that。
3. 考查固定短语。句意：老师对学生带回的水表示感谢。thank sb for sth意为“就…表示感谢”，故填for。
4. 考查时态。句意：这个学生走后，老师让另外一个学生品尝从沙漠带回的水。因为这个学生离开是过去的事情，所以谓语动词应使用一般过去时，故填left。
5. 考查非谓语动词。句意：他把水吐出来，说它太难喝了。本句中的动词say与句子主语he构成主动关系，所以使用现在分词的形式作伴随状语，表示动作与spit同时发生，故填saying。
6. 考查固定短语。句意：为什么你假装喜欢它呢？pretend to do 是固定短语，意为 “假装做某事”，故填to like。
7. 考查副词。句意：水只不过是装着善意和爱的容器。此处需填入副词在句中作状语，意为“只不过”，simple的副词是simply，故填simply。
8. 考查形容词比较级。句意：没什么能比它更甜了。语境中暗含比较意味，因此使用形容词的比较级形式。否定词和比较级连用表示最高级的含义，该句可转化为The water is sweeter than anything else.，故填sweeter。
9. 考查人称代词。句意：无论这种礼物是一个廉价的烟斗还是一条贵重的钻石项链。此处需填入代词作主语，指代上文提到的礼物，再根据表语a cheap pipe or a diamond necklace（一个廉价的烟斗还是一条贵重的钻石项链）是单数，可知使用it代替礼物，故填it。
10. 考查名词。句意：无论这种礼物是一个廉价的烟斗还是一条贵重的钻石项链，对之作出的适当的反应就是欣赏。此处需要填入名词作表语，appreciate（欣赏）是动词，它的名词是appreciation，故填appreciation。
(4)
Max Woosey, an 11-year-old from the United Kingdom, has spent his time during COVID doing something 1 (mean). Max’s family were looking after their neighbor, Rick, who was 2 (die) of cancer. Before Rick passed 3 , he gave Max a tent and had him promise to have an adventure.
So, after Rick died, Max decided to raise money for the North Devon Hospice, 4 cared for Rick in his final days. When the first lockdown happened, the hospice’s fundraising also came to a halt (中止). Max set a goal
5 (raise) 100 pounds by camping out in his garden.
On March 29th, 2020 Max started his camping adventure in Rick’s tent. He 6 (join) by his dog and a few stuffed animals to keep 7 (he) company. As he passed hundreds of days 8 (camp) out, he attracted national attention from the media and even the Prime Minister, who paid him a visit!
In all, Max has raised more than 750,000 pounds for the North Devon Hospice! This made up 9 about half of the 10 (donate) they had lost for the year!
【解析】本文文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一个男孩Max为一家临终关怀医院筹钱的故事。
1. 考查形容词。句意：来自英国的11岁男孩Max Woosey在新冠肺炎疫情期间做了一些有意义的事情。修饰不定代词something，用形容词形式。故填meaningful。
2. 考查时态。句意：Max的家庭照顾他们的邻居Rick，他是死于癌症。句中先行词Rick在定语从句中作主语，与die of之间为主动关系，根据句中was可知，用过去进行时。故填dying。
3. 考查短语。句意：Rick去世之前，他给了Max一顶帐篷，并让他答应去冒险。pass away去世。故填away。
4. 考查定语从句。句意：因此，在Rick去世后，Max决定为北德文郡临终关怀医院筹集资金，在Rick生命的最后几天里，这家医院一直在照顾他。句中先行词为the North Devon Hospice，在非限定性定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。
5. 考查非谓语动词。句意：马克斯设定了一个在花园里露营以筹集100英镑的目标。句中用不定式作目的状语。故填to raise。
6. 考查时态和语态。句意：他的狗和一些毛绒玩具陪伴着他。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。主语he与join之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填was joined。
7. 考查代词。句意：他的狗和一些毛绒玩具陪伴着他（自己）。动词keep后接宾语，所以用人称代词的宾格形式。也可以反身代词，表示“他自己”。故填him/himself。
8. 考查非谓语动词。句意：他在外面露营了数百天，吸引了全国媒体的注意，甚至还吸引了总理的注意，总理还拜访了他!pass time doing sth.度过时间做某事。故填camping。
9. 考查介词。句意：这弥补了他们这一年损失的捐款的一半! make up for补偿；弥补。故填for。
10. 考查名词。句意：这弥补了他们这一年损失的捐款的一半!定冠词the后接名词形式。名词donation为可数名词，根据句意和half of可知，用复数形式。故填donations。
(5)
When we watched Shackleton and the boat sailed away 1 Elephant Island, we felt low and 2 (discourage). But it was not for long. A good dinner and some music made us 3 (cheer) again. Life fell into a
regular pattern. We had to find food and 4 (drink) water and also had to deal with the changing temperatures. 5 twenty-two of us lived like this in the cold for four months. We were 6 (luck) that our group worked hard to show an admirable mental attitude 7 dealt with our ever-present fears in a positive and successful way. When we were 8 (final) rescued, we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears. It was our 9 (optimistic) and faith in Shackleton that had helped us persevere in staying alive. And he paid us back by his commitment 10 (save) us from a slow but painful death.
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在艰苦的环境下，一群随着船只离开大象岛的人困于南极四个月的生活。尽管生活艰难，但他们通过积极的心态和努力，成功地克服了困难，并最终被救援出来。这个故事展示了他们的乐观和对舍克尔顿的信任，同时也强调了团结合作的重要性。
1. 考查介词。句意：当我们看着沙克尔顿和船驶离大象岛时，我们感到沮丧和沮丧。句中sail away from为固定短语，意为“驶出，驶离”。故填from。
2. 考查形容词。句意：同上。分析句子，设空处使用discourage的形容词discouraged作表语，意为“感到沮丧的”。故填discouraged。
3. 考查形容词。句意：但这并没有持续太久。一顿丰盛的晚餐和一些音乐使我们又高兴起来。分析句子，设空处使用cheer的形容词cheerful构成make sb+形容词的结构，该结构中形容词充当宾补成分，意为“高兴的”。故填cheerful。
4. 考查名词。句意：我们必须寻找食物和饮用水，还必须应对不断变化的温度。分析句子，设空处使用名词短语drinking water作宾语，意为“饮用水”。故填drinking。
5. 考查冠词。句意：我们22个人就这样在寒冷中生活了4个月。分析句子，句中twenty-two为数词，前面使用冠词，此处表示特指，故使用定冠词the。同时该空置于句首，开头单词首字母大写。故填The。
6. 考查形容词。句意：我们很幸运，我们的团队努力工作，表现出令人钦佩的精神态度，并以积极和成功的方式处理我们一直存在的恐惧。分析句子，设空处使用luck的形容词lucky作表语，意为“幸运的”。故填lucky。
7. 考查并列连词。句意：我们很幸运，我们的团队努力工作，表现出令人钦佩的精神态度，并以积极和成功的方式处理我们一直存在的恐惧。根据句意，此空表示递进关系，意为“而且”。故填and。
8. 考查副词。句意：当我们最终被救出时，我们感到如释重负和喜悦，许多人都无法掩饰自己的眼泪。分析句子，设空处使用final的副词finally作状语，意为“最终地”。故填finally。
9. 考查名词。句意：正是我们对沙克尔顿的乐观和信心帮助我们坚持活了下来。分析句子，设空处使用名词与空后的faith构成并列结构，optimistic的名词为optimism，意为“乐观”，此处句子是强调句结构，对optimism
和faith进行强调。故填optimism。
10. 考查非谓语动词。句意：作为回报，他承诺将我们从缓慢而痛苦的死亡中拯救出来。句中paid为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词；此处表达“将我们从缓慢而痛苦的死亡中拯救出来得承诺”，此处对名词commitment进行修饰，使用不定式作定语。故填to save。选择性必修三 Unit 4语法：语法精讲精练
现在完成进行时
一、现在完成进行时复习：
I.概念
现在完成进行时表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，可能还要继续进行下去。
II.结构
1. 肯定形式： have/has＋been doing
(2021·全国乙卷)People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.
从古希腊时代起，人们就开始涌入体育场。
2. 否定形式： have/has＋not＋been doing
He hasn’t been using the car for the last two months.
在过去的两个月里他一直没用这辆车。
III.基本用法
1. 表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，一直持续到说话之时，可能还会继续下去。通常和“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点(或从句)”的时间状语连用。
e.g. ①It has been snowing for three hours.
雪已经下了三个小时。(从过去某一时间开始下雪，强调到现在还在下)
②It has been raining for two hours.
雨已经下了两个小时了。 (现在还在下)
③Jack has been feeling very well recently.
杰克最近身体一直很好。(这个状态还要延续)
2. 表示刚刚结束的动作或状态。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。
e.g. ①—Sorry! I’m late. How long have you been waiting for me
—We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
——很抱歉，我迟到了。你们等了多长时间了？
——我们已经等了你半个小时了。
②Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you.
汤姆一直在想办法给你弄一个工作许可证。
③The tobacco industry has been trying to improve its image.
烟草行业一直在试图改善其形象。
3. 强调动作或状态延续时间的长久或带有感彩。
e.g. ① She has been saying that twenty times.
这话她已经说了二十遍了。
② I have been meeting him these days.
这些天我总是遇见他。
③ We have been making such mistakes.
我么一直犯这样的错误。
4. 表示这段时间反复发生的事情。
e.g. ① I have been visiting some cities of China this month.
这个月我一直在游览中国的一些城市。
② She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
她从八岁起就打网球了。(经常发生, 并且还要持续)
③We’ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.
最近我们常常见面。
IV. 现在完成进行时所用的时间状语
all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recently / lately; in the past few + 时间段; since +时间点; for + 时间段，等等。如：
e.g. ① They have been building the bridge for two month.
两个月来他们一直在修桥。
② Car sales have been shrinking recently.
汽车销量近来一直在下降。
③ The two parties have been trying to unite since the New Year.
自从新年以来，双方就一直在试图联手。
V. 不能用现在完成进行时的情况
1. 某些不能用于进行时的动词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时，只能用现在完成时，如see, hear, know, have, like, be等。
He has been having a cold for two weeks.(×)
He has had a cold for two weeks.(√)
2. 不具有延续意义的动词，如finish, come, go, marry等，也不能用于现在完成进行时。
【即学即练1】完成句子
①She __________________________ recently.
她最近工作一直很努力。
②Her eyes are red. It’s obvious that she __________________________ for a long time.
她的眼睛红红的，显然哭了很长时间。
③We __________________________ since we came here.
自从到这里以后，我们一直住在旅馆。
④Your clothes are covered with dust. You __________________________, I think.
你的衣服满是灰尘，我想你一直在打扫教室吧。
⑤My sister __________________________ since 2016.
自从2016年以来，我姐姐一直在学英语。
V. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时 现在完成时
强调过去的动作或状态对现在的影响或产生的结果 √
强调动作或状态的延续性 √
强调动作或状态重复 √
表达生动，含有感彩 √
说明一个事实、一种影响或结果 √
1. 两者都表示动作从过去开始，但现在完成时着重表示动作的完成；而现在完成进行时着重表示动作的延续性。因此表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时。
e.g. I have read the book.
我读过了这本书。（动作完成了，强调影响及结果）
I have been reading the book for two hours.
这本书我已经读了两个小时。（动作不一定完成，强调延续性）
2. 有少数动词（如work, study, live, teach, stay等）在表示持续一段时间时，用这两种时态含义差不多（只是用现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续性）。
e.g. How long have you worked / been working here
你在这儿工作多久了？
I’ve lived / been living here since 1988.
自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
最近我们经常见面。
3. 现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感彩。
e.g. I have waited here for her for more than two hours.
我在这里等了她两个多小时。（陈述事实）
I have been waiting here for her for more than two hours.
我在这里一直等了她两个多小时。（等得好辛苦）
She has always been working like that.
她一贯是那样工作的。(赞许)
4. 不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时，但它们可以用于现在完成时。如某些静态动词
know, marry, last等。
e.g. I’ve known her for two years.
我认识她两年了。
They’ve been married for twenty years.
他们结婚已二十年了。
The war has lasted for a long time.
这场战争持续了很长时间。
但不能说：I have been knowing him for two years.
5. 现在完成进行时不用于被动语态，若要用可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。
e.g. The house has been painted for a month.
这房子已漆了一个月。
The problem has been studied for five days.
这个问题已研究了五天。
6. 表示“重复”。既表示在一段持续的时间内动作多次的重复，而这个重复的动作在说话时并不一定正在进行。
区别：e.g. He has gone to the library.
他去图书馆了。
He has been going to the library recently.
最近他总去图书馆。
【即学即练2】用所给词的适当形式填空
①Although many measures __________________________ (take), the world’s economy is still going down.
②You should go to bed.You __________________________ (watch) TV for 5 hours.
③They __________________________ (plant) trees since this morning.
④Sorry, but Mr Smith __________________________ (leave) for Beijing.
⑤The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he __________________________ (play) in the mud all the morning.
⑥By the time he realises he __________________________ (walk) into a trap, it'll be too late for him to do anything about it.
二、单句语法填空：
1. As is known to us all, The government __________ (dispose) of the air pollution these years.
2. The Boys and Girls Club which Michael Jordan started in Chicago __________ (help) young people since 1996.
3. I graduated from Beijing Foreign Studies University in 1998, and I __________ (teach) English lecture since.
4. It seems that water from this tap __________ (leak) for some time. We’ll have to take it apart to put it right.
5. Yuan Longping __________ (struggle) for Chinese farmers over the past decades.
6. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy __________ (consider) going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
7. These scientists __________ (work) at the project for nearly four years, and I don’t know how long it will last.
8. Since last month, George, along with some of his former classmates, __________ (desire) to have a 20-year gathering during this summer holiday.
9. The little girl’s hands are very dirty. She __________ (play) with the mud all morning.
10. Astronomers say this is a natural phenomenon that __________ (happen) for a century.
11. We __________ (work) on it for several hours but have not yet reached any conclusion.
12. You __________ (write) the whole morning. You should stop and have a break.
13. “People __________ (sit) there and standing there and taking pictures of each other,” Ro says.
14. I am sorry you __________ (wait) for so long, but it will still be some time before Jim gets back.
15. Tina __________ (think) about finding a new job for a whole year, but she hasn’t made her final decision yet.
16. The students who are preparing for the National Entrance Examination for Postgraduate __________ (wait) outside the library for two hours.
17. The children __________ (practise) dancing in the past month, and have made much progress in it.
18. In two months, it will be Thanksgiving. Children all over the USA __________ (look) forward to this day for weeks.
19. The green hand __________ (tackle) the problem for two weeks, only to realize that he has applied a wrong means.
20. We can find beautiful light in the other person, which may be precisely what we __________ (search) for all along.
21. I __________ (look) for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
22. We’ve been told the good news, but when and where to go for the exciting paid vacation __________ (not discuss) yet.
23. Since the beginning of the vacation, I ___________ (travel) across the country, and my next destination is the Wuyi Mountains.
24. Over the past decades, sea ice ____________ (decrease) in the Arctic as a result of global warming.
25. Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair ___________ (ring) all day. Could you speak to her now
26. You know, I ___________ (look) for a job for three months and this is my first formal interview.
27. The little boy is dirty all over because he ___________ (play) in the mud all the morning.
28. --- I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
--- I think so. He ___________ (prepare) for it for months.
29. — You look pale.
— I am tired. I ___________ (paint) the living room all day.
30. Now that she is out of job, Lucy ___________ (consider) going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
31. Danny __________ (work) hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.
32.Those candidates ___________ (wait) in the hall for over two hours.
33. He ___________ (sleep) for 6 hours and still can`t wake up.
34. My mother ___________ (clean) the furniture the whole weekend.
35. ---Have you finished the report
---No, I ___________ (do) it all by myself.
36. These flowers ___________ (give) off a strange smell this morning.
37. Marty ___ (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.
38. It (rain) every day since the beginning of this month.
39. They (be) here for three years by the end of this year.
40. I (learn) Chinese for many years since I came to China three years ago.
41. It has come to our knowledge that you ______ (cheat) the company.
42. Ever since middle school, he ______ (dream) about taking a great bike trip.
43. In recent years, military forces (assign) to help with peacekeeping.
44. For half a month, he (prepare) for the school basketball game.
45. In order to complete the task in advance, she (bury) herself in the work these days.
46. The tobacco industry (try) to improve its image.
47. The group (live) in a remote corner of the Cambodian jungle.
48. Jim (phone) Jenny every night for the last week.
49. The two parties ___________ (try) to unite since the New Year.
50. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy __________ (consider) going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
三、高考真题回顾：
1. (2022·全国甲卷) In the last five years, Cao ___________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
2. (2020北京卷) The Neanderthals ____________ (live) alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of years, before dying out about 40, 000 years ago.
3. (2020北京卷) Oliver is a host of a TV programme on food. He says food ____________ (play) a big role in his life.
4. (2019·全国Ⅱ卷) I don’t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___________ (make) over the years.
四、语篇语法填空：
(1)
As a young man of both passion and endurance, Perce Blackhorow had long been dreaming 1 decent adventure. So he didn’t give up when Sir Ernest Shackleton turned down his request to join the expedition. Perce 2 (secret) hid himself in a cupboard, only 3 (find) three days after they set off. He felt fortunate and happy when he was assigned as a steward instead of 4 (send) back home.
It turned out to be a tough journey. The ship got 5 (stick) in the ice as they approached Antarctica and they had to abandon the ship. Under the guidance of Sir Ernest, they 6 (throw) away nearly everything except necessities and a banjo, 7 kept their spirits up during the journey. Survival was not easy and things went from bad to worse. Finally Sir Ernest left for South Georgia Island in order to find help. The desperate situation made young Perce Blackborow feel down 8 become bad-tempered. It was the genuine 9 (encourage) and concern from Bless Frank Wild that cheered him up. Frank and Ernest’s resolve and perseverance filled him with hope. Realizing that he shouldn’t become selfish just because of 10 adversity they were faced with, he learned to be optimistic and determined.
(2)
Many of my friends like fall and take it as their favorite season. Last weekend, I went outdoors and soon 1 (find) a deeper appreciation for this season.
The change of leaf colors is a common reason given 2 the love of fall. Each tree reacts 3 (different) to the change of the season. Some shed their leaves in hopes of reproducing；however, other 4 (tree) remain green for as long as possible to gain additional energy from the sun to survive the winter. This effect
5 (call) the flight-or-fight response.
Fall is a time of 6 (reflect) and preparation for the year ahead. I have found a meaning of fall for me. I’m 7 18-year-old boy in the final year of high school and my life is a job in progress. There are times I want to give up, but then I look around me and realize life keeps 8 (move). The natural cycle of life is beautiful and doesn’t stop growing so I have to learn to keep up.
The meaning of fall is different for each person.I encourage you 9 (go) out to follow some path or sidewalk and discover 10 fall means to you.
(3)
A young man, while 1 (travel) through a desert, came across a spring of clear water. The water was sweet. He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder 2 had been his teacher. After a four–day journey, the young man presented the water to the old man. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled warmly, and thanked his student very much 3 the sweet water. The young man went home with a happy heart.
After the student 4 (leave), the teacher let another student taste the water. He spit it out, 5 (say) it was awful. Obviously, it was no longer fresh because of the old leather container. He asked his teacher, “Sir, the water was awful. Why did you pretend 6 (like) it” The teacher replied, “You taste the water. I tasted the gift. The water was 7 (simple) the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be 8 (sweet).
We understand this lesson best when we receive gifts of love from children. Whether 9 is a cheap pipe or a diamond neck lace, the proper response is 10 (appreciate). We love the idea within the gift rather than the thing.
(4)
Max Woosey, an 11-year-old from the United Kingdom, has spent his time during COVID doing something 1 (mean). Max’s family were looking after their neighbor, Rick, who was 2 (die) of cancer. Before Rick passed 3 , he gave Max a tent and had him promise to have an adventure.
So, after Rick died, Max decided to raise money for the North Devon Hospice, 4 cared for Rick in his final days. When the first lockdown happened, the hospice’s fundraising also came to a halt (中止). Max set a goal 5 (raise) 100 pounds by camping out in his garden.
On March 29th, 2020 Max started his camping adventure in Rick’s tent. He 6 (join) by his dog and a few stuffed animals to keep 7 (he) company. As he passed hundreds of days 8 (camp) out, he attracted national attention from the media and even the Prime Minister, who paid him a visit!
In all, Max has raised more than 750,000 pounds for the North Devon Hospice! This made up 9 about
half of the 10 (donate) they had lost for the year!
(5)
When we watched Shackleton and the boat sailed away 1 Elephant Island, we felt low and 2 (discourage). But it was not for long. A good dinner and some music made us 3 (cheer) again. Life fell into a regular pattern. We had to find food and 4 (drink) water and also had to deal with the changing temperatures. 5 twenty-two of us lived like this in the cold for four months. We were 6 (luck) that our group worked hard to show an admirable mental attitude 7 dealt with our ever-present fears in a positive and successful way. When we were 8 (final) rescued, we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears. It was our 9 (optimistic) and faith in Shackleton that had helped us persevere in staying alive. And he paid us back by his commitment 10 (save) us from a slow but painful death.
