2024年高一英语复习之语法过关练(时态与语态、非谓语动词）(人教版2019)
目 录
01、 时态与语态、非谓语动词知识概况
02、 50道单项选择——时态与语态、非谓语动词基础训练
03、 30道单句语法填空——时态与语态、非谓语动词基础提升
04、 20道中译英句子表达——时态与语态、非谓语动词巩固训练
05、 5篇语法填空
01.时态与语态、非谓语动词知识概况
动词的时态和语态
1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）
名称 构成 用法
一般现在时 do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are ) 1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 I’ll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。 There goes the bell.铃响了。 There comes the bus.汽车来了。 Here she comes.她来了。
一般过去时 did,( 连系动词was/were) 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。
现在进行时 is/am/are doing 1.表示正在进行的动作。 2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 从明天起他要做老师。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。 The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 长江江水滚滚向东流。 The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
过去进行时 was/were doing 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行 They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作 He said she was arriving the next day.
现在完成时 has/have done 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已 完成的动作。 I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往 和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。 He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 —Where is Li Hua －He has gone to the reading-room. —She knows a lot about Shanghai. －She has been there. 4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词）， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态 中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years. 要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用 ①“ago法” He joined the army three years ago. ②“延续法” He has been in the army for three years. ③“since法” It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
过去完成时 had done 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到 另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。 At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的 过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
将来完成时 will/shall have done 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短 语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。 We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
现在完成进行时 has/have been doing 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下 去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
过去完成进行时 had been doing 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。
一般将来时 will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are（about）to do 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况 （详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）
过去将来时 would/should do was/were going to do was/were（about）to do 1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态 He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。 I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告诉我他准备回家。 2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常
He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。
2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较
将来时 用 法 例 句
1 be + doing 进行时表将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe
2 be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.
3 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
4 一般现在时表将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening.
II. 动词的被动语态
常用被动语态 构 成 常用被动语态 构 成
1 一般现在时 am/is/are done 6 过去进行时 was/were being done
2 一般过去时 was/were done 7 现在完成时 have/has been done
3 一般将来时 shall/will be done 8 过去完成时 had been done
4 过去将来时 should/would be done 9 将来完成时 will/would have been done
5 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be done
注 意 事 项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者” 3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 She lent me a bike.被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot.
下面主动形式常表示被动意义 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。 The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.
不可变为被动语态的几种情况 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him. 因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。
含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.
下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
非谓语动词
非谓语动词的语法功能
所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语补足语 定语 状语
V-ing形式 现在分词 △ △ △ △
动名词 △ △ △ △
不定式（to do） △ △ △ △ △ △
过去分词(done) △ △ △ △
注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分
generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……；
to tell you the truth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果
非谓语动词的形式变化
非谓语 形式 构成
时态 语态 复合结构 否定式
主动 被动
不定式 一般式 to do to be done for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 或never
进行式 to have done to have been done
完成式 to be doing /
完成 进行式 to have been doing /
动名词 一般式 doing being done sb.或sb’s doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing 在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式： sb’s not doing sb’s not having done
完成式 having done having been done
现在分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加not
在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。
一、谓语与非谓语的比较
非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you，而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。
例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.
A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand
分析：stood是与sat并列的谓语。
非谓语语法功能的比较
做宾语的非谓语动词比较
情况 常用动词
只接不定式 做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词 做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist
feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
意义相反 stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事）
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意思是，意味着）
can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事
非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别
分 类 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成 I asked to be sent to the countryside. I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.
过去分词 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别
分 类 区 别 例 句
不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢)
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool
现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves
过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态
注意：the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥
注意：谓语和非谓语的判断
在一个简单句中，且没有并列连词的情况下，动词可以多个，但谓语动词只有一个；
一句话只有一个谓语动词，若新增一个动词且同时新增一个连词，则新增的动词为谓语动词，若只新增的动词，不增连词，则新增动词是非谓语动词。
例句
Last Christmas I gave you my heart. 谓语
This year to save me from tears, I’ll give it to someone special. 非谓语
I keep my distance, but you still catch my eye. 谓语
Well it has been a year and it doesn’t surprise me.谓语
I sent it with a note saying “I love you”. 非谓语
如果句子需要谓语，要考虑时态、语态，并注意主谓一致；
如果句子已有谓语动词，但填的词与已有谓语动词之间有连词时，则填空词仍为谓语动词。
02.时态与语态、非谓语动词基础训练
1．It was the second time that she ______ London.
A．visited B．has visited C．had been visited D．had visited
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词语态。句意：那是她第二次游览伦敦。在固定句型“It was the first/second…time that…”中，that后面的从句用过去完成时，she与visit是逻辑主谓关系，应用主动语态。故选D。
2．We ______ our holiday at the seaside this time next year.
A．take B．will take C．would take D．will be taking
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态。句意：明年这个时候我们正在海边度假。根据时间状语“this time next year”可知，谓语动词应用将来进行时态，表示将来某时正在发生的事情，结构为will be doing，故选D。
3．The children ________ with water guns in the backyard at 10 o’clock when it gets hot outside tomorrow.
A．will be playing B．has played C．are playing D．would play
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态。句意：明天外面变热时，孩子们将在10点钟在后院玩水枪。根据后文at 10 o’clock when it gets hot outside tomorrow.可知表示将来某个时刻正在发生，应用将来进行时。故填A。
4．To my disappointment, the cake ________ by my little brother before I even got home from work.
A．was eating B．had eaten C．was being eaten D．had been eaten
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态语态。句意：令我失望的是，在我下班回家之前，蛋糕已经被我的小弟弟吃掉了。根据before引导的时间状语从句，可知，eat这一动作发生在got home之前，表示过去的过去，用过去完成时，且主语cake与eat是被动关系，用被动语态。故选D。
5．By the end of the year of 2023, I _______ the top ten best-sellers of the English novels.
A．was reading B．read C．had read D．have read
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：到2023年底，我已经读了十大最畅销的英文小说。空格处作谓语，根据时间状语By the end of the year of 2023可知，应用过去完成时。故选C项。
6．It is reported that many a new school ________ at present in Shenzhen, Guandong Province.
A．was being built B．were being built C．is being built D．are being built
【答案】C
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：据报道，广东深圳目前正在兴建许多新学校。根据at present可知此处是描述正在发生的事情，且主语school和动词build之间是被动关系，故用现在进行时的被动语态，many a后跟名词单数作主语时，谓语动词应该用单数形式。故选C。
7．______ many times, but he still couldn’t remember the Chinese meaning of this word.
A．Having been taught B．Although he had been taught
C．He had been taught D．He has been teaching
【答案】C
【详解】考查句子结构和时态。句意：他已经教过很多次了，但他仍然记不住这个词的中文意思。分析句子结构可知，并列连词and连接前后两个分句，所以空格处为一个完整的句子；结合句意，“教过他很多次”发生在“他仍然记不住”之前，表示“过去的过去”应用过去完成时态；A项是非谓语动词短语，B项是让步状语从句，D项是现在完成进行时态，皆不符合题意。故选C项。
8．All the assignments ______ online by last week, enabling students to receive timely feedback from the teachers.
A．had submitted B．had been submitted
C．have submitted D．have been submitted
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态语态。句意：截止到上周，所有的作业都已经在网上提交，让学生能够及时收到老师的反馈。主语与谓语构成被动关系，结合后文by last week可知表示过去的过去，为过去完成时的被动语态。故选B。
9．Scientists ______ the ocean currents since last month to better understand their influence on climate patterns.
A．were studying B．had been studying
C．are studying D．have been studying
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态。句意：自上个月以来，科学家们一直在研究洋流，以更好地了解它们对气候模式的影响。根据后文since last month可知，表示动作从某一时间开始，一直不间断持续到现在，可能仍然要继续下去，应用现在完成进行时。故选D。
10．There has been a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years, ______ largely by rising global temperatures, according to a new report from the United Nations.
A．causing B．caused C．having caused D．having been caused
【答案】B
【详解】考查过去分词。句意：根据联合国的一份新报告，在过去的20年里，极端天气事件的数量急剧增加，主要是由全球气温上升引起的。动词cause意为“引起”，和系动词之间没有连词，和主语extreme weather events构成被动关系，所以应用过去分词形式作状语。故填B。
11．With dinner ________, my mother went on to water her vegetables.
A．had prepared B．prepared C．preparing D．to prepare
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：晚饭准备好后，妈妈开始给蔬菜浇水。空格处是with复合结构，dinner和prepare之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此空格处用过去分词表被动，此处过去分词既表被动也表完成，故选B。
12．Paul has always regretted ________ harder at school when he was young.
A．not having studied B．to not have studied
C．not being studied D．to not study
【答案】A
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：保罗一直后悔小时候在学校没有努力学习。根据“harder at school when he was young”和选项内容可知，保罗后悔的是小时候在学校“没有努力学习”，应用regret doing sth.表示“后悔或遗憾做过某事”，动名词作宾语，表示否定的not需放在doing之前，且“没有努力学习”和谓语行为之间有一定的时间间隔，应用动名词的完成式形式。故选A。
13．The artist ______ in painting completely, losing track of time as she poured her emotions onto
her work.
A．was absorbed B．has absorbed C．absorbed D．absorbs
【答案】A
【详解】考查固定短语。句意：这位艺术家完全沉浸在绘画中，把感情倾注到工作中，忘记了时间。表示“沉浸在，全神贯注于”短语为be absorbed in，由as she poured her emotions onto her work.可知，句子陈述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故选A。
14．Having a balanced diet ______ a crucial role in promoting good health and preventing diseases.
A．play B．plays C．is played D．have played
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：均衡饮食对促进健康和预防疾病起着至关重要的作用。A. play动词原形；B. plays动词第三人称单数；C. is played一般现在时的被动语态；D. have played现在完成时。句子描述客观情况，应用一般现在时，主语是“Having a balanced diet”，动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。故选B项。
15．The house ________ by the workers when it started to rain.
A．was being painted B．was been painting
C．has been painting D．will be painting
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：工人们正在粉刷房子时，天开始下雨了。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，根据从句动词started为过去时以及句意可知，主句表示“房子正在被粉刷”，所以主句用过去进行时，主语是第三人称单数，所以谓语动词用was，又因为The house与paint之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态，过去进行时的被动语态结构是was/were being done。故选A项。
16．________by a shark was what used to happen in those days.
A．kill B．killing C．killed D．being killed
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在那个年代，被鲨鱼咬死是常有的事。分析句子结构可知，已有谓语动词was，空处需填动名词作主语，结合“by”可知，此处为动名词的被动语态。故选D。
17．Shortly afterwards, I noticed to my satisfaction that their work ________.
A．was been improved B．has been improving
C．had been improved D．will be improved
【答案】C
【详解】考查时态语态。句意：不久之后，我满意地注意到他们的工作有了改进。分析可知，从句主语work与improve构成被动关系，且improve发生在noticed之前，即过去的过去，故用过去完成时的被动语态。故选C。
18．________the very high rents charged, some parents consider buying as a(n)________
A．Faced; solution B．Facing; chance
C．Facing with; option D．Faced with; alternative
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词及名词词义辨析。句意：面对高昂的租金，一些家长考虑买房作为替代。A. Faced; solution解决办法；B. Facing; chance机会；C. Facing with; option选择；D. Faced with; alternative替代；备选项。第一空为句子的状语部分，及物动词face表示面对，面临，可使用现在分词做状语与主语some parents为主动关系；过去分词短语faced with something则表示状态（或者说强调的是静态）也可作状语。所以第一空B.D.项正确；第二空需要一个名词，租房成本太高，买房就成为一个替代租房的合适选择，所以B.D.项中，alternative比chance更符合句意。故选D项。
19． healthy habits, such as exercising and eating well, can steadily improve your physical and mental well-being.
A．Building B．Having built C．To build D．To have built
【答案】A
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：养成健康的习惯，比如锻炼和吃得好，可以稳步改善你的身心健康。分析句子结构可知build在句中应用非谓语动词形式，结合句意，应用动名词作主语。故选A项。
20．I ______ my grandmother at three o’clock this afternoon.
A．will visit B．will have visited C．am visiting D．will be visiting
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态。句意：今天下午三点我将去看望我的祖母。分析句子结构，根据时间状语at three o’clock this afternoon可知句子表示的是在将来某个时间正在进行的动作，句子时态使用将来进行时，故选D项。
21．The bridge this time yesterday, so we had to take another way.
A．was being repaired B．repaired
C．was repairing D．was repaired
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词语态。句意：这座桥昨天这个时候正在修理，所以我们不得不走另一条路。A. was being repaired(过去进行时的被动语态)被修理；B. Repaired(一般过去式)修理；C. was repairing(过去进行时)修理；D. was repaired(一般过去式的被动语态)被修理。主语The bridge与动词repair之间为动宾关系，且主语为单数，应用被动语态，结合时间状语this time yesterday可知，句子描述过去正在发生的事情，应用过去进行时的被动语态，应为was being done。故选A项。
22．The twins ______ the housework by the time their parents came back home.
A．finish B．finished C．had finished D．having finished
【答案】C
【详解】考查时态。句意：父母回家时，这对双胞胎已经做完了家务。分析句子结构可知，空处为主句的谓语动词。根据时间状语从句“by the time their parents came back home”可知，从句为一般过去时，主句需使用过去完成时态，表示该动作发生在从句动作之前。故选C。
23．As far as I know, they ________ (live) in this city for twenty years.
A．have lived B．lived C．living D．had lived
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态。句意：据我所知，他们在这个城市已经住了二十年了。结合时间状语for twenty years，表示过去的动作或状态持续到现在并且已经完成，对现在造成的影响，可能持续发生下去，用现在完成时。故选A项。
24．Jim ________ English for five years before he moved to Canada.
A．has learned B．had learned C．was learning D．would learn
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态。句意：吉姆在搬到加拿大之前已经学了五年英语。根据句中的before he moved to Canada可知，learn表示的动作发生在moved之前，即过去的过去，所以应用过去完成时。故选B。
25．A series of policies ________ in the years ahead to attract international students to return home.
A．are introduced B．have been introduced
C．were introduced D．will be introduced
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：未来几年将出台一系列政策来吸引国际学生回国。introduce(实施，推行)是句中谓语动词，与主语A series of policies之间是被动关系，结合时间状语in the years ahead可知，描述将来的事情，用一般将来时的被动语态。故选D项。
26．In China, a man from Jiangsu Province ________ from university at the age of 88, ________him the oldest university graduate in the country.
A．graduated; making B．graduated; to make
C．being graduated; made D．having graduated; made
【答案】A
【详解】考查谓语动词和非谓语动词。句意：在中国，江苏一名男子以88岁高龄从大学毕业，成为中国年龄最大的大学毕业生。分析句子结构可知，第一空为句中谓语动词。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。第二空为非谓语动词，表示自然而然的结果，所以用现在分词作状语。故选A。
27．My washing machine ________ this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
A．has been repaired B．is being repaired
C．is repaired D．was repaired
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态，语态和主谓一致。句意：这星期我的洗衣机正在修理，所以我不得不手洗衣服。由“so I have to wash my clothes by hand”可知，洗衣机不能用了，是正在被修理，因此空格处用现在进行时的被动语态，主语machine是单数，因此空格处是is being repaired。故选B。
28．Mr. Smith________ about his son when his phone rang.
A．think B．will think C．was thinking D．is thinking
【答案】C
【详解】考查固定句型，时态和主谓一致。句意：史密斯先生正在想他的儿子，这时电话响了。be doing...when...是固定句型，意为“正在做……，这时……”，由rang可知，空格处时态是过去进行时，主语Mr. Smith是单数，因此空格处是was thinking。故选C。
29．As far as I know, the robot that can sweep the floor ________ in the 1980s.
A．is invented B．were invented C．was invented D．has invented
【答案】C
【详解】考查时态，语态和主谓一致。句意：就我所知，能扫地的机器人是在20世纪80年代发明的。“that can sweep the floor”是定语从句，修饰先行词robot，机器人是被发明，由in the 1980s可知，时态是一般过去时，因此空格处是一般过去时的被动语态，robot是单数，因此空格处是was invented。故选。
30．We ________ a house in 2003 and we ________ here since then.
A．bought, have lived B．had bought, lived
C．have bought, lived D．bought, lived
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：我们2003年买了一栋房子，从那时起就一直住在这里。由in 2003可知，第一空所在的句子时态用一般过去时，空格处用过去式；由“since then”可知，第二空所在的句子时态用现在完成时，主语we是复数，因此空格处是have lived。故选A。
31．______ more information about our university, please visit our website.
A．Got B．Getting C．Get D．To get
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：要获得更多关于我们大学的信息，请访问我们的网站。分析句子可知，本句已经存在谓语visit，所以get需要转化为非谓语。再根据句意，可判断“获得更多信息”是表示目的，所以应该使用to do作目的状语，故选D项。
32．This old castle is said ______ from designs by a famous architect in the 16th century.
A．to build B．to have built C．to be built D．to have been built
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：据说这座古堡是根据16世纪一位著名建筑师的设计建造的。be said to do sth, This old castle与build为被动关系，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，用动词不定式的完成时的被动语态。故选D项。
33．________ about the journey, I was unsettled for a few days.
A．Worry B．Worrying C．Worried D．To worried
【答案】C
【详解】考查过去分词。句意：由于担心旅行，我心神不定了好几天。be worried about“担忧”为固定短语，本句为过去分词作状语。故选C项。
34．______ with Mary is a waste of time because she is so stubborn.
A．Argue B．Argued C．Argument D．Arguing
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：与玛丽争论是浪费时间，因为她太固执了。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中做主语，使用名词或动名词，所以排除A项和B项。Argument是一个名词，主要用来描述一场争论、辩论、论点或论据。它指的是一个关于某个话题或观点的争论或讨论，通常涉及到双方或多方持有不同意见的情况。而Arguing是动名词，主要用来描述正在进行的争论或争吵的动作。它强调的是争论的过程或行为本身。根据空白处下文“with Mary is a waste of time because she is so stubborn(与玛丽……是浪费时间，因为她太固执了)”可推理出本句说的是与玛丽争吵的过程或行为本身是浪费时间，所以空白处应填动名词，故选D项。
35．The minute we arrived home, mother set out ______ supper and I set about ______ the clothes.
A．to prepare, to wash B．preparing, washing
C．to prepare, washing D．preparing, to wash
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语。句意：一回到家，母亲就开始准备晚饭，我就开始洗衣服。分析句子可知，“set out”和“set about”这两个短语都表示开始或着手做某事，“set out”通常用于描述开始一个项目、旅程或任务，强调的是有计划和目的的开始。常用set out to do sth表示开始做某事。“set about”强调的是开始行动或处理某事，通常后接动名词形式，常用set about doing sth表示开始做某事。故选C项。
36．This sentence needs ___________ .
A．a improvement B．improve C．improving D．improved
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这个句子需要改进。短语need doing sth.表示“需要（被）做某事”，动名词作宾语。名词improvement表抽象概念，不可数，前面不用冠词，故排除A选项。故选C。
37．I hear that you _____ for Canada next week. Have you got everything ready
A．leave B．have left C．are leaving D．left
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：我听说你下星期要去加拿大。一切都准备好了吗 由next week
可知，句子使用一般将来时。go，come，leave等表示位置移动的词汇，可用现在进行时形式表示将来意义。故选C项。
38．Surprised by the unexpected gift, she was ________ and couldn’t stop ________.
A．excited; smiled B．exciting; smiling C．excited; smiling D．exciting; smiled
【答案】C
【详解】考查形容词词义辨析和固定短语。句意：意外的礼物让她大吃一惊，她激动不已，止不住地在笑。excited兴奋的，用于描述人的情感状态或感受；exciting令人兴奋的，用于描述事物的性质或特征。结合“Surprised by the unexpected gift”可知，第一空描述主语she内心的感受，应用形容词excited“兴奋的”；固定短语can’t stop doing sth.意为“禁不住做某事，忍不住去做某事”，第二空应用smile的动名词形式作stop的宾语。故选C。
39．—A new airport is reported__________ in the countryside of our hometown.
—Yes, and it has brought great economic benefits to our hometown.
A．to build B．to be built
C．to have built D．to have been built
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：——据报道，在我们家乡的农村已经建了一个新机场。——是的，它给我们的家乡带来了巨大的经济效益。短语be reported to do表示“据报道……”。根据“it has brought”可知机场已经建好，且airport与build为被动关系，故用to have been done形式。故选D。
40．________ in the refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.
A．Kept B．Being kept C．Keeping D．Having kept
【答案】A
【详解】考查过去分词。句意：这些蔬菜放在冰箱里可以保持新鲜。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，keep与逻辑主语these vegetables之间为被动关系，且不强调时间，所以此处使用过去分词形式kept，位于句首，首字母需大写。故选A项。
41．People of all ages can participate in this kind of exercise ________ classify garbage, which will make their neighbourhood clean and beautiful.
A．helping B．to help C．helped D．having helped
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：所有年龄段的人都可以参加这种活动来帮助分类垃圾，这
将使他们的社区变得干净美丽。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词can participate，空处作非谓语动词，结合语意，人们参加活动是为了帮助分类垃圾，所以空处应用动词不定式形式作目的状语。故选B项。
42．During weekends, family members often gather together ________ a meal, visit some parks or watch films.
A．share B．to share C．having shared D．shared
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在周末，家庭成员经常聚在一起吃饭，参观公园或看电影。gather 是谓语动词，“ _________ a meal, visit some parks or watch films”是状语，家人聚在一同的目的吃饭，参观公园或看电影，表目的用动词不定式。故选B。
43．______ his task, he went home and found his house ______, so he had to call the nearby police station immediately.
A．Having finished; broken out B．Finishing; broken into
C．Having finished; broken into D．Finished; breaking out
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词和动词短语辨析。句意：完成任务后，他回家后发现自己的房子被人闯入，于是他不得不立即打电话给附近的警察局。分析句子结构，第一个逗号前后没有连接词连接，且前部分没有主语，所以第一个空应用非谓语动词；finish和逻辑主语he之间是主谓关系，且根据句意，“完成工作”发生在“回家之前”，所以应用现在分词的完成式。第二个空考查的是“find+宾语+宾补”结构。break out意为“突然开始，爆发”；break into意为“强行闯入”。根据句意，这里表示他发现自家的房子被人闯入，应用break into。逻辑主语his house和break into之间是动宾关系，所以应用过去分词，作宾补。故选C。
44．Professor White ______ the meeting with partners this time next week.
A．attended B．has attended C．attends D．will be attending
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：怀特教授将于下周这个时候与合作伙伴一起参加会议。由句意和this time next week可知，句子陈述将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，应用将来进行时，且Professor White与attend为主动关系。故选D项。
45．With so much homework ________ this weekend, I have no time to go to bookstore with you.
A．done B．to do C．being done D．doing
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：这个周末有这么多作业要做，我没有时间和你一起去书店。分析句子结构可知，此处为“with+宾语+宾补”结构，结合下文中的“I have no time to go to bookstore with you”可知，此处表示“有作业要做”，为将来的动作，所以使用动词不定式形式作宾补，结合句意可知，该动作与句子主语I之间为主动关系，所以此处使用主动形式表示被动意义。故选B项。
46．Grandfather and father, ________ at the table, are playing chess.
A．seated B．are seating C．seating D．are seated
【答案】A
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：爷爷和爸爸坐在桌旁下棋。分析句子可知，“seat at the table”作后置定语，seat(使就座)是非谓语动词，seat是及物动词，与其逻辑主语Grandfather and father之间是动宾关系，用过去分词表被动。故选A项。
47．The issue ________ at this moment yesterday by the company’s managers.
A．was being discussed B．is being discussed
C．had discussed D．was discussing
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：昨天这个时候公司的经理们正在讨论这个问题分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词，根据时间状语at this moment yesterday可知，此处应为过去进行时，且discuss与句子主语The issue之间为被动关系，所以此处使用过去进行时态的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词应为was being discussed。
48．________ in 2016, the Ping An Grand Building, the highest skyscraper until now in Shenzhen, attracts more and more visitors.
A．Having completed B．Being completed
C．Completed D．Completing
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：2016年竣工的平安大厦是深圳目前最高的摩天大楼，吸引着越来越多的游客。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，complete和逻辑主语the Ping An Grand Building为被动关系，所以为过去分词形式。故选C项。
49．________ it many times, I still can’t make Tom understand what I said.
A．Explaining B．Having explained
C．To explain D．Having been explained
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意： 尽管我已经解释过很多次了，我还是不能让Tom明白我说的话。explain“解释”和主语I之间为逻辑主谓关系，应使用现在分词形式，作状语；由逻辑关系：先解释后明白，应使用到现在分词的完成式形式。故选B项。
50． to a top university, as in China, is also what many American students have been dreaming of.
A．Admitted B．Being admitted
C．Having been admitted D．To have been admitted
【答案】B
【详解】考查动名词。句意：和在中国一样，被名校录取，也是许多美国学生一直梦寐以求的事情。根据句子结构可知，此处使用动名词的被动形式作主语，be admitted to/into意为“被……录取或接收”，故选B。
03. 时态与语态、非谓语动词基础提升
二、单句语法填空
1． (face) such a troublesome woman, he didn’t know what to do, (stand) there with his mouth wide open.
【答案】 Facing standing
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：面对这样一个麻烦的女人，他张着嘴站在那里，不知如何是好。分析句子可知，句子主干成分完整，两个空处都是非谓语动词；第一空的face“面对”和he逻辑上是主动关系，应用face的现在分词形式，作状语，且句首单词的首字母应大写；第二空的stand“站立”和he逻辑上也是主动关系，应用stand的现在分词形式，作状语。故填①Facing；②standing。
2．The boy knocked at the door, (indicate) that he wanted to come in.
【答案】indicating
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：男孩敲了敲门，表示他想进来。indicate的逻辑主语是前面的句子，两者之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语，故填indicating。
3．I was sleeping when I heard my name (shout). (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】shouted
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我正在睡觉，突然听到有人叫我的名字。shout和宾语my
name之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作宾补，指听见自己的名字被叫，故填shouted。
4．It’s easy for you (attack) when you are in red in front of a bull.
【答案】to be attacked
【详解】考查动词不定式的被动语态。句意：当你穿着红色衣服站在公牛面前时，你很容易受到攻击。分析句子可知，此处为固定句型It’s adj +for sb+to do sth“做某事对于某人来说是怎样的”，所以此处为动词不定式形式，结合you和attack为被动关系，所以为动词不定式的被动语态结构作真正的主语。故填to be attacked。
5． (surround) by mountains and forests, the city have an elegant environment.
【答案】Surrounded
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这座城市群山环绕，森林环绕，环境优美。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，surround和逻辑主语the city为被动关系，所以为过去分词形式。故填Surrounded。
6．The building (build) now is our classroom building.
【答案】being built
【详解】考查现在分词的被动语态。句意：现在正在建造的建筑物是我们的教学楼。动词build意为“建造”，和系动词之间没有连词，和主语构成被动关系，且表示正在进行，应用现在分词的被动语态作定语，修饰名词building。故填being built。
7．With everyone’s eyes (focus) on me, I was nervous.
【答案】focused
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：每个人的目光都集中在我身上，我很紧张。分析句子可知，此处用了with的复合结构，空处作宾语补足语，固定短语focus one’s eyes on sb.表示“盯着某人，把目光集中在某人身上”，focus和everyone’s eyes逻辑上是被动关系，应用focus过去分词形式。故填focused。
8．With tears of happiness (shine) in their eyes, they embraced with each other.
【答案】shining
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他们的眼里闪烁着幸福的泪水，互相拥抱在一起。分析句子可知，此处用了with的复合结构，空处作宾语补足语，shine“闪烁”和tears of happiness逻辑上是主动关系，应用shine的现在分词形式。故填shining。
9．Have you seen the young man (wander) in the rain
【答案】wandering
【详解】考查现在分词。句意：你有没有见过那个年轻人在雨中徘徊？空处在句中作宾语补足语，且动词wander与宾语the young man构成逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词的形式，see sb. doing“看见某人正在做”。故填wandering。
10．With so many problems (fill) in his mind, he felt very upset.
【答案】filling
【详解】考查现在分词。句意：有这么多的问题填满他的脑海，他感到非常沮丧。“problems”与“fill”之间为主动关系，表示动作在进行，应用现在分词，作宾语补足语。故填filling。
11． (determine) to train his daughter in English, he put an ad in the paper saying “Wanted, an English teacher for a ten-year-old girl.”
【答案】Determined
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他决心训练女儿学英语，于是在报纸上登了一则广告：“招聘一名10岁女孩的英语教师。”分析句子结构可知，已有谓语动词put，空处需填非谓语动词作状语，be determined to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“下定决心做某事”，应用过去分词短语作状语，determined已经变成形容词，也可以理解为形容词作状语，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Determined。
12． (understand) her good intentions, I eat all the food that is provided by Mom with appreciation.
【答案】Understanding
【详解】考查现在分词。句意：我明白妈妈的好意，所以我吃了妈妈提供的所有食物。空处应填非谓语动词，主语I与understand之间为主动关系，应用现在分词表示主动，作状语，空处位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Understanding。
13． (watch) the spectacular scenery, she couldn’t keep back her tears.
【答案】Watching
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：看着壮观的景色，她忍不住流下了眼泪。句中谓语是couldn’t keep，空格处用非谓语动词，she和watch之间是主谓关系，因此空格处用现在分词表主动，位于句首的单词首字母大写，故填Watching。
14．He is so shy that he dislikes (praise) in public, especially before his classmates.
【答案】being praised
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他很害羞，不喜欢在公共场合被表扬，尤其是在同学面前。
此处为短语dislike doing sth.，且praise与He构成被动关系，用being done形式。故填being praised。
15． (know) a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
【答案】Knowing
【详解】考查动名词。句意：对许多你感兴趣的事情了解一点，可以使你的整个生活更加丰富多彩。空格处用动名词knowing作主语，位于句首的单词首字母大写，故填Knowing。
16． (show) around the Tiananmen Square, we were then taken to visit the Forbidden City.
【答案】Having been shown
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：参观完天安门广场后，我们被带到故宫博物院参观。本句已有谓语动词were taken to，此处为非谓语动词作状语，we 与动词show around之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，而且先于谓语动词were taken to发生，应用现在分词的完成被动式，故填Having been shown。
17．With more natural resources (run) out, the care for the environment is becoming more and more important.
【答案】running
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：随着越来越多的自然资源的枯竭，对环境的保护变得越来越重要。空格处是with复合结构，resources和run out（耗尽）之间是主谓关系，因此空格处用现在分词表主动，故填running。
18．Weight training classes, for example, (design) and will be added to our programme soon.
【答案】are being designed
【详解】考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：例如，重量训练课程正在设计中，并将很快加入我们的课程。表示现阶段正在进行的动作，使用现在进行时，主语Weight training classes和design“设计”为被动关系，需用被动语态，主语为复数名词，be动词用are。故填are being designed。
19．By the time we arrived, everyone (receive) medical care.
【答案】had received
【详解】考查时态。句意：当我们到达的时候，所有人都已经接受过医疗护理。所给动词
receive在主句中作谓语，根据时间状语“By the time we arrived”可知，得到救护是在到达“arrived”之前，应使用过去完成时。故填had received。
20．His parents as well as he (be) kind to me.
【答案】are
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：他父母和他都对我很好。陈述事实用一般现在时，且主语后接介词短语as well as，不影响主语的人称和数，谓语动词应根据主语parents的人称和数来确定，即谓语用复数。故填are。
21．Not only the teacher but also the students (be) against the plan yesterday.
【答案】were
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：昨天不仅老师而且学生们都反对这个计划。分析句子可知缺少谓语动词，be against sth表示“反对……”。句中使用not only ...but also…为固定短语，意为“不仅……而且……”，其连接两个主语，主谓一致应遵循“就近原则”，即和较近的主语保持一致，就近的主语the students为复数，根据后文的yesterday可知，句子应该使用一般过去时，be动词使用were。故填were。
22．However, the visit of a great many fans (disturb) the composer’s peaceful life.
【答案】disturbed
【详解】考查时态。句意：然而，许多歌迷的来访扰乱了这位作曲家平静的生活。描述过去的一次性动作，应用一般过去时，空处在句中作谓语，应用动词disturb“打扰，扰乱”的过去式形式。故填disturbed。
23．The plans (set) in motion when the company president signed the document.
【答案】were set
【详解】考查时态语态。句意：当公司总裁签署文件时，计划就开始付诸实施了。根据when引导的时间状语从句可知，句子应用一般过去时。动词set与句子主语The plans构成逻辑上的被动关系，句子应用被动语态，复数名词作主语，be动词用were。故填were set。
24．The team (start) a campaign to save endangered species before the media answered the call.
【答案】had started
【详解】考查过去完成时。句意：在媒体响应号召之前，这个团队已经开始了一场拯救濒危物种的运动。结合before the media answered the call可知，start表示的动作发生在answered之前，应用过去完成时，故填had started。
25．They (live) in China for two years before they (decide) to move to Canada.
【答案】 had lived decided
【详解】考查过去完成时和一般过去时。句意：在他们决定搬到加拿大之前，他们已经在中国住了两年。结合句意可知，从句描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，live表示的动作发生在从句谓语动词decided之前，应用过去完成时，故填①had lived②decided。
26．With the local tourism booming, the town (gain) popularity in the past years.
【答案】has gained
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：随着当地旅游业的蓬勃发展，这个小镇在过去几年里越来越受欢迎。由in the past years可知，句子时态是现在完成时，主语town是单数，因此空格处是has gained。故填has gained。
27．By the time you come here, you (experience) our traditional Chinese culture.
【答案】will have experienced
【详解】考查将来完成时。句意：当你来到这里时，你将体验到我们的中国传统文化。根据“By the time you come here”可知，此处应用将来完成时。动词experience意为“体验”。故填will have experienced。
28．A large quantity of books (contribute) to the children in the countryside since then.
【答案】have been contributed
【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意；从那时起，大量的书籍被捐赠给了农村的孩子们。根据since then可知，此处应用现在完成时。动词contribute意为“捐赠”，和主语构成被动关系，主语A large quantity of books是复数。故填have been contributed。
29．What (astonish) me was that she didn’t care about my feelings.
【答案】astonished
【详解】考查时态。句意：使我吃惊的是她根本不关心我的感受。本句为what引导的主语从句，谓语为astonish，根据was可知，为一般过去时。故填astonished。
30．If the plan (approve), everything will go smoothly.
【答案】is approved
【详解】考查时态，语态和主谓一致。句意：如果计划被批准，一切都会很顺利。主句使用一般将来时，因此if从句中用一般现在时表示将来，结合语意，approve与主语the plan之
间是被动关系，所以使用一般现在时的被动语态，主语plan是单数，因此空格处使用is approved。故填is approved。
04.时态与语态、非谓语动词巩固训练
三、句子翻译
1．我妈妈带我去了花店，在那里我欣赏了各种各样的花草。
【答案】My mother took me to a flower shop, where I enjoyed all kinds of flowers and plants.
【详解】考查定语从句。该句主句部分“我妈妈带我去了花店”可使用名词短语my mother作主语，take somebody to(带某人去某地) 作谓语，使用一般过去时，宾格me作宾语，“花店”翻译为a flower shop，作介词to的宾语；表示“在那里我欣赏了各种各样的花草”可使用定语从句修饰先行词“a flower shop”，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应使用关系副词where引导非限制性定语从句；从句主语是I，“欣赏”是动词enjoy作谓语，描述过去发生的事，使用一般过去时态，“各种各样的花草”翻译为all kinds of flowers and plants作宾语。故翻译为My mother took me to a flower shop, where I enjoyed all kinds of flowers and plants.
2．我们将从爬山开始，一路上享受新鲜空气和令人叹为观止的风景。
【答案】We’ll start off with climbing the mountain, enjoying the fresh air and breathtaking scenery along the way.
【详解】考查动词时态和非谓语动词。根据汉语提示，表示“将要从爬山开始”应该使用一般将来时即we will start off with climbing the mountain；同时表示“享受”用enjoy，其与we之间是主动关系，故使用现在分词作状语；表示“新鲜的空气”用the fresh air；表示“和”用连词and；表示“令人叹为观止的风景”用breathtaking scenery；表示“一路上”用along the way，使用介词短语作状语。故翻译为We’ll start off with climbing the mountain, enjoying the fresh air and breathtaking scenery along the way.
3．当这个人苏醒过来时，吃惊地发现自己躺在地上。
【答案】When he came back to life, the man was surprised to find himself lying on the ground.
【详解】考查时间状语从句、时态和短语。句子讲述过去的事情，谓语动词使用一般过去时。“当这个人苏醒过来时”可以用“when”引导的时间状语从句来翻译，主语“这个人”为“the man”，从句中使用he代替，“苏醒”为“come back to life”，则翻译为“when he came back to life”；“这个人很是吃惊”使用“主系表”的结构，形容词“惊讶的”为“surprised”，“惊讶地做某
事 ”为“be surprised to do”，“发现某人正在做某事”为“find sb doing”，宾语“自己”为反身代词“himself ”，“躺在地上”为“lie on the ground”，则“这个人吃惊地发现自己躺在地上”可以翻译为“The man was surprised to find himself lying on the ground.”，故翻译为：When he came back to life, the man was surprised to find himself lying on the ground.
4．参加这个项目将使你接触中国文化。
【答案】Participating/Engaging in this programme will get you exposed to Chinese culture.
【详解】考查动名词。描述将要发生的动作，应用一般将来时。“参与”participate/engage in，在句中作主语，应用动名词形式Participating/Engaging in，位于句首首字母大写，“这个项目”this programme作介词in的宾语，“使某人怎么样”用get的复合结构get+宾语+宾语补足语的形式，get用将来时will get，宾语“你”you，be exposed to“与……相接触”用作宾语补足语，把be去掉即可，后接“中国文化”Chinese culture做介词to的宾语。故翻译为：Participating/Engaging in this programme will get you exposed to Chinese culture.
5．我呼吁所有学生为创建和谐社会做出贡献。
【答案】I (make an) appeal to all the students to make contributions to building a harmonious society.
【详解】考查固定短语、动词和形容词。根据句意，该句描述的是现在的客观事实，所以使用一般现在时，表示“呼吁某人做某事”应为make an appeal to sb. to do sth.或者是appeal to sb. to do sth.；表示“所有的学生”应为all the students作“make an appeal to”或者“appeal to”的宾语；表示“为……做出贡献”应为make contributions to，根据“make an appeal to sb. to do sth.或者是appeal to sb. to do sth.”可知，此处应使用动词不定式形式作宾补；表示“创建和谐社会”应为build a harmonious society作介词to的宾语，harmonious 作定语修饰名词society，所以此处使用动名词形式building a harmonious society。故翻译为I (make an) appeal to all the students to make contributions to building a harmonious society.
6．我取得了稳定的进步，这反过来又增强了我的信心。
【答案】I made steady progress, which in turn boosted my confidence.
【详解】考查时态和定语从句。根据句意可知，本句为一般过去时，取得稳定的进步为make steady progress，我取得了稳定的进步翻译为：I made steady progress。“这反过来又增强了我的信心”处理成which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代前面的整个句子做主语，反过来为in turn, “增强了我的信心”为boost my confidence，句子为一般过去时。故翻译为：I made steady progress, which in turn boosted my confidence.
7．良好的睡眠对于保持健康和幸福感是必不可少的。
【答案】Good sleep is essential for maintaining good health and well-being.
【详解】考查固定短语和非谓语动词。表示“良好的睡眠”应用good sleep，作主语；表示“对……必不可少”短语为be essential for；表示“保持健康和幸福感”应用动名词短语maintaining good health and well-being，作介词的宾语，陈述事实，为一般现在时。故翻译为Good sleep is essential for maintaining good health and well-being.
8．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
【答案】The news that I have passed the exam is true.
【详解】考查同位语和时态。此处主语为news，后跟that引导同位语从句；从句主语为I，表示“通过考试”应用pass the exam，陈述结果用现在完成时；表示“真的”应用形容词true，作表语。描述一般事实，主句为一般现在时。故翻译为The news that I have passed the exam is true.
9．每天读书是值得的。
【答案】It is worthwhile to read books every day.
【详解】考查固定句型和时态。句子陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；“……是值得的”可用固定句型it is worthwhile to do sth.表达，it是形式主语，不定式（短语）为真正的主语；“阅读”表达为read books，此处用其不定式形式；“每天”表达为every day，作状语。故翻译为It is worthwhile to read books every day.
10．我试着劝她改变她的生活方式。
【答案】I tried persuading her to change her lifestyle.
【详解】考查时态和非谓语动词。主语“我”可表示为I；“试着……”可用try doing...表示，动名词作宾语；“劝……”可表示为persuade sb. to do sth.表示，不定式作宾补；“改变”可表示为change；“生活方式”可表示为lifestyle。根据句意，这里表示过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故本句可翻译为：I tried persuading her to change her lifestyle.
11．参加志愿者活动能够使我们意识到生命的价值，并且有助于我们从不同视角看待世界。
【答案】Participating in voluntary activities can make us realize the value of life and help us view the world from different angles.
【详解】考查非谓语动词和固定短语。表示“参加”应用participate in，此处动名词形式作主语；表示“志愿者活动”短语为voluntary activities；表示“使我们意识到生命的价值”短语为make us realize the value of life；表示“有助于我们从不同视角看待世界”短语为help us view the
world from different angles，且can后跟动词原形。故翻译为Participating in voluntary activities can make us realize the value of life and help us view the world from different angles.
12．专家建议，我们应该对着镜子微笑，让自己感到更加快乐和坚强。
【答案】Experts suggest smiling at yourself in the mirror to make yourself feel happier and stronger.
【详解】考查非谓语动词和固定短语。主语为复数名词experts；表示“建议做某事”应用suggest doing sth.；表示“对着……微笑”短语为smile at；表示“在镜子里”短语为in the mirror；后跟不定式作目的状语，表示“让自己感到更加快乐和坚强”翻译为to make yourself feel happier and stronger，形容词比较级作宾补。为一般现在时。故翻译为Experts suggest smiling at yourself in the mirror to make yourself feel happier and stronger.
13．他决定查明那天谁最后一个离开公司。
【答案】He decided to find out who was the last one to leave the company.
【详解】考查固定短语和宾语从句。主语为he；表示“决定”短语为decide to do sth.；表示“查明”短语为find out；后跟who引导的宾语从句；表示“最后一个离开公司”翻译为the last one to leave the company，为不定式作后置定语修饰one；为一般过去时。故翻译为He decided to find out who was the last one to leave the company.
14．一场汉语演讲比赛将于5月18日在市图书馆举行。
【答案】A Chinese speech contest is to be held in the City Library on May 18.
【详解】考查非谓语动词。主语“一场汉语演讲比赛”译为A Chinese speech contest，根据要求，句子谓语用be to do表将来，主语为单数名词，be动词用is，“举行”译为hold，且与句子主语构成被动关系，故应用不定式的被动式to be held，“在市图书馆”译为in the City Library，“5月18日”译为 on May 18。故翻译为：A Chinese speech contest is to be held in the City Library on May 18.
15．我高兴地得知你被邀请去一位中国朋友家，我写信告诉你一些中国的餐桌礼仪。
【答案】Delighted to learn that you are invited to a Chinese friend’s home, I am writing to tell you some Chinese table manners.
【详解】考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，“我高兴地得知你被邀请去一位中国朋友家”作状语，“我写信告诉你一些中国的餐桌礼仪”为主句，“高兴地做某事”为固定搭配be delighted to do sth.，省略be动词，应用过去分词delighted作状语，“得知”为动词learn，“你被邀请去一位中国朋友家”中，“被邀请做某事”为be invited to do sth.，“一位中国朋友家”翻
译为a Chinese friend’s home，所以“你被邀请去一位中国朋友家”翻译为you are invited to a Chinese friend’s home，作learn的宾语，从句句意完整且不缺少任何成分，应用无任何意义只起连接作用的that引导；主句描述正在发生的事，即正在写信，应用现在进行时，“告诉你一些中国的餐桌礼仪”中“告诉”为动词tell，此处表示目的，应用不定式作目的状语，tell sb. sth.固定搭配，意为“告诉某人某事”，“中国餐桌礼仪”为Chinese table manner，“一些”为some，所以manner应用复数形式，整句翻译为Delighted to learn that you are invited to a Chinese friend’s home, I am writing to tell you some Chinese table manners.
16．这次活动的目的是加强学生保护环境的意识。
【答案】The purpose of the activity is to strengthen the students’ awareness of protecting the environment.
【详解】考查句子结构、非谓语动词。根据句意可知，本句描述现实状况，用一般现在时。表示“这次活动的目的”为the purpose of the activity，作主语，是单数；主谓一致，系动词be用is，表示“是”；表示“加强学生保护环境的意识”为to strengthen the students’ awareness of protecting the environment，动词不定式短语作表语，表示主语的具体内容，有将来含义，其中动名词短语protecting the environment作介词of的宾语。句首字母大写，故翻译为The purpose of the activity is to strengthen the students’ awareness of protecting the environment.
17．上周我们邀请李教授给大家做了一场讲座，从他那里我们对于中国的茶文化获得了更多的知识。
【答案】Last week, we invited Professor Li to give us a speech, from whom we gained a deep knowledge of Chinese tea culture.
【详解】考查定语从句、固定搭配、非谓语动词和时态。分析句子并结合句中的“上周”（last week）可知，句子在讲过去的事情，所以用一般过去时。“邀请”可表示为invite，invite sb. to do sth.意为“邀请某人做某事”，不定式作宾补；“给……做一场讲座”可表示为give sb. a speech；“对于……获得了更多的知识”可表示为gain a deep knowledge of；“中国的茶文化”可表示为Chinese tea culture。根据要求并分析句子结构，这里表示从李教授那里获得了知识，先行词是Professor Li，所以应用from whom引导非限制性定语从句。故本句可翻译为：Last week, we invited Professor Li to give us a speech, from whom we gained a deep knowledge of Chinese tea culture.
18．被自然的美景所吸引，这个女孩决定在农场上多待两天。
【答案】Attracted by the beauty of nature, the girl decided to stay on the farm for two more days.
【详解】考查非谓语动词，固定短语和时态。“自然的美景”是the beauty of nature，“被……吸引”是attracted by，是过去分词表被动，“这个女孩决定在农场上多待两天”描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，“这个女孩”是the girl，“决定做某事”是decide to do，decide用过去式，“在农场上”是on the farm，“待”是stay，“多两天”是for two more days，因此整句话翻译为“Attracted by the beauty of nature, the girl decided to stay on the farm for two more days”。故答案为Attracted by the beauty of nature, the girl decided to stay on the farm for two more days.
19．正是他良好的英语听说能力使他在这次英语演讲比赛中脱颖而出。
【答案】It was his good English listening and speaking ability that made him stand out in the English speech contest.
【详解】考查句子结构及强调句型。该句句意主要表达“他良好的英语听说能力使他在这次英语演讲比赛中脱颖而出”；表示“他良好的英语听说能力”应使用名词短语his good English listening and speaking ability作主语；表示“使他在这次英语演讲比赛中脱颖而出”可使用动词make作谓语，代词宾格him作宾语，动词短语stand out(突出)作宾语补足语，in the English speech contest作状语。句子陈述已发生事实，谓语动词make应使用一般过去时，make somebody do something，stand out应使用动词原形。故该句应译为His good English listening and speaking ability made him stand out in the English speech contest. 根据汉语中“正是……才使得他……”可知，该句宜使用强调句型对主语部分his good English listening and speaking ability进行强调。故翻译为It was his good English listening and speaking ability that made him stand out in the English speech contest.
20．听轻音乐对于缓解人们的悲伤情绪很有帮助。
【答案】Listening to light music is very helpful in alleviating/relieving/comforting people’s sad emotions.
【详解】考查非谓语动词和固定短语。“听轻音乐”译为动词短语listen to light music，在句中作主语，应用动名词形式，“对做某事有帮助”使用固定短语be helpful in doing sth，“缓解”使用动词alleviate/relieve/comfort，“人们的悲伤情绪”译为短语people’s sad emotions，句子是描述一个事实，应用一般现在时，主语是动名词短语，表示单数意义，故翻译为：Listening to light music is very helpful in alleviating/relieving/comforting people’s sad emotions.
05.语法选择
1.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which 1 (name) by the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. 2 (celebrate) the festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society 3 (address) the opening ceremony. “As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea 4 the largest tea-producing country, China has a 5 (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. It can help to build a community with 6 shared future for mankind,” he said.
The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued at the ceremony calls 7 people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation and 8 (culture) exchanges. A four-year tea promotion-Tea Road Cooperative Plan-was also issued in accordance with the initiative.
To strengthen the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, 9 (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was 10 (official) unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony opening its first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth-A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.
【答案】
1．was named 2．To celebrate 3．addressed 4．and 5．responsibility 6．a 7．for 8．cultural 9．inviting 10．officially
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为了庆祝第一个国际茶日，中国商会博物馆所举办的一系列活动。
1．考查时态和语态。句意：今年5月21日是首个国际茶日，该节日由联合国于2019年11月27日发起。根据时间状语on November 27th, 2019可知，用一般过去时。定语从句先行词
为the first International Tea Day，第三人称单数，在定语从句中作主语，与name“命名”之间为被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was named。
2．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了庆祝这个节日，周四在北京的中国商人博物馆举行了一系列活动。本句谓语为took place，此处为非谓语动词，用celebrate“庆祝”的不定式，作目的状语。故填To celebrate。
3．考查时态。句意：中国文化促进会主席在开幕式上致辞。根据语境可知事情发生在过去，故时态用一般过去时，用address“演说，致辞”的过去式。故填addressed。
4．考查连词。句意：作为国际茶叶日的主要推动者，作为茶叶的发源地和最大的产茶国，中国有责任与世界各国一道，促进茶叶产业的健康发展。the birthplace of tea和the largest tea-producing country为并列关系，用连词and连接。故填and。
5．考查名词。句意：作为国际茶叶日的主要推动者，作为茶叶的发源地和最大的产茶国，中国有责任与世界各国一道，促进茶叶产业的健康发展。根据空前的不定冠词a可知，其后接可数名词responsibility“责任”的单数形式，作has的宾语。故填responsibility。
6．考查冠词。句意：它可以帮助建立一个伴随着人类的一个共同的未来的共同体。此处泛指“一个共同的未来”，且shared以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。故填a。
7．考查介词。句意：仪式上发布的“首届国际茶日茶路合作倡议”呼吁茶行业人士团结起来，促进国际合作和文化交流。结合句意和空前的calls可知，本空用介词for，call for“呼吁”为固定短语。故填for。
8．考查形容词。句意：仪式上发布的“首届国际茶日茶路合作倡议”呼吁茶行业人士团结起来，促进国际合作和文化交流。本空用形容词cultural“文化的”，作定语，修饰exchanges。故填cultural。
9．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了加强与年轻人的联系，活动包括在社交媒体上的一系列公共宣传活动，邀请了来自世界各地的29名茶叶专业人士进行36小时不间断的直播。分析句式结构可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语the event与invite“邀请”之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填inviting。
10．考查副词。句意：在开幕式上，中国古茶博物馆正式揭牌，开启了它的第一个展览：大道遗真——普洱茶专题展。修饰动词，用副词形式officially“正式地”，作状语。故填officially。
2.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Double Seventh Festival or Qixi, 11 (wide) known as the Chinese Valentine’s Day, often falls on August. Falling on the 7th day of the 7th month of the Chinese lunar calendar, it is the only Chinese festival that 12 (think) to be related to love.
It is a day full of romance because there is 13 very famous love story in China about Niulang and Zhinv, a weaving girl 14 is good at doing weaving. Although the Western Valentine’s Day is very popular with people in China for years, Chinese people attach more and more importance 15 Qixi, their own Valentine’s Day. Lovers and couples exchange gifts with each other on that Chinese lovers day, and some youngsters like to participate in 16 (tradition) activities in ancient Chinese costumes.
Qixi, also called Qiqiao Festival in many places by Chinese people, has another meaning for girls, because 17 is time of a year to pray to Goddess Zhinv for ingenuity (心灵手巧).That’s the origin of its another name, Qigiao Festival, literally Ingenuity-Begging Festival. Girls in ancient time joined varieties (各种各样) of 18 (competition) on needlework, while only part of the interesting games remains today, 19 (play) among girls, the same in the hope of 20 (get) all smart and beautiful things.
【答案】
11．widely 12．is thought 13．a 14．who/that 15．to 16．traditional 17．it 18．competitions 19．played 20．getting
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的传统节日——七夕节。
11．考查副词。句意：七夕，也就是众所周知的中国情人节，通常在8月。修饰known应用副词widely，作状语。填widely。
12．考查时态和语态。句意：七夕是中国农历七月初七，是中国唯一一个被认为与爱情有关的节日。此空是定语从句的谓语，先行词是Chinese festival和think之间是被动关系，陈述客观事实用一般现在时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填is thought。
13．考查冠词。句意：这是一个充满浪漫的日子，因为在中国有一个非常著名的关于牛郎和织女的爱情故事，织女是一个擅长编织的女孩。story此处表示泛指“一个非常著名的爱情故事”， very是发音以辅音音素开头的单词故用不定冠词a。故填a。
14．考查定语从句。句意：这是一个充满浪漫的日子，因为在中国有一个非常著名的关于牛郎和织女的爱情故事，织女是一个擅长编织的女孩。定语从句修饰先行词a weaving girl，关系词在从句作主语，指人，故填who/that。
15．考查介词。句意：虽然西方的情人节在中国很受欢迎，但中国人越来越重视七夕，这是他们自己的情人节。固定短语attach importance to表示“重视”可知，此处填介词to。故填to。
16．考查形容词。情人和情侣在这一天互相交换礼物，一些年轻人喜欢穿着中国古代服装参加传统活动。此处修饰名词activities应用形容词traditional，作定语。故填traditional。
17．考查代词。句意：七夕，在许多地方也被中国人称为乞巧节，对女孩来说还有另一层含义，因为这是一年中向织女祈求智慧的时候。此处为句型it is time of a year to do sth.，it作形式主语，空后的不定式才是真正的主语。故填it。
18．考查名词复数。句意：古代的女孩参加各种各样的针线活比赛，而今天只有一部分有趣的游戏保留下来，女孩之间玩，同样的希望得到所有的聪明和美丽的东西。competitions为可数名词，根据前文修饰varieties (各种各样) of可知，此处填名词的复数形式。故填competitions。
19．考查非谓语动词。句意：古代的女孩参加各种各样的针线活比赛，而今天只有一部分女孩玩的有趣的游戏保留下来，同样女孩子们希望得到所有的聪明和美丽的东西。此处句子的主语only part of the interesting games与play之间在逻辑上是被动关系，句子的谓语动词是remains，因此填过去分词played作后置定语。故填played。
20．考查非谓语动词。句意：古代的女孩参加各种各样的针线活比赛，而今天只有一部分女孩玩的有趣的游戏保留下来，同样女孩子们希望得到所有的聪明和美丽的东西。介词后加动名词。故填getting。
3.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Since the pre-Qin period, Chengdu 21 (be) an important cultural town in China. But 22 really sets the city apart, culturally, is its opera. An important aspect of Sichuan Opera is
23 magic of “face changing” where vividly coloured marks are changed within the blink of an eye. In opera gardens and tea houses across the town, audiences who want a glimpse of the local culture love to drink tea while 24 (listen) to Sichuan Opera and watching face changing.
It 25 (believe) that “face changing” has its roots in evolution. Early humans needed survival strategies 26 (avoid) fierce animals and foreign invaders. Often, aggressive facial gestures and non-verbal cues were part of it. The Sichuan Opera is said to bring this range of emo2024年高一英语复习之语法过关练(时态与语态、非谓语动词）(人教版2019)
目 录
01、 时态与语态、非谓语动词知识概况
02、 50道单项选择——时态与语态、非谓语动词基础训练
03、 30道单句语法填空——时态与语态、非谓语动词基础提升
04、 20道中译英句子表达——时态与语态、非谓语动词巩固训练
05、 5篇语法填空
01.时态与语态、非谓语动词知识概况
动词的时态和语态
1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）
名称 构成 用法
一般现在时 do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are ) 1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 I’ll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。 There goes the bell.铃响了。 There comes the bus.汽车来了。 Here she comes.她来了。
一般过去时 did,( 连系动词was/were) 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。
现在进行时 is/am/are doing 1.表示正在进行的动作。 2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 从明天起他要做老师。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。 The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 长江江水滚滚向东流。 The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
过去进行时 was/were doing 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行 They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作 He said she was arriving the next day.
现在完成时 has/have done 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已 完成的动作。 I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往 和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。 He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 —Where is Li Hua －He has gone to the reading-room. —She knows a lot about Shanghai. －She has been there. 4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词）， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态 中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years. 要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用 ①“ago法” He joined the army three years ago. ②“延续法” He has been in the army for three years. ③“since法” It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
过去完成时 had done 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到 另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。 At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的 过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
将来完成时 will/shall have done 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短 语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。 We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
现在完成进行时 has/have been doing 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下 去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
过去完成进行时 had been doing 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。
一般将来时 will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are（about）to do 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况 （详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）
过去将来时 would/should do was/were going to do was/were（about）to do 1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态 He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。 I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告诉我他准备回家。 2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常
He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。
2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较
将来时 用 法 例 句
1 be + doing 进行时表将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe
2 be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.
3 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
4 一般现在时表将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening.
II. 动词的被动语态
常用被动语态 构 成 常用被动语态 构 成
1 一般现在时 am/is/are done 6 过去进行时 was/were being done
2 一般过去时 was/were done 7 现在完成时 have/has been done
3 一般将来时 shall/will be done 8 过去完成时 had been done
4 过去将来时 should/would be done 9 将来完成时 will/would have been done
5 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be done
注 意 事 项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者” 3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 She lent me a bike.被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot.
下面主动形式常表示被动意义 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。 The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.
不可变为被动语态的几种情况 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him. 因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。
含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.
下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
非谓语动词
非谓语动词的语法功能
所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语补足语 定语 状语
V-ing形式 现在分词 △ △ △ △
动名词 △ △ △ △
不定式（to do） △ △ △ △ △ △
过去分词(done) △ △ △ △
注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分
generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……；
to tell you the truth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果
非谓语动词的形式变化
非谓语 形式 构成
时态 语态 复合结构 否定式
主动 被动
不定式 一般式 to do to be done for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 或never
进行式 to have done to have been done
完成式 to be doing /
完成 进行式 to have been doing /
动名词 一般式 doing being done sb.或sb’s doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing 在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式： sb’s not doing sb’s not having done
完成式 having done having been done
现在分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加not
在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。
一、谓语与非谓语的比较
非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you，而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。
例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.
A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand
分析：stood是与sat并列的谓语。
非谓语语法功能的比较
做宾语的非谓语动词比较
情况 常用动词
只接不定式 做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词 做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist
feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
意义相反 stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事）
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意思是，意味着）
can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事
非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别
分 类 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成 I asked to be sent to the countryside. I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.
过去分词 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别
分 类 区 别 例 句
不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢)
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool
现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves
过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态
注意：the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥
注意：谓语和非谓语的判断
在一个简单句中，且没有并列连词的情况下，动词可以多个，但谓语动词只有一个；
一句话只有一个谓语动词，若新增一个动词且同时新增一个连词，则新增的动词为谓语动词，若只新增的动词，不增连词，则新增动词是非谓语动词。
例句
Last Christmas I gave you my heart. 谓语
This year to save me from tears, I’ll give it to someone special. 非谓语
I keep my distance, but you still catch my eye. 谓语
Well it has been a year and it doesn’t surprise me.谓语
I sent it with a note saying “I love you”. 非谓语
如果句子需要谓语，要考虑时态、语态，并注意主谓一致；
如果句子已有谓语动词，但填的词与已有谓语动词之间有连词时，则填空词仍为谓语动词。
02.时态与语态、非谓语动词基础训练
一、单项选择
1．It was the second time that she ______ London.
A．visited B．has visited C．had been visited D．had visited
2．We ______ our holiday at the seaside this time next year.
A．take B．will take C．would take D．will be taking
3．The children ________ with water guns in the backyard at 10 o’clock when it gets hot outside tomorrow.
A．will be playing B．has played C．are playing D．would play
4．To my disappointment, the cake ________ by my little brother before I even got home from work.
A．was eating B．had eaten C．was being eaten D．had been eaten
5．By the end of the year of 2023, I _______ the top ten best-sellers of the English novels.
A．was reading B．read C．had read D．have read
6．It is reported that many a new school ________ at present in Shenzhen, Guandong Province.
A．was being built B．were being built C．is being built D．are being built
7．______ many times, but he still couldn’t remember the Chinese meaning of this word.
A．Having been taught B．Although he had been taught
C．He had been taught D．He has been teaching
8．All the assignments ______ online by last week, enabling students to receive timely feedback from the teachers.
A．had submitted B．had been submitted
C．have submitted D．have been submitted
9．Scientists ______ the ocean currents since last month to better understand their influence on climate patterns.
A．were studying B．had been studying
C．are studying D．have been studying
10．There has been a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years, ______ largely by rising global temperatures, according to a new report from the United Nations.
A．causing B．caused C．having caused D．having been caused
11．With dinner ________, my mother went on to water her vegetables.
A．had prepared B．prepared C．preparing D．to prepare
12．Paul has always regretted ________ harder at school when he was young.
A．not having studied B．to not have studied
C．not being studied D．to not study
13．The artist ______ in painting completely, losing track of time as she poured her emotions onto her work.
A．was absorbed B．has absorbed C．absorbed D．absorbs
14．Having a balanced diet ______ a crucial role in promoting good health and preventing diseases.
A．play B．plays C．is played D．have played
15．The house ________ by the workers when it started to rain.
A．was being painted B．was been painting
C．has been painting D．will be painting
16．________by a shark was what used to happen in those days.
A．kill B．killing C．killed D．being killed
17．Shortly afterwards, I noticed to my satisfaction that their work ________.
A．was been improved B．has been improving
C．had been improved D．will be improved
18．________the very high rents charged, some parents consider buying as a(n)________
A．Faced; solution B．Facing; chance
C．Facing with; option D．Faced with; alternative
19． healthy habits, such as exercising and eating well, can steadily improve your physical and mental well-being.
A．Building B．Having built C．To build D．To have built
20．I ______ my grandmother at three o’clock this afternoon.
A．will visit B．will have visited C．am visiting D．will be visiting
21．The bridge this time yesterday, so we had to take another way.
A．was being repaired B．Repaired
C．was repairing D．was repaired
22．The twins ______ the housework by the time their parents came back home.
A．finish B．finished C．had finished D．having finished
23．As far as I know, they ________ in this city for twenty years.
A．have lived B．lived C．living D．had lived
24．Jim ________ English for five years before he moved to Canada.
A．has learned B．had learned C．was learning D．would learn
25．A series of policies _______ in the years ahead to attract international students to return home.
A．are introduced B．have been introduced
C．were introduced D．will be introduced
26．In China, a man from Jiangsu Province ________ from university at the age of 88, ________him the oldest university graduate in the country.
A．graduated; making B．graduated; to make
C．being graduated; made D．having graduated; made
27．My washing machine ________ this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
A．has been repaired B．is being repaired
C．is repaired D．was repaired
28．Mr. Smith________ about his son when his phone rang.
A．think B．will think C．was thinking D．is thinking
29．As far as I know, the robot that can sweep the floor ________ in the 1980s.
A．is invented B．were invented C．was invented D．has invented
30．We ________ a house in 2003 and we ________ here since then.
A．bought, have lived B．had bought, lived
C．have bought, lived D．bought, lived
31．______ more information about our university, please visit our website.
A．Got B．Getting C．Get D．To get
32．This old castle is said ______ from designs by a famous architect in the 16th century.
A．to build B．to have built C．to be built D．to have been built
33．________ about the journey, I was unsettled for a few days.
A．Worry B．Worrying C．Worried D．To worried
34．______ with Mary is a waste of time because she is so stubborn.
A．Argue B．Argued C．Argument D．Arguing
35．The minute we arrived home, mother set out ______ supper and I set about ______ the clothes.
A．to prepare, to wash B．preparing, washing
C．to prepare, washing D．preparing, to wash
36．This sentence needs ___________ .
A．a improvement B．improve C．improving D．improved
37．I hear that you _____ for Canada next week. Have you got everything ready
A．leave B．have left C．are leaving D．left
38．Surprised by the unexpected gift, she was ________ and couldn’t stop ________.
A．excited; smiled B．exciting; smiling C．excited; smiling D．exciting; smiled
39．—A new airport is reported__________ in the countryside of our hometown.
—Yes, and it has brought great economic benefits to our hometown.
A．to build B．to be built
C．to have built D．to have been built
40．________ in the refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.
A．Kept B．Being kept C．Keeping D．Having kept
41．People of all ages can participate in this kind of exercise ________ classify garbage, which will make their neighbourhood clean and beautiful.
A．helping B．to help C．helped D．having helped
42．During weekends, family members often gather together ________ a meal, visit some parks or watch films.
A．share B．to share C．having shared D．shared
43．______ his task, he went home and found his house ______, so he had to call the nearby police station immediately.
A．Having finished; broken out B．Finishing; broken into
C．Having finished; broken into D．Finished; breaking out
44．Professor White ______ the meeting with partners this time next week.
A．attended B．has attended C．attends D．will be attending
45．With so much homework ________ this weekend, I have no time to go to bookstore with you.
A．done B．to do C．being done D．doing
46．Grandfather and father, ________ at the table, are playing chess.
A．seated B．are seating C．seating D．are seated
47．The issue ________ at this moment yesterday by the company’s managers.
A．was being discussed B．is being discussed
C．had discussed D．was discussing
48．________ in 2016, the Ping An Grand Building, the highest skyscraper until now in Shenzhen, attracts more and more visitors.
A．Having completed B．Being completed
C．Completed D．Completing
49．________ it many times, I still can’t make Tom understand what I said.
A．Explaining B．Having explained
C．To explain D．Having been explained
50． to a top university, as in China, is also what many American students have been dreaming of.
A．Admitted B．Being admitted
C．Having been admitted D．To have been admitted
03. 时态与语态、非谓语动词基础提升
二、单句语法填空
1． (face) such a troublesome woman, he didn’t know what to do, (stand) there with his mouth wide open.
2．The boy knocked at the door, (indicate) that he wanted to come in.
3．I was sleeping when I heard my name (shout).
4．It’s easy for you (attack) when you are in red in front of a bull.
5． (surround) by mountains and forests, the city have an elegant environment.
6．The building (build) now is our classroom building.
7．With everyone’s eyes (focus) on me, I was nervous.
8．With tears of happiness (shine) in their eyes, they embraced with each other.
9．Have you seen the young man (wander) in the rain
10．With so many problems (fill) in his mind, he felt very upset. 11． (determine) to train his daughter in English, he put an ad in the paper saying “Wanted, an English teacher for a ten-year-old girl.”
12． (understand) her good intentions, I eat all the food that is provided by Mom with appreciation.
13． (watch) the spectacular scenery, she couldn’t keep back her tears.
14．He is so shy that he dislikes (praise) in public, especially before his classmates.
15． (know) a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
16． (show) around the Tiananmen Square, we were then taken to visit the Forbidden City.
17．With more natural resources (run) out, the care for the environment is becoming more and more important.
18．Weight training classes, for example, (design) and will be added to our programme soon.
19．By the time we arrived, everyone (receive) medical care.
20．His parents as well as he (be) kind to me.
21．Not only the teacher but also the students (be) against the plan yesterday.
22．However, the visit of a great many fans (disturb) the composer’s peaceful life.
23．The plans (set) in motion when the company president signed the document.
24．The team (start) a campaign to save endangered species before the media answered the call.
25．They (live) in China for two years before they (decide) to move to Canada.
26．With the local tourism booming, the town (gain) popularity in the past years.
27．By the time you come here, you (experience) our traditional Chinese culture.
28．A large quantity of books (contribute) to the children in the countryside since then.
29．What (astonish) me was that she didn’t care about my feelings.
30．If the plan (approve), everything will go smoothly.
04.时态与语态、非谓语动词巩固训练
三、句子翻译
1．我妈妈带我去了花店，在那里我欣赏了各种各样的花草。
2．我们将从爬山开始，一路上享受新鲜空气和令人叹为观止的风景。
3．当这个人苏醒过来时，吃惊地发现自己躺在地上。
.
4．参加这个项目将使你接触中国文化。
5．我呼吁所有学生为创建和谐社会做出贡献。
6．我取得了稳定的进步，这反过来又增强了我的信心。
7．良好的睡眠对于保持健康和幸福感是必不可少的。
8．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
9．每天读书是值得的。
10．我试着劝她改变她的生活方式。
参加志愿者活动能够使我们意识到生命的价值，并且有助于我们从不同视角看待世界。
专家建议，我们应该对着镜子微笑，让自己感到更加快乐和坚强。
他决定查明那天谁最后一个离开公司。
一场汉语演讲比赛将于5月18日在市图书馆举行。
我高兴地得知你被邀请去一位中国朋友家，我写信告诉你一些中国的餐桌礼仪。
这次活动的目的是加强学生保护环境的意识。
上周我们邀请李教授给大家做了一场讲座，从他那里我们对于中国的茶文化获得了更多的知识。
被自然的美景所吸引，这个女孩决定在农场上多待两天。
正是他良好的英语听说能力使他在这次英语演讲比赛中脱颖而出。
听轻音乐对于缓解人们的悲伤情绪很有帮助。
05.语法选择
1.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which 1 (name) by the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. 2 (celebrate) the festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society 3 (address) the opening
ceremony. “As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea 4 the largest tea-producing country, China has a 5 (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. It can help to build a community with 6 shared future for mankind,” he said.
The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued at the ceremony calls 7 people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation and 8 (culture) exchanges. A four-year tea promotion-Tea Road Cooperative Plan-was also issued in accordance with the initiative.
To strengthen the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, 9 (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was 10 (official) unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony opening its first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth-A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.
2.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Double Seventh Festival or Qixi, 11 (wide) known as the Chinese Valentine’s Day, often falls on August. Falling on the 7th day of the 7th month of the Chinese lunar calendar, it is the only Chinese festival that 12 (think) to be related to love.
It is a day full of romance because there is 13 very famous love story in China about Niulang and Zhinv, a weaving girl 14 is good at doing weaving. Although the Western Valentine’s Day is very popular with people in China for years, Chinese people attach more and more importance 15 Qixi, their own Valentine’s Day. Lovers and couples exchange gifts with each other on that Chinese lovers day, and some youngsters like to participate in 16 (tradition) activities in ancient Chinese costumes.
Qixi, also called Qiqiao Festival in many places by Chinese people, has another meaning for girls, because 17 is time of a year to pray to Goddess Zhinv for ingenuity (心灵手巧).That’s the origin of its another name, Qigiao Festival, literally Ingenuity-Begging Festival. Girls in ancient time joined varieties (各种各样) of 18 (competition) on needlework, while only part of the interesting games remains today, 19 (play) among girls, the same in the hope of
20 (get) all smart and beautiful things.
3.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Since the pre-Qin period, Chengdu 21 (be) an important cultural town in China. But 22 really sets the city apart, culturally, is its opera. An important aspect of Sichuan Opera is 23 magic of “face changing” where vividly coloured marks are changed within the blink of an eye. In opera gardens and tea houses across the town, audiences who want a glimpse of the local culture love to drink tea while 24 (listen) to Sichuan Opera and watching face changing.
It 25 (believe) that “face changing” has its roots in evolution. Early humans needed survival strategies 26 (avoid) fierce animals and foreign invaders. Often, aggressive facial gestures and non-verbal cues were part of it. The Sichuan Opera is said to bring this range of emotions on stage.
Once the performance starts, the actor keeps pulling down one mask after another in swift 27 (movement) to convey different emotions. 28 (astonishing) , no matter how close one is to the stage and stare 29 the actor, they just can’t tell how the masks change.
In fact, the different kinds of characters and personalities that Sichuan Opera brings alive can be found among common people. This is why 30 (it) emotions will continue to resonate with people for a long time.
4.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A paper-cutting exhibition centered ok China’s dragon culture began at the Beijing Fengshang Art Museum on Monday. It 31 (co-host) by the Institute of Natural and Cultural Heritage Research at Nanjing University, the China National Culture Foundation, the bureau of culture and tourism in Beijing’s Dongcheng District and the Beijing Dongcheng District Culture Center to celebrate the approaching Year of the Dragon, 32 (present) exquisite(精美的) works from 100 folk artists nationwide.
Chen Jing, deputy director of the Institute of Natural and Cultural Heritage Research at Nanjing University, stated, “The dragon, 33 represents wisdom, courage, strength, prosperity, and auspicious ness(吉祥), serves as the 34 (symbol) representation of the Chinese
nation.”
After nearly a year of 35 (prepare) the organizers have collaborated with paper-cutting inheritors of intangible cultural heritage and folk artists from across the nation to produce hundreds of artworks 36 (center) around the theme of dragon culture.
A thoughtfully selected collection of 200 exquisite pieces, 37 (main) depicting dragons in different forms and styles, is now 38 display at the opening exhibition in Beijing. Subsequently, the exhibition will embark on a tour, 39 (visit) locations such as Shenzhen, Guangdong province, and Linfen, Shanxi province.
This offers a unique opportunity for a broader audience 40 (appreciate) the diverse and fascinating representations of dragons in this artistic collection.
5.
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
During China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing 41 arranged the residential areas according to social classes. The term “hutong”, 42 (original) meaning “water well” in Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, 43 (surround) in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social classes 44 (permit) to live closer to the center of the circles. The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often 45 (feature) beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars (柱子). The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by 46 (space) homes and walled gardens. Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and 47 (simple) in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower.
Hutongs represent an important cultural element of the city of Beijing. Thanks to Beijing’s long history 48 capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic 49 (event). In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect 50 culture of grassroots Beijingers.
