必修1 Welcome Unit
Part 1 单元语法讲义
一、五大基本句型
简单句就是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。简单句有五种基本句式,其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来。
简单句型一:S+V (主+谓)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S V (不及物动词)
1.Time flies.
2.The moon rose.
3.She sings beautifully.
4.They talked for half an hour.
5.He walked yesterday.
[特别注意]
主语可有修饰语——定语,谓语可有修饰语——状语。
The red sun rises in the east.红色的太阳从东方升起。
简单句型二:S+V+O (主+谓+宾)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。
S V (及物动词) O (宾语)
1.Who knows the answer?
2.She laughs at her.
3.They ate some apples.
4.Danny likes swimming.
5.I want to have a cup of tea.
易混点 1 :只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有:
suggest, advise, stop, resist, enjoy, imagine,finish, admit, excuse, delay, practise, consider, keep, mind, understand, avoid, miss, risk ,succeed in, be busy,be worth, be used to, give up, look
forward to
易混点 2 :带 to do 做宾语的动词有:
offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help,prepare,decide, determine,refuse, dare,manage,wish, hope, want, expect, fail,pretend,choose, seem,agree, etc.
简单句型三:S+V+IO+DO (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。
S V (及物) IO (多指人) DO (多指物)
1.She passed him a new dress.
2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3.I showed him my pictures.
4.I told him how to run the machine.
5.He showed me the bus over there.
此句型中常见的谓语动词:give buy bring tell send leave pass write take show get teach pay hand 等。
可借助to的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等;
可借助for的:buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save等。
He brings me cookies every day.
2. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
3. Grandma told us an interesting story last night.
4. Pass me the book,please
5. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
简单句型四:S+V+O+C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
S V (及物) O (宾语) C (宾补)
1.We keep the table clean.
2.What makes him sad?
3.We saw him out.
4.He asked me to come back soon.
5.I saw them getting on the bus.
注意:用 it 做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式。即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如:find/think/consider it +宾补+to do..
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
Both sides consider it desirable to further the understanding between the two peoples.
简单句型五:S+V+P (主+系+表)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。
S LinkingV (系动词) P (表语)
1.This is an English dictionary.
2.The dinner smells good.
3.He fell happy.
4.The book is interesting.
5.The weather became warmer.
[知识拓展] 6类系动词
(1)状态系动词,用来表示主语状态,只有be (am, is, are, was, were)一词。
(2)持续系动词,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。
(3)表象系动词,用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look。
(4)感官系动词,主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。
(5)变化系动词,表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come。
(6)终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out。
二、八大句子成分
英语句子由多个部分构成,各部分在句子中起着不同的作用,这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
主要句子成分:主语(subject)---s; 谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分:宾语(object)---o; 定语(attribute)---attr; 状语(adverbial)---adv;
补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p; 同位语(Appositive)等。
1 主语
概念和位置:句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,通常位于句首。
充当:通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
语序:正常:主语+谓语; 全部倒装:谓语+主语; 部分倒装:情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)
What benefits most to their study is reading English books. (主语从句)(2022 全国乙卷满分作文 )
The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. (名词)(2022年新高考I卷阅读)
...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.(代词+倒装)(2022年新高考I卷读后续写)
Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. (动名词短语)(2022新课标全国II卷七选五)
It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)(2022年乙卷书面表达)
2 谓语
概念和位置: 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当,由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
一般位于主语之后。
充当:一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当,谓语有时态与语态的变化,同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约,如果主语是单数形式,谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (实义动词)(2022 全国甲卷 ) 复合谓语:
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems.(情态动词+实义动词)(2022 全国乙卷 )
(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)(2022年新高考I卷)
3 宾语
概念:表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容,或用于介词后构成介词短语;有的动词后可以跟两个宾语,其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语,把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。
位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。
充当:通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...”(名词)(2022年新高考I卷)
I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. (代词it作形式宾语,if引导真正的宾语从句)
(2022年新高考I卷)
...,drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. (动名词短语)(2022 全国乙卷 )
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. (宾语从句)(2022年新高考I卷)
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.(数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)
4 表语
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份,与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置:位于系动词之后。
充当:通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。
Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance. (介词短语)(2022 全国乙卷 )
Food became easier to chew at this point. (形容词)(2022年新高考I卷)
I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning....(方位副词)(2022年新高考I卷)
Needless to say, they were deeply moved.(分词)(2020年新课标I )
The machine is out of order.(不定式)
His hobby(爱好)is playing football.(动名词)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)
5 定语
概念:修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语;
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前,但是在修饰any-,some-,no, every-等构成的单词,如something 等时,应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
充当:定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。
Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
(名词,非谓语, 形容词)(2022 全国乙卷 )
Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
(定语从句)(2022 新高考全国卷II )
Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK.
(介词短语作后置定语)(2020全国甲卷 )
To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.
(代词,介词)(2022 全国乙卷 )
With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(非谓语,代词,非谓语分词作定语)(2022 全国乙卷 )
6 状语
概念:修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后,若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后,放于实义动词之前。
充当:通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
Additionally from time to time I will assign group work to be completed ..(副词)(2022年新高考I卷)
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.(从句)(2021年新高考I卷)
7 补语
概念和位置:有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明,补语有两种,分别是主语补足语、宾语补足语,用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。
充当:常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语的语法。
Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.(形容词做宾补)(2022 高考全国甲卷)
2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.(名词短语作宾补)(2020浙江卷 )
3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.
(过去分词短语作宾补)(2019江苏卷 )
8 同位语
概念和位置:对句子中某一名词(词组)做进一步解释、说明,与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。
充当:同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
...we humans are.(2021 年新高考全国I 卷)
2. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (名词)(2022 年高考全国乙卷)
My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
Part 2 高考英语读后续写题型分析及方法指导
Part1读后续写考情分析
"读后续写"是高考英语中新增加的一种写作题型,从2016年开始应用于高考综合改革试点省份的高考中、并且将随着高考综合改革试点的推广在全国范围内使用。在将来,越来越多的学生将会在高考英语中遇到读后续写这种题型。在开始学习如何进行读后续写之前,让我们先来了解一下读后续写这类写作题型的具体要求。
要求考生在理解一篇不完整文章的基础上,充分调动想象创新思维,大胆预测文章缺失部分的内容走势,进行充满个性色彩的设计,并用英语进行续写表达。所提供短文词数在350左右,划线词语涉及到名词(词组)、动词(词组)、介词(词组)和形容词等,其中,以名词(词组)为主,在续写中至少要使用5个关键词语,需要注意:在使用关键词语时根据时态和语态的需要,可以改变动词的形式,可以改变名词的单复数,但不要改变关键词语在原文中的含义和词性;多以记叙文故事类文章或者夹叙夹议类文章为主,故事情节有曲折、有起伏,但故事线索的逻辑性比较强。
1.创造性:即发挥想象力,该题型具有一定的开放性,考生需用自己的语言对故事情节进行内容创造;
2.逻辑性:即根据已提供的关键信息,按照可能的合理的方向续写,使文章逻辑结构完整;
3.丰富性:即语言能力的充分体现,词汇句法的准确与复杂程度,细节描写的生动性等都将让故事更加立体饱满。
1.读后续写题型解读
到目前为止,已经有许多省份在高考英语中开始了对读后续写的考查。下面我们以2017年6月浙江省高考
真题为例,一起来分析一下读后续写的考查重点。
阅读下面的短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。
On a bright, warm July afternoon, Mac Hollan, a primary school teacher, was cycling from his home to Alaska with his friends. One of his friends had stopped to make a bicycle repair, but they had encouraged Mac to carry on, and they would catch up with him soon. As Mac pedaled (骑行) along alone, he thought fondly of his wife and two young daughters at home. He hoped to show them this beautiful place someday.
Then Mac heard quick and loud breathing behind him. “Man, that’s a big dog!” he thought. But when he looked to the side, he saw instantly that it wasn’t a dog at all, but a wolf, quickly catching up with him.
Mac’s heart jumped. He found out his can of bear spray. With one hand on the bars, he fired the spray at the wolf. A bright red cloud enveloped the animal, and to Mac’s relief, it fell back, shaking its head. But a minute later, it was by his side again. Then it attacked the back of Mac’s bike, tearing open his tent bag. He fired at the wolf a second time, and again, it fell back only to quickly restart the chase (追赶).
Mac was pedaling hard now. He waved and yelled at passing cars but was careful not to slow down. He saw a steep uphill climb before him. He knew that once he hit the hill, he’d be easy caught up and the wolf’s teeth would be tearing into his flesh.
At this moment, Paul and Becky were driving their car on their way to Alaska. They didn’t think much of it when they saw two cyclists repairing their bike on the side of the road. A bit later, they spotted what they, too, assumed was a dog running alongside a man on a bike. As they got closer, they realized that the dog was a wolf. Mac heard a large vehicle behind him. He pulled in front of it as the wolf was catching up fast, just a dozen yards away now.
注意:
1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右;
2. 应使用5个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语;
3. 续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好;
4. 续写完成后,请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph1:
The car abruptly stopped in front of him.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph2:
A few minutes later,the other two cyclists arrived.
__________________________________________________________________________________
从2017年浙江省高考真题中我们可以发现,读后续写的考试形式与教育部考试中心颁布的《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》(高考综合改革试验省份试用)中的描述相同,提供了一段350词以内的语言材料(体裁多以记叙文为主),故事没有结束但是留有线索,让考生得以缘写文章。题目要求考生根据已经给出的故事信息,结合已经写好的两个开头语,应用材料中5个以上标有下划线的关键词语,完成一篇约150词的作文(150词不包括已给出的两段的开头语)。
读后续写不是让考生毫无依据地编故事,而是要求考生在读懂原文的基础上,找到原文给出的线索,然后用丰富、准确的语言完成一篇与原文紧密结合的读后续写作文。总体来说,
2.读后续写写作特点
在进行读后续写时有以下几点需要考生注意∶
①重在描述
读后续写的重点在于情节描述。描述过程中应加入更多的具体动作和情感描写,用具体动作代模地名表达。同学们往往比较擅长写"结论性"语言,例如"Shefeltreallynervousand…"样的句子虽然在语法上没有错误,但是且按用形容词来表达会导致续写只呈现抽象的结论,而没有"画面械"、不会给读者留下深刻的印象。所以,同"们在进行读后续写时,一定要注重描述,讲究生动和画面感。本书第二章中为大家提供了一些用来描述情绪和动作的高频词(短语),希望大家能学以致用。
②关注语言
在高考英语写作中,考生所采用的句型结构在一定程度上会影响阅卷老师对考生写作水平的判断。考生尤其应该避免句型单一化、如通篇使用定语从句,因为这样会让阅卷老师觉得考生对各种句型掌握得不够充分。考生在进行读后续写时应该有意识地多使用不同的句型结构和语法点,比如非谓语、形容词作状语、虚拟语气等。本书第三章中对这些相关语法点进行了讲解。
③注意衔接
由于阅卷老师的阅卷时间十分有限,所以考生一定要在作文中使用清晰的逻辑衔接词,这样可以帮助老师快速抓住文章结构,促使老师更好地理解文章主旨,同时也可以显示出考生写作时严谨的逻辑。在读后续写当中,时间线索串联最为重要,例如uponone'sarrival、then、however、besides、while等衔接词,能够为文章提供明确的时间线索,很好地承接上下文,同学们在日常学习中应该多多积累。
④正向结局
从情节上来看,历年真题多以户外经历为主。考生需要注意设计的结局应是正向的化险为夷。例如,浙江
省2016年11月的高考读后续写真题中讲述了简和丈夫野营时因吵架而走散迷路的故事,这个故事的结局应设计为简最终获救了;2017年6月的高考读后续写真题中讲述了马克和朋友骑车去阿拉斯加,朋友由于车坏而停下修车,马克单独前行却在途中遇到狼的故事,这个故事的结局应是马克最终成功脱险;2017年11月的高考读后续写真题中讲述了作者一家四口去祖父母家乡自驾旅游,作者的母亲很健忘,但结局应是由于母亲的健忘,途中发生了有趣的事情;2018年6月的高考读后续写真题中讲述了作者和父亲去西部荒原度假时骑马游玩、却在途中迷路的故事,结局应是作者和父亲平安找到了路。同学们在写作时一定要抓住文中线索,把握好故事发展方向。
对于读后续写这样的写作题型,同学们平时一定要多积累好词好句,进行大量的句子翻译练习,并且找到合适的写作步骤,这样才能在考场上有限的时间内完成一篇高分作文。
3.读后续写写作流程
为了让大家更好地理解,我们还是以2017年6月浙江省高考真题为例,梳理一下读后续写的写作步骤∶
①通读故事,梳理已知情节
材料中讲述了马克和朋友骑车去阿拉斯加,朋友由于车坏而停下修车,马克单独前行但是却在途中遇到狼的故事。
②对续写情节的大致走向作出判断
以正向结局为原则,本文的结局应设计为马克最终成功脱险。
③根据题目已知开头语确定文章类型
题目中给出的第一段开头是"这辆车突然停到他面前",明显属于故事描述。接下来考生必然需要描述车停在马克面前,马克如何上车脱险。第二段的开头是"几分钟后,另外两个自行车骑手到了",接下来可以写马克与朋友分享这次经历,并继续这次旅行,所以也可以处理成故事描写。
④梳理续写思路,选取下划线词汇及语法结构
第一段续写思路可以为;这辆车突然停到他面前(开头语);保罗打开车门让马克上车;马克扔下自行车,冲上汽车;狼终于离开。
第二段续写思路可以为∶几分钟后,另外两个自行车骑手到了(开头语);他们看到马克的自行车,听他讲述了这次经历;休息后,马克感谢了帮助他的人,与朋友们继续上路;一路上马克十分想念他的妻子和孩子,他想尽快跟他们分享这次旅程的经历。
范文欣赏
Paragraph 1:
The car abruptly stopped in front of him. Mac jumped off his bicycle and rushed to the door of the car. But before
Mac could open the door, the wolf had caught up and jumped to attack. Luckily, the magic spray saved Mac a third time. Seeing the wolf back off, Paul quickly unlocked the door, and the frightened man climbed into the car in no time, shutting the door behind him heavily. Becky looked out of the back window and saw the wolf standing over Mac’s bicycle as if it were a kill. Soon after, the animal ran off.
Paragraph 2:
A few minutes later, the other two cyclists arrived. Mac got out of the car and hugged his friends. “It was really a nightmare and I thought I was going to die,” said Mac in a shaky voice, tears gathering in his eyes. For him, life could never be more beautiful. After saying goodbye to Paul and Becky with gratitude, the three men continued their trip, agreeing never to separate again.
Part2读后续写评分标准、原则及解读
1.读后续写评分标准(新高考卷:七档)
第七档(22-25分)
———创造了丰富、合理 的内容,富有逻辑性,续写完整,与原文情 境融洽度高:
———使用了多样且恰当的词汇和语法结构,表达流畅,语言错 误很少,且完全不影响理解:
———自然有效地使用了段落间、句间衔接手段,全文结构清晰 ,前后呼应,意义连贯。
第六档(18-21分)
———创造了比较丰富、合理的内容,比较有逻辑性,续写比较完 整,与 原文情境融洽度较高:
———使用了比较多样且恰当的词汇和语法结构,表达比较流畅,有 个 别 错误,但不影响理解:
———比较有效地使用了语句间衔接手段 ,全文结构比较清晰 ,意义比较连贯。
第五档(15-17分)
———创造 了 基 本 合 理 的 内 容 ,有 一 定 的 逻 辑 性,续 写 基 本 完 整 ,与 原 文 情境相关:
———使用了比较恰当的词汇和语法结构,表达方式不够多 样 性,表 达 有 些许错误,但基本不影响理解:
———使用了语句间衔接手段,全文结构比较清晰,意义比较连贯。
第四档(11-14分)
———创造了基本完整的故事内容,但有的情节不够合理或 逻 辑 性 不 强,与原文情境基本相关:
———使用了简单的词汇和语法结构,有部分语言错误和不 恰 当 之 处,个 别部分影响理解:
———尚有语句衔接的意识,全文结构基本清晰,意义基本连贯。
第三档(6-10分)
———内容和逻辑上有一些 重大问题,续 写不够完整,与 原 文 有 一 定 程 度 脱节:
———所用的词汇有限,语法结构单调,错误较多且比较低级,影响理解:
———未能有效地使用语句间衔接手段,全文结构不够清晰,意义欠连贯。
第二档(1-5分)
———内容和 逻 辑 上 有 较 多 重 大 问 题 ,或 有 部 分 内 容 抄 自 原 文 ,续 写 不 完整,与原文情境基本脱节:
———所使用的词汇非常有限,语法结构单调,错误极多,严重影响理解:
———几乎没有使用语句间衔接手段,全文结构不清晰,意义不连贯。
第一档0分
———未作答:所写内容太少或无法看清以致无法评判:所写内 容 全 部 抄 自原文或与题目要求完全不相关。
2.读后续写评分标准(浙江卷:五档)
第五档(21—25)
—与所给短文融洽度高,与所提供各段落开头语衔接合理。
—内容丰富,应用了5个以上短文中标出的关键词语。
—所使用语法结构和词汇丰富、准确,可能有些许错误,但完全不会影响意义表达。
—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所续写短文结构紧凑。
第四档(16—20)
—与所给短文融洽度较高,与所提供各段落开头语衔接较为合理。
—内容比较丰富,应用了5个以上短文中标出的关键词语。
—所使用语法结构和词汇较为丰富、准确,可能有些许错误,但不会影响意义表达。
—比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所续写短文结构紧凑。
第三档(11—15)
—与所给短文关系较为密切,与所提供各段落开头语有一定程度的衔接。
—写出了若干有关内容,应用了4个以上短文中标出的关键词语。
—应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求,虽有一些错误,但不影响意义表达。
—应用简单的语句间连接成分,使全文内容连贯。
第二档(6—10)
—与所给短文有一定的关系,与所提供各段落开头语有一定程度的衔接。
—写出了一些有关内容,应用了3个以上短文中标出的关键词语。
—语法结构单调,词汇项目有限,有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达。
—较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少内容连贯。
第一档(1—5)
—与所提供短文和开头语的衔接较差。
—产出内容太少,很少使用短文中标出的关键词语。
—语法结构单调,词汇项目很有限,有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达。
—缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯。
0
白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。
(1)评分原则
满分25分。 提供一段350词左右的语言材料,要求考生依据该材料内容、所给段落开头语和所标示关键词进行续写(150词左右),将其发展成一篇与给定材料有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文。
1.本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。
2.评分时,先根据所续写短文的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分。
3.词数少于130的,从总分中减去2分。
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6.如书写较差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。
3.读后续写评分标准解读
从官方给出的评分标准来看,读后续写在评分过程中主要受以下四个因素影响,因此,考生要格外重视:
①与题目已给信息的衔接
考生在写作最初的构思过程中,应根据上半段故事情节给出的线索以及题目给出的段首语来构不能看完故事后立刻就开始编后半部分、把自己的故事生搬硬套进两个段落里面,这样会出现衔接不当的问题
②下划线词语的应用 (仅适用浙江卷)
建议把下划线词语按照词性分成名词、形容词和副词/动词三个类别。首先推荐使用名词,因为名词类别中常出现人名或物品名,基本都是故事情节里必须用到的,所以可以先使用名词。另外需要注意的是,根据往年的阅卷反馈来看,名词单复数变化和动词时态变化可计入下划线词;但是词性变化不计人下划线词。
③词汇和语法的应用
读后续写一般为记叙性文章,阅卷时会更加重视考生对词汇和语法的掌握。评分标准里对词汇和语法的要求是∶丰富、准确。词汇的丰富指的是词汇的多样性,比如表达开心不是全文都用happy,而是使用
delighted、pleased等多样的形容词,也可以用smile、lightup等多样的动词(词组)或名词来表达。语法的丰富指的是句型的多样性,全文不都是简单句,也不都是用定语从句堆叠起来的长句子,而是能够灵活地使用三大从句、非谓语、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。除去词汇和语法准确的表达,正确的单词拼写、正确的时态和语态以及正确的句型应用才能让高级词汇和语法发挥出更好的作用。
④故事中的衔接成分
"衔接"这个部分,一直是所有考生最容易出现问题的地方。大部分考生在读后续写写作的初期都会只关注动作,觉得把情节写完就好了。但是只有情节,故事不一定通顺,读起来也会比较像流水账。这时候就需要加入一些衔接词,比如atthismoment,unfortunately等,来充当衔接成分,从而让情节变得更加通顺、层次丰富。
总的来说,考生若想在读后续写中拿到高分,除了简单地把故事写完、还必须要注意运用多样的词汇、句型和语法,使用至少5个下划线词语,并注意与两个段首句的衔接,以及故事情节中的衔接。
Part4 读后续写剧情设计的“七不”
1.不增加人物。
由考纲样题及近5年高考真题中所给的段落首句可知,续写的故事情节发展都是由原文的人物所推进,因此,强行增加人物有可能会偏离情节发展
2. 不增加旁支情节。
题目要求“考生根据所给情节进行续写”,旨在延续原材料的故事情节,并不是要发展新情节。
3.不用过多对话。在续写中展示对话,虽能丰富内容和语言, 增强语篇的连贯性, 但使用过多的对话,会显得篇幅累赘且很难在限定的词数里把整个后续的情节发展补充完整。
4.不用负能量结局。结局设计绝对不能负能量。内容应该积极向上, 能增长知识或传播正能量。如样题的结尾, 我们可以有两种设定:这个年轻人就是银行抢劫者,而Arthur因此成为一个大英雄; 或者Arthur误会了这个年轻人是银行抢劫犯,但最终警察们还是表扬了他见义勇为的行为。
5.不在文末设置悬念。题目要求是“使之构成一篇完整的短文”, 若在文末设置悬念, 就会给人一种还没结束的感觉,这样的故事是不完整的。
6.不偏离原文主题。续写的情节应时刻围绕着短文的主题去推进,如上面的样题, 由续写第二段首句提到的“警察局”可推测, 我们可以围绕勇气及正义的主题去进行续写。
7.不违背逻辑常理。情节和细节的想象要合理,符合生活常识及具有逻辑性。
Part 3 单元语法+读后续写即时检测
一、 指出下列句子的基本类型
主语+谓语 2.主语+谓语+宾语 3.主语+系动词+表语
主语+谓语+双宾语(间宾 +直宾 ) 5.主语+谓语+复合宾语(宾 + 宾补)
1.Plants need water and sun. 主+ 谓+宾
2.The flowers are so fresh and beautiful. 主 + 系 + 表
3.The sun rises in the east. 主 + 谓
4.He gave me some flowers. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾
5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 谓
7.Her mother looks very young. 主 + 系 + 表
8.She teaches us English. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾
9.The children are jumping and laughing happily. 主 + 谓
10.Our teacher asked us to talk about thequestions in pairs. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
11. He often tells me some interesting stories. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾
12.The students must keep their eyes closed. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
二、指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分并总结出该句的基本句型结构。
They have worked for months and even years.
成分:主语 谓语 时间状语
句型结构总结:主语+谓语(不及物动词)
The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work
成分:主语 定语 谓语 表语
句型结构总结:主语+系动词+表语
I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first.
成分: 主语 谓语 宾语 状语
句型结构总结: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语
Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history
成分: 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
句型结构总结: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
Traditional festivals enable us to learn fine Chinese values
成分: 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
句型结构总结: 主语+谓语+复合宾语(宾语+补语)
小结:从以上的练习中可知英语中的句子成分包括:主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾语补语
三、指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。(将划线部分的句子成分写在横线上)
1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now. 宾语
2.Betty planted many trees and flowers on her farm 谓语
3.The boy under the tree is a policeman. 表语
4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week 状语
5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood. 定语
6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife. 状语
7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday. 宾语补足语
8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ring on her birthday. 双宾语
9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor. 谓语(系动词)
10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news. 系表结构
四、读后续写
(2024·浙江·三模)阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
“Anybody have a bandage (绷带) ” a voice echoed down the dorm hallway. That was a common scene frequently happening in our first week at college when we were all experiencing “forgot-this-or-that.” I had forgot to bring snacks for late-night hunger. Some poor girl in the dorm had apparently forgotten bandages. We all felt a little displaced.
Several months before, I sat at my high school graduation party admiring my gifts and battling waves of post-high school emotions. The usual and beloved inspirational books were lying in disorder around my feet, silently announcing the wealth of wisdom they wished to share. A small pile of personal checks lay nearby. Laundry items, desk supplies, sewing things - all well-intentioned and well-received. They would demonstrate their givers’ thoughtfulness over and over during my college career.
But one gift struck me as strange. I frowned when I opened it. A first aid kit Inside it were a small packet of pills, pain-killers, creams, ointments (药膏), an insect sprayer (喷雾), a tape, pads of gauze (纱布)and bandages.
Who would give that as a gift “You’ll need that once you’re at school,” Mom pointed out. “You won’t have to chase down the campus nurse for every cough. ”I shrugged at this thought.
Not long after, in August, I packed my life into a borrowed truck and slipped the first-aid kit in with my luggage. I barely thought about it once I reached campus, busy unpacking, book-buying, scheduling and meeting new friends.
One day, I was peacefully sitting in my room, absorbed in preparing my studies. The quiet atmosphere was suddenly broken by a sharp scream, “Anybody have a bandage Emily got her arm burnt!” The voice echoed through the dormitory hall, instantly throwing residents into a state of confusion and alarm.
注意:
1.续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1:
I remembered my little first-aid kit.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
Years later, I received a party invitation from a young friend who was graduating from high school.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Paragraph 1:
I remembered my little first-aid kit. Grabbing my package in no time, I stormed into the hall where I saw
Emily sitting on the floor, her face contorted in pain, her arm reddened and swollen. Kneeling beside her and gently unwrapping the first-aid kit, I quickly yet carefully cleaned the burned area with the antiseptic cream, applied a gauze pad to the burn, and secured it with a bandage. Emily’s eyes were filled with tears, but she still managed a grateful nod. “Thank you,” she whispered, her voice hoarse. “It’s okay,” I reassured her. Soon, many of the other girls heard of my little kit and paid me a visit for various needs. The little gift I had questioned now led me toward new friendships. As it broke diseases, it also broke the ice, allowing me to meet and befriend many in the dorm.
Paragraph 2:
Years later, I received a party invitation from a young friend who was graduating from high school. Eager as I was to attend her party, I was at a loss what gift to prepare. Then like a bolt out of the blue, memories of my own party rushed back to me, and I smiled at the opportunity presenting itself. As I drove to the pharmacy, I knew exactly what gift I would give her: a first-aid kit. When I arrived at her party with the very gift for her, her eyes widened in surprise at it, exactly as what I did years ago. I smiled and explained the depth and meaning behind my choice. It was not just a first-aid kit but a chance to be a friend. Knowing the whole story, she took it and winked at me, “Yes, it is bandage for bond”.
【导语】本文以人物为线索展开,讲述了作者在大学的第一周,宿舍里有人需要绷带但忘记带,这引发了对开学初期普遍出现的遗忘现象的共鸣。作者回忆起高中毕业时收到一份特别的礼物——一个急救包,里面有各种药品和医疗用品,起初觉得奇怪,但后来在大学生活中意识到这份礼物的实用价值。当宿舍里有人手臂被烧伤需要绷带时,急救包派上了用场,体现了礼物中不显眼的体贴。
【详解】1.段落续写:
①由第一段首句内容“我想起了我的小急救箱。”可知,第一段可描写我打开急救箱迅速的对艾米丽的伤口进行了处理,此后很多人与我成为了朋友。
②由第二段首句内容“多年后,我收到了一个即将高中毕业的年轻朋友的派对邀请。”可知,第二段可描写我去药房买了急救箱作为礼物,并解释了其背后的故事和意义。
2.续写线索:急救箱——处理伤口——感谢——成为朋友——收到邀请——准备礼物——解释
3.词汇激活
行为类
①冲进:stormed/ dashed into/dashed
②打开:unwrapped/ unpacked/unraveled/untie
③清洁:cleaned/ sanitized/wiped/disinfected
情绪类
①感激:gratitude/ thankfulness/appreciation
②惊讶:surprise/ astonishment/amazement
【点睛】[高分句型1]. Grabbing my package in no time, I stormed into the hall where I saw Emily sitting on the floor, her face contorted in pain, her arm reddened and swollen. (运用了现在分词作状语和where引导的定语从句)
[高分句型2]. When I arrived at her party with the very gift for her, her eyes widened in surprise at it, exactly as what I did years ago. (运用了When引导的时间状语从句和what引导的宾语从句)必修1 Welcome Unit
Part 1 单元语法讲义
一、五大基本句型
简单句就是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。简单句有五种基本句式,其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来。
简单句型一:S+V (主+谓)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S V (不及物动词)
1.Time flies.
2.The moon rose.
3.She sings beautifully.
4.They talked for half an hour.
5.He walked yesterday.
[特别注意]
主语可有修饰语——定语,谓语可有修饰语——状语。
The red sun rises in the east.红色的太阳从东方升起。
简单句型二:S+V+O (主+谓+宾)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。
S V (及物动词) O (宾语)
1.Who knows the answer?
2.She laughs at her.
3.They ate some apples.
4.Danny likes swimming.
5.I want to have a cup of tea.
易混点 1 :只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有:
suggest, advise, stop, resist, enjoy, imagine,finish, admit, excuse, delay, practise, consider, keep, mind, understand, avoid, miss, risk ,succeed in, be busy,be worth, be used to, give up, look
forward to
易混点 2 :带 to do 做宾语的动词有:
offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help,prepare,decide, determine,refuse, dare,manage,wish, hope, want, expect, fail,pretend,choose, seem,agree, etc.
简单句型三:S+V+IO+DO (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。
S V (及物) IO (多指人) DO (多指物)
1.She passed him a new dress.
2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3.I showed him my pictures.
4.I told him how to run the machine.
5.He showed me the bus over there.
此句型中常见的谓语动词:give buy bring tell send leave pass write take show get teach pay hand 等。
可借助to的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等;
可借助for的:buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save等。
He brings me cookies every day.
2. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
3. Grandma told us an interesting story last night.
4. Pass me the book,please
5. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
简单句型四:S+V+O+C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
S V (及物) O (宾语) C (宾补)
1.We keep the table clean.
2.What makes him sad?
3.We saw him out.
4.He asked me to come back soon.
5.I saw them getting on the bus.
注意:用 it 做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式。即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如:find/think/consider it +宾补+to do..
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
Both sides consider it desirable to further the understanding between the two peoples.
简单句型五:S+V+P (主+系+表)
释义:此句型的句子有一个共同特点,句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。
S LinkingV (系动词) P (表语)
1.This is an English dictionary.
2.The dinner smells good.
3.He fell happy.
4.The book is interesting.
5.The weather became warmer.
[知识拓展] 6类系动词
(1)状态系动词,用来表示主语状态,只有be (am, is, are, was, were)一词。
(2)持续系动词,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。
(3)表象系动词,用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look。
(4)感官系动词,主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。
(5)变化系动词,表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come。
(6)终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out。
二、八大句子成分
英语句子由多个部分构成,各部分在句子中起着不同的作用,这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
主要句子成分:主语(subject)---s; 谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分:宾语(object)---o; 定语(attribute)---attr; 状语(adverbial)---adv;
补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p; 同位语(Appositive)等。
1 主语
概念和位置:句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,通常位于句首。
充当:通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
语序:正常:主语+谓语; 全部倒装:谓语+主语; 部分倒装:情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)
What benefits most to their study is reading English books. (主语从句)(2022 全国乙卷满分作文 )
The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. (名词)(2022年新高考I卷阅读)
...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.(代词+倒装)(2022年新高考I卷读后续写)
Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. (动名词短语)(2022新课标全国II卷七选五)
It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)(2022年乙卷书面表达)
2 谓语
概念和位置: 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当,由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
一般位于主语之后。
充当:一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当,谓语有时态与语态的变化,同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约,如果主语是单数形式,谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (实义动词)(2022 全国甲卷 ) 复合谓语:
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems.(情态动词+实义动词)(2022 全国乙卷 )
(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)(2022年新高考I卷)
3 宾语
概念:表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容,或用于介词后构成介词短语;有的动词后可以跟两个宾语,其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语,把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。
位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。
充当:通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...”(名词)(2022年新高考I卷)
I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. (代词it作形式宾语,if引导真正的宾语从句)
(2022年新高考I卷)
...,drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. (动名词短语)(2022 全国乙卷 )
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. (宾语从句)(2022年新高考I卷)
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.(数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)
4 表语
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份,与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置:位于系动词之后。
充当:通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。
Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance. (介词短语)(2022 全国乙卷 )
Food became easier to chew at this point. (形容词)(2022年新高考I卷)
I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning....(方位副词)(2022年新高考I卷)
Needless to say, they were deeply moved.(分词)(2020年新课标I )
The machine is out of order.(不定式)
His hobby(爱好)is playing football.(动名词)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)
5 定语
概念:修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语;
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前,但是在修饰any-,some-,no, every-等构成的单词,如something 等时,应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
充当:定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。
Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
(名词,非谓语, 形容词)(2022 全国乙卷 )
Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
(定语从句)(2022 新高考全国卷II )
Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK.
(介词短语作后置定语)(2020全国甲卷 )
To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.
(代词,介词)(2022 全国乙卷 )
With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(非谓语,代词,非谓语分词作定语)(2022 全国乙卷 )
6 状语
概念:修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后,若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后,放于实义动词之前。
充当:通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
Additionally from time to time I will assign group work to be completed ..(副词)(2022年新高考I卷)
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.(从句)(2021年新高考I卷)
7 补语
概念和位置:有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明,补语有两种,分别是主语补足语、宾语补足语,用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。
充当:常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语的语法。
Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.(形容词做宾补)(2022 高考全国甲卷)
2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.(名词短语作宾补)(2020浙江卷 )
3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.
(过去分词短语作宾补)(2019江苏卷 )
8 同位语
概念和位置:对句子中某一名词(词组)做进一步解释、说明,与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。
充当:同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
...we humans are.(2021 年新高考全国I 卷)
2. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (名词)(2022 年高考全国乙卷)
My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
Part 2 高考英语读后续写题型分析及方法指导
Part1读后续写考情分析
"读后续写"是高考英语中新增加的一种写作题型,从2016年开始应用于高考综合改革试点省份的高考中、并且将随着高考综合改革试点的推广在全国范围内使用。在将来,越来越多的学生将会在高考英语中遇到读后续写这种题型。在开始学习如何进行读后续写之前,让我们先来了解一下读后续写这类写作题型的具体要求。
要求考生在理解一篇不完整文章的基础上,充分调动想象创新思维,大胆预测文章缺失部分的内容走势,进行充满个性色彩的设计,并用英语进行续写表达。所提供短文词数在350左右,划线词语涉及到名词(词组)、动词(词组)、介词(词组)和形容词等,其中,以名词(词组)为主,在续写中至少要使用5个关键词语,需要注意:在使用关键词语时根据时态和语态的需要,可以改变动词的形式,可以改变名词的单复数,但不要改变关键词语在原文中的含义和词性;多以记叙文故事类文章或者夹叙夹议类文章为主,故事情节有曲折、有起伏,但故事线索的逻辑性比较强。
1.创造性:即发挥想象力,该题型具有一定的开放性,考生需用自己的语言对故事情节进行内容创造;
2.逻辑性:即根据已提供的关键信息,按照可能的合理的方向续写,使文章逻辑结构完整;
3.丰富性:即语言能力的充分体现,词汇句法的准确与复杂程度,细节描写的生动性等都将让故事更加立体饱满。
1.读后续写题型解读
到目前为止,已经有许多省份在高考英语中开始了对读后续写的考查。下面我们以2017年6月浙江省高考
真题为例,一起来分析一下读后续写的考查重点。
阅读下面的短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。
On a bright, warm July afternoon, Mac Hollan, a primary school teacher, was cycling from his home to Alaska with his friends. One of his friends had stopped to make a bicycle repair, but they had encouraged Mac to carry on, and they would catch up with him soon. As Mac pedaled (骑行) along alone, he thought fondly of his wife and two young daughters at home. He hoped to show them this beautiful place someday.
Then Mac heard quick and loud breathing behind him. “Man, that’s a big dog!” he thought. But when he looked to the side, he saw instantly that it wasn’t a dog at all, but a wolf, quickly catching up with him.
Mac’s heart jumped. He found out his can of bear spray. With one hand on the bars, he fired the spray at the wolf. A bright red cloud enveloped the animal, and to Mac’s relief, it fell back, shaking its head. But a minute later, it was by his side again. Then it attacked the back of Mac’s bike, tearing open his tent bag. He fired at the wolf a second time, and again, it fell back only to quickly restart the chase (追赶).
Mac was pedaling hard now. He waved and yelled at passing cars but was careful not to slow down. He saw a steep uphill climb before him. He knew that once he hit the hill, he’d be easy caught up and the wolf’s teeth would be tearing into his flesh.
At this moment, Paul and Becky were driving their car on their way to Alaska. They didn’t think much of it when they saw two cyclists repairing their bike on the side of the road. A bit later, they spotted what they, too, assumed was a dog running alongside a man on a bike. As they got closer, they realized that the dog was a wolf. Mac heard a large vehicle behind him. He pulled in front of it as the wolf was catching up fast, just a dozen yards away now.
注意:
1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右;
2. 应使用5个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语;
3. 续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好;
4. 续写完成后,请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph1:
The car abruptly stopped in front of him.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph2:
A few minutes later,the other two cyclists arrived.
__________________________________________________________________________________
从2017年浙江省高考真题中我们可以发现,读后续写的考试形式与教育部考试中心颁布的《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》(高考综合改革试验省份试用)中的描述相同,提供了一段350词以内的语言材料(体裁多以记叙文为主),故事没有结束但是留有线索,让考生得以缘写文章。题目要求考生根据已经给出的故事信息,结合已经写好的两个开头语,应用材料中5个以上标有下划线的关键词语,完成一篇约150词的作文(150词不包括已给出的两段的开头语)。
读后续写不是让考生毫无依据地编故事,而是要求考生在读懂原文的基础上,找到原文给出的线索,然后用丰富、准确的语言完成一篇与原文紧密结合的读后续写作文。总体来说,
2.读后续写写作特点
在进行读后续写时有以下几点需要考生注意∶
①重在描述
读后续写的重点在于情节描述。描述过程中应加入更多的具体动作和情感描写,用具体动作代模地名表达。同学们往往比较擅长写"结论性"语言,例如"Shefeltreallynervousand…"样的句子虽然在语法上没有错误,但是且按用形容词来表达会导致续写只呈现抽象的结论,而没有"画面械"、不会给读者留下深刻的印象。所以,同"们在进行读后续写时,一定要注重描述,讲究生动和画面感。本书第二章中为大家提供了一些用来描述情绪和动作的高频词(短语),希望大家能学以致用。
②关注语言
在高考英语写作中,考生所采用的句型结构在一定程度上会影响阅卷老师对考生写作水平的判断。考生尤其应该避免句型单一化、如通篇使用定语从句,因为这样会让阅卷老师觉得考生对各种句型掌握得不够充分。考生在进行读后续写时应该有意识地多使用不同的句型结构和语法点,比如非谓语、形容词作状语、虚拟语气等。本书第三章中对这些相关语法点进行了讲解。
③注意衔接
由于阅卷老师的阅卷时间十分有限,所以考生一定要在作文中使用清晰的逻辑衔接词,这样可以帮助老师快速抓住文章结构,促使老师更好地理解文章主旨,同时也可以显示出考生写作时严谨的逻辑。在读后续写当中,时间线索串联最为重要,例如uponone'sarrival、then、however、besides、while等衔接词,能够为文章提供明确的时间线索,很好地承接上下文,同学们在日常学习中应该多多积累。
④正向结局
从情节上来看,历年真题多以户外经历为主。考生需要注意设计的结局应是正向的化险为夷。例如,浙江
省2016年11月的高考读后续写真题中讲述了简和丈夫野营时因吵架而走散迷路的故事,这个故事的结局应设计为简最终获救了;2017年6月的高考读后续写真题中讲述了马克和朋友骑车去阿拉斯加,朋友由于车坏而停下修车,马克单独前行却在途中遇到狼的故事,这个故事的结局应是马克最终成功脱险;2017年11月的高考读后续写真题中讲述了作者一家四口去祖父母家乡自驾旅游,作者的母亲很健忘,但结局应是由于母亲的健忘,途中发生了有趣的事情;2018年6月的高考读后续写真题中讲述了作者和父亲去西部荒原度假时骑马游玩、却在途中迷路的故事,结局应是作者和父亲平安找到了路。同学们在写作时一定要抓住文中线索,把握好故事发展方向。
对于读后续写这样的写作题型,同学们平时一定要多积累好词好句,进行大量的句子翻译练习,并且找到合适的写作步骤,这样才能在考场上有限的时间内完成一篇高分作文。
3.读后续写写作流程
为了让大家更好地理解,我们还是以2017年6月浙江省高考真题为例,梳理一下读后续写的写作步骤∶
①通读故事,梳理已知情节
材料中讲述了马克和朋友骑车去阿拉斯加,朋友由于车坏而停下修车,马克单独前行但是却在途中遇到狼的故事。
②对续写情节的大致走向作出判断
以正向结局为原则,本文的结局应设计为马克最终成功脱险。
③根据题目已知开头语确定文章类型
题目中给出的第一段开头是"这辆车突然停到他面前",明显属于故事描述。接下来考生必然需要描述车停在马克面前,马克如何上车脱险。第二段的开头是"几分钟后,另外两个自行车骑手到了",接下来可以写马克与朋友分享这次经历,并继续这次旅行,所以也可以处理成故事描写。
④梳理续写思路,选取下划线词汇及语法结构
第一段续写思路可以为;这辆车突然停到他面前(开头语);保罗打开车门让马克上车;马克扔下自行车,冲上汽车;狼终于离开。
第二段续写思路可以为∶几分钟后,另外两个自行车骑手到了(开头语);他们看到马克的自行车,听他讲述了这次经历;休息后,马克感谢了帮助他的人,与朋友们继续上路;一路上马克十分想念他的妻子和孩子,他想尽快跟他们分享这次旅程的经历。
范文欣赏
Paragraph 1:
The car abruptly stopped in front of him. Mac jumped off his bicycle and rushed to the door of the car. But before
Mac could open the door, the wolf had caught up and jumped to attack. Luckily, the magic spray saved Mac a third time. Seeing the wolf back off, Paul quickly unlocked the door, and the frightened man climbed into the car in no time, shutting the door behind him heavily. Becky looked out of the back window and saw the wolf standing over Mac’s bicycle as if it were a kill. Soon after, the animal ran off.
Paragraph 2:
A few minutes later, the other two cyclists arrived. Mac got out of the car and hugged his friends. “It was really a nightmare and I thought I was going to die,” said Mac in a shaky voice, tears gathering in his eyes. For him, life could never be more beautiful. After saying goodbye to Paul and Becky with gratitude, the three men continued their trip, agreeing never to separate again.
Part2读后续写评分标准、原则及解读
1.读后续写评分标准(新高考卷:七档)
第七档(22-25分)
———创造了丰富、合理 的内容,富有逻辑性,续写完整,与原文情 境融洽度高:
———使用了多样且恰当的词汇和语法结构,表达流畅,语言错 误很少,且完全不影响理解:
———自然有效地使用了段落间、句间衔接手段,全文结构清晰 ,前后呼应,意义连贯。
第六档(18-21分)
———创造了比较丰富、合理的内容,比较有逻辑性,续写比较完 整,与 原文情境融洽度较高:
———使用了比较多样且恰当的词汇和语法结构,表达比较流畅,有 个 别 错误,但不影响理解:
———比较有效地使用了语句间衔接手段 ,全文结构比较清晰 ,意义比较连贯。
第五档(15-17分)
———创造 了 基 本 合 理 的 内 容 ,有 一 定 的 逻 辑 性,续 写 基 本 完 整 ,与 原 文 情境相关:
———使用了比较恰当的词汇和语法结构,表达方式不够多 样 性,表 达 有 些许错误,但基本不影响理解:
———使用了语句间衔接手段,全文结构比较清晰,意义比较连贯。
第四档(11-14分)
———创造了基本完整的故事内容,但有的情节不够合理或 逻 辑 性 不 强,与原文情境基本相关:
———使用了简单的词汇和语法结构,有部分语言错误和不 恰 当 之 处,个 别部分影响理解:
———尚有语句衔接的意识,全文结构基本清晰,意义基本连贯。
第三档(6-10分)
———内容和逻辑上有一些 重大问题,续 写不够完整,与 原 文 有 一 定 程 度 脱节:
———所用的词汇有限,语法结构单调,错误较多且比较低级,影响理解:
———未能有效地使用语句间衔接手段,全文结构不够清晰,意义欠连贯。
第二档(1-5分)
———内容和 逻 辑 上 有 较 多 重 大 问 题 ,或 有 部 分 内 容 抄 自 原 文 ,续 写 不 完整,与原文情境基本脱节:
———所使用的词汇非常有限,语法结构单调,错误极多,严重影响理解:
———几乎没有使用语句间衔接手段,全文结构不清晰,意义不连贯。
第一档0分
———未作答:所写内容太少或无法看清以致无法评判:所写内 容 全 部 抄 自原文或与题目要求完全不相关。
2.读后续写评分标准(浙江卷:五档)
第五档(21—25)
—与所给短文融洽度高,与所提供各段落开头语衔接合理。
—内容丰富,应用了5个以上短文中标出的关键词语。
—所使用语法结构和词汇丰富、准确,可能有些许错误,但完全不会影响意义表达。
—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所续写短文结构紧凑。
第四档(16—20)
—与所给短文融洽度较高,与所提供各段落开头语衔接较为合理。
—内容比较丰富,应用了5个以上短文中标出的关键词语。
—所使用语法结构和词汇较为丰富、准确,可能有些许错误,但不会影响意义表达。
—比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所续写短文结构紧凑。
第三档(11—15)
—与所给短文关系较为密切,与所提供各段落开头语有一定程度的衔接。
—写出了若干有关内容,应用了4个以上短文中标出的关键词语。
—应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求,虽有一些错误,但不影响意义表达。
—应用简单的语句间连接成分,使全文内容连贯。
第二档(6—10)
—与所给短文有一定的关系,与所提供各段落开头语有一定程度的衔接。
—写出了一些有关内容,应用了3个以上短文中标出的关键词语。
—语法结构单调,词汇项目有限,有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达。
—较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少内容连贯。
第一档(1—5)
—与所提供短文和开头语的衔接较差。
—产出内容太少,很少使用短文中标出的关键词语。
—语法结构单调,词汇项目很有限,有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达。
—缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯。
0
白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。
(1)评分原则
满分25分。 提供一段350词左右的语言材料,要求考生依据该材料内容、所给段落开头语和所标示关键词进行续写(150词左右),将其发展成一篇与给定材料有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文。
1.本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。
2.评分时,先根据所续写短文的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分。
3.词数少于130的,从总分中减去2分。
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6.如书写较差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。
3.读后续写评分标准解读
从官方给出的评分标准来看,读后续写在评分过程中主要受以下四个因素影响,因此,考生要格外重视:
①与题目已给信息的衔接
考生在写作最初的构思过程中,应根据上半段故事情节给出的线索以及题目给出的段首语来构不能看完故事后立刻就开始编后半部分、把自己的故事生搬硬套进两个段落里面,这样会出现衔接不当的问题
②下划线词语的应用 (仅适用浙江卷)
建议把下划线词语按照词性分成名词、形容词和副词/动词三个类别。首先推荐使用名词,因为名词类别中常出现人名或物品名,基本都是故事情节里必须用到的,所以可以先使用名词。另外需要注意的是,根据往年的阅卷反馈来看,名词单复数变化和动词时态变化可计入下划线词;但是词性变化不计人下划线词。
③词汇和语法的应用
读后续写一般为记叙性文章,阅卷时会更加重视考生对词汇和语法的掌握。评分标准里对词汇和语法的要求是∶丰富、准确。词汇的丰富指的是词汇的多样性,比如表达开心不是全文都用happy,而是使用
delighted、pleased等多样的形容词,也可以用smile、lightup等多样的动词(词组)或名词来表达。语法的丰富指的是句型的多样性,全文不都是简单句,也不都是用定语从句堆叠起来的长句子,而是能够灵活地使用三大从句、非谓语、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。除去词汇和语法准确的表达,正确的单词拼写、正确的时态和语态以及正确的句型应用才能让高级词汇和语法发挥出更好的作用。
④故事中的衔接成分
"衔接"这个部分,一直是所有考生最容易出现问题的地方。大部分考生在读后续写写作的初期都会只关注动作,觉得把情节写完就好了。但是只有情节,故事不一定通顺,读起来也会比较像流水账。这时候就需要加入一些衔接词,比如atthismoment,unfortunately等,来充当衔接成分,从而让情节变得更加通顺、层次丰富。
总的来说,考生若想在读后续写中拿到高分,除了简单地把故事写完、还必须要注意运用多样的词汇、句型和语法,使用至少5个下划线词语,并注意与两个段首句的衔接,以及故事情节中的衔接。
Part4 读后续写剧情设计的“七不”
1.不增加人物。
由考纲样题及近5年高考真题中所给的段落首句可知,续写的故事情节发展都是由原文的人物所推进,因此,强行增加人物有可能会偏离情节发展
2. 不增加旁支情节。
题目要求“考生根据所给情节进行续写”,旨在延续原材料的故事情节,并不是要发展新情节。
3.不用过多对话。在续写中展示对话,虽能丰富内容和语言, 增强语篇的连贯性, 但使用过多的对话,会显得篇幅累赘且很难在限定的词数里把整个后续的情节发展补充完整。
4.不用负能量结局。结局设计绝对不能负能量。内容应该积极向上, 能增长知识或传播正能量。如样题的结尾, 我们可以有两种设定:这个年轻人就是银行抢劫者,而Arthur因此成为一个大英雄; 或者Arthur误会了这个年轻人是银行抢劫犯,但最终警察们还是表扬了他见义勇为的行为。
5.不在文末设置悬念。题目要求是“使之构成一篇完整的短文”, 若在文末设置悬念, 就会给人一种还没结束的感觉,这样的故事是不完整的。
6.不偏离原文主题。续写的情节应时刻围绕着短文的主题去推进,如上面的样题, 由续写第二段首句提到的“警察局”可推测, 我们可以围绕勇气及正义的主题去进行续写。
7.不违背逻辑常理。情节和细节的想象要合理,符合生活常识及具有逻辑性。
Part 3 单元语法+读后续写即时检测
一、 指出下列句子的基本类型
主语+谓语 2.主语+谓语+宾语 3.主语+系动词+表语
主语+谓语+双宾语(间宾 +直宾 ) 5.主语+谓语+复合宾语(宾 + 宾补)
1.Plants need water and sun.
2.The flowers are so fresh and beautiful.
3.The sun rises in the east.
4.He gave me some flowers.
5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy.
6.Many animals live in trees.
7.Her mother looks very young.
8.She teaches us English.
9.The children are jumping and laughing happily.
10.Our teacher asked us to talk about thequestions in pairs.
11. He often tells me some interesting stories.
12.The students must keep their eyes closed.
二、指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分并总结出该句的基本句型结构。
They have worked for months and even years.
成分:
句型结构总结:
The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work
成分:
句型结构总结:
I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first.
成分:
句型结构总结:
Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history
成分:
句型结构总结:
Traditional festivals enable us to learn fine Chinese values
成分:
句型结构总结:
小结:从以上的练习中可知英语中的句子成分包括:
三、指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。(将划线部分的句子成分写在横线上)
1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now.
2.Betty planted many trees and flowers on her farm
3.The boy under the tree is a policeman.
4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week
5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood.
6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife.
7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday.
8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ring on her birthday.
9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor.
10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news.
四、读后续写
(2024·浙江·三模)阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
“Anybody have a bandage (绷带) ” a voice echoed down the dorm hallway. That was a common scene frequently happening in our first week at college when we were all experiencing “forgot-this-or-that.” I had forgot to bring snacks for late-night hunger. Some poor girl in the dorm had apparently forgotten bandages. We all felt a little displaced.
Several months before, I sat at my high school graduation party admiring my gifts and battling waves of post-high school emotions. The usual and beloved inspirational books were lying in disorder around my feet, silently announcing the wealth of wisdom they wished to share. A small pile of personal checks lay nearby. Laundry items, desk supplies, sewing things - all well-intentioned and well-received. They would demonstrate their givers’ thoughtfulness over and over during my college career.
But one gift struck me as strange. I frowned when I opened it. A first aid kit Inside it were a small packet of pills, pain-killers, creams, ointments (药膏), an insect sprayer (喷雾), a tape, pads of gauze (纱布)and bandages.
Who would give that as a gift “You’ll need that once you’re at school,” Mom pointed out. “You won’t have to chase down the campus nurse for every cough. ”I shrugged at this thought.
Not long after, in August, I packed my life into a borrowed truck and slipped the first-aid kit in with my luggage. I barely thought about it once I reached campus, busy unpacking, book-buying, scheduling and meeting new friends.
One day, I was peacefully sitting in my room, absorbed in preparing my studies. The quiet atmosphere was suddenly broken by a sharp scream, “Anybody have a bandage Emily got her arm burnt!” The voice echoed through the dormitory hall, instantly throwing residents into a state of confusion and alarm.
注意:
1.续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1:
I remembered my little first-aid kit.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
Years later, I received a party invitation from a young friend who was graduating from high school.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________