2024-2025学年新高一暑假初升高衔接英语（ 人教版（2019） 必修第一册 动词的时态和语态讲义）
一般现在时
①表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day. 我通常每天晚上做作业。
②少数表示位置移动的动词，如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start，begin，open，close，end，stop，depart等，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
My flight takes off at 5：00 am.
我的航班早上五点起飞。
③在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed. 即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
一般过去时
①表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，just now, the other day，two weeks ago等时间状语连用。
He arrived at school at 9∶00 am yesterday.
他昨天上午九点到学校。
②根据上下文或主从句提示。
I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.
我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
现在进行时
①表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。与现在进行时相对应的时间状语有：now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等。
I don’t really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我真的不在这里工作，只是在帮忙，直到新秘书来。
②某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
She is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
她明天将动身去北京。
③与always, often, forever, constantly, continually等连用时，表示赞赏或厌恶等感彩，而非强调动作正在进行。
He is always helping others.
他总是帮助其他人。
过去进行时
①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间需用时间状语表示)。与过去进行时相对应的时间状语有：then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 昨天一整天他都在准备他的讲座。
②表示过去计划或安排在将来会发生的动作(只限于plan, come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。
He said (that) she was arriving the next day. 他说她第二天会到达。
(3)将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作。常与at 8：00 am tomorrow, in the next two months等时间状语连用。
I’ll be doing some housework tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我将要干些家务活。
现在完成进行时
①表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成，也可能继续进行下去。常与these days，recently，lately，in the past/last few＋时间
段； since＋时间点； for＋时间段等连用。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。
②表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently. 最近我们常常见面。
一般将来时
①“will/shall＋动词原形”表示现在看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话人临时作出的决定。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下月卸任。
②“be going to＋动词原形”表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事；表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，推测某事即将发生。
Look at the cloud. It’s going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
③“be about to＋动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体时间的状语连用，但可以与when连用。
The English Evening is about to start.
英语晚会即将开始。
④“be to＋动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock. 你要10点前交上论文。
过去将来时
表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She was sure she would succeed.
她确信她会成功。
现在完成时
①表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时刚刚完成的动作。常与recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years...等连用。
—I’m sorry，but I don’t quite follow you.Did you say you wanted to return on September 20
—Sorry，I haven’t made myself clear.We want to return on October 20.
——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。
②表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”“since...”表述的时间状语连用。
They have worked here since they left college. 自从大学毕业他们就在这儿工作了。
过去完成时
①表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。
When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.
当杰克到达时，玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。
②在“hardly/scarcely...when...”“no sooner...than...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，且常用部分倒装，从句用一般过去时，意为“一……就……”。
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.
我们刚落座，公共汽车就开动了。
③在by, by the end of, by the time, until, before等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20，000 cars.
到去年年底，我们已经生产了20 000辆汽车。
④表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示，即“hoped/planned...＋to have done”。
I had planned to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 我本来打算寄给他一张圣诞卡片的，但我忘了寄了。
【即时演练】 单句语法填空
1.(2022·吉林长春二模)A couple of days ago, he announced (announce) that he wanted to be removed from next year’s Michelin Guide, saying that he wanted to give a new meaning to his life.
2.(2022·河南焦作四模)Also, the general number of sea animals has__decreased (decrease) by about half since 1970.
3.(2022·四川攀枝花二模)Take, for example, the unnamed commuter, who in June 2018 fell (fall) off a station platform onto an electric railway track in Toronto, Canada.
4.(2022·安徽淮南一模)The Terracotta Army figures’ excavation (发掘) is regarded as one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century. They had__lain (lie) underground for more than 2，000 years before farmers digging a well in 1974 uncovered what is now considered one of the greatest archaeological sites in the world.
5.(2022·福建厦门外国语期末)Sailing ships when setting sail would__have (have) a sealed box containing money on board for good luck. If the voyage succeeds, the box was given to a priest, opened at Christmas and the contents then given to the poor.
动词的语态
1.各种时态中被动语态的构成
时态 被动语态的构成
一般现在时 am/is/are done
一般过去时 was/were done
一般将来时 shall/will be done
现在进行时 am/is/are being done
过去进行时 was/were being done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had been done
2.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者
Attention，please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8：00 a. m. tomorrow.Everyone is expected to attend on time.
请注意！明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者
The woman was taken to hospital.
那位女士被送进了医院。
(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰。
The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.
想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。
【名师指津】
①动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
The plan will be given up.
这项计划就要被放弃了。
Bad habits have been done away with.
坏习惯已经改掉了。
②含情态动词的被动语态形式是：情态动词＋be＋过去分词
He must be prevented from going.
必须阻止他去。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
这项计划应该尽早执行。
③“get＋过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周治疗一次。
He fell off the car and got killed.
他从汽车上掉下来，摔死了。
【即时演练】 单句语法填空
1.(2022·江西五市八校模拟)Construction of the bridge started in 2019. Its total cost will come to some 10 billion RMB. It is__expected(expect) to be completed by the end of this year.
2.(2022·安徽宣城二模)Owing to the vast areas and large population of China, diverse dialects can be__found (find) in this great land, such as the Wu dialect in Shanghai, Hakka and Cantonese.
3.(2022·四川绵阳三诊)I was__told (tell) that the 92－year－old mum of a friend had a tin of tomato soup snatched from her hand at a supermarket in Ryde earlier this week.
4.(2022·安徽蚌埠三模)To help solve difficulties facing those seniors, the Beijing city government will carry out 52 specific measures this year. An additional 37 measures will__be__taken (take) in 2022.
5.(2022·安徽池州一模)Since then, this kind of clothing has__been__regarded(regard) as Chinese Tang suit and has enjoyed a great popularity in China and abroad.
主谓一致3原则
1.语法一致原则
(1)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌一天之后，听音乐使我感到很放松。
【名师指津】 what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he says and does does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
What he says and does do not agree.
他的言行不一致。
(2)主语后跟with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than等连接的短语时，谓语动词的数要与连接词前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited. 老师和学生们都非常激动。
【名师指津】
①and, both...and...连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. 那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
②定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
My friend showed me around the town，which was very attractive. 我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇，这个小镇非常迷人。
③“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使由and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母亲不得不经历同样的痛苦过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加周日举行的聚会。
(3)“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
患病的人被治愈，同时失踪的人也被找到了。
(4)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词或短语通常作为一个整体看待，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Two thousand miles is a long distance.
两千英里是一段很长的距离。
2.意义一致原则
(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
The whole class were told to stay behind after school. 全班的学生被告知放学后留下。
(2)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动
词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books were written by him. 这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
3.就近一致原则
(1)由or, either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等连接的名词(短语)或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你同学中的一位要去参加明天召开的会议。
(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
【即时演练】 单句语法填空
1.(2022·安徽安庆二模)The team also said the new model processes about 10 billion times as fast as the 53－qubit quantum computer developed by Google and that the breakthrough is__(be) the result of 20 years of effort, which has overcome several major technological blocks.
2.(2022·安徽池州一模)Adding the western cutting method as well as shoulder pads(肩垫) makes(make) the clothes fit better.
3.(2022·广东汕头一模)Within the sleeper carriage, with little else to do, people talk or play cards, and soon a small community develops (develop) among the passengers.
4.(2022·河北保定一模)China’s Chang’e 5 mission successfully delivered samples (样本) of moon rock and dust to Earth on December 17, 2020. It marks (mark) the first time in over 40 years that moon rocks have been brought back to our planet, since the Soviet Union’s Luna 24 mission in 1976.
5.(2022·唐山二模)In time when our interactions with others and the large amount of information we take in are (be)all too transient (转瞬即逝的), perhaps it is worth making bit more time for reading out loud.
单句语法填空
1．(2018·浙江台州期末考试)We____________(reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years，but cars are still major source of them.
have reduced/have been reducing 解析：由句中的时间状语in recent years可知，应用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
2．(2018·浙江金、丽、衢十二校联考)I just graduated from West Coast University.I____________(receive) job skill training just before that, but I had never worked.
had received 解析：此处根据just before that可知，我在之前受过职业技能的培训，根据上句中的一般过去时可知，此处应用过去完成时。
3．(2018·浙江金华十校模拟)Doctors and scientists ____________(learn) a great deal about sleep in the last thirty years.
have learned 解析：根据in the last thirty years可知，本句应用现在完成时。
4．(2018·合肥第一次检测)It’s fun for amateurs to try, but to become good at it, not only years of practice but also natural talent ____________(need)．
is needed 解析：考查主谓一致和被动语态。“not only...but also...”作主语，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则，故此处谓语动词应用单数。natural talent与动词need之间是动宾关系，故用is needed。
5．(2018·郑州质量预测)A group of people paraded(游行) through the village, two of them dressed as a lion, going into every home to perform a song for good fortune.I ____________(attract) by this and followed the group, taking photos to share with my family.
was attracted 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。该句主语I和动词attract之间为被动关系，故用被动语态；该句叙述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
6．(2018·贵州普通高等学校招生适应性考试)There are many different taboos(禁忌) around the world.A taboo is a social action that is not ____________(allow)．
allowed 解析：考查被动语态。该句是一个复合句，在that引导的定语从句中关系词that代指a social action，和动词allow之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。
7．(2018·河北七所名校联考)The market，which ____________(call) Train Night Market Ratchada in English, was opened in January 2015 and has become a popular spot for locals and tourists.
is called 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。定语从句说的是现在的客观事实，应该用一般现在时；which(指代The market)与call之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态。
8．(2018·浙江嘉兴基础测试)By that time，she __________(accept) by Yale University and
Harvard University in the U．S.
had been accepted 解析：根据by that time可知，此处用过去完成时，she与accept之间为被动关系，故填had been accepted。
9．(2018·福建五校统考)According to a recent survey, violence did exist in schools. Students showed their fear and parents and teachers also ____________(express) their great concern about it.
expressed 解析：考查时态。and前后并列时态一致，根据句中showed可知，该句叙述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。
10．(2018·江西南昌一模)At a young age，he__________(move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona.
moved 解析：根据时间状语at a young age可知，此处表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
单句改错
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!
____________________
came→comes 解析：主句为一般将来时，时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来，故用comes。
2．(2016·四川卷短文改错)Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mother’s Day. We get up early in the morning. ____________________
get→got 解析：根据上句中的planned可知，事情发生在过去，故应用一般过去时。
3．(2018·湖北武昌区高三调研)Finally, I work harder than ever and made great progress in my math.
____________________
work→worked 解析：由后面的made可知，此处讲述的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时。
4．(2018·西安九校联考)Today, at the local convenience store where I work, an elderly man with a guide dog come in. ____________________
come→came 解析：考查动词的时态。这里叙述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。
5．(2018·安徽师大附中高三阶段性测试)This morning，I got an email from the library. It said the book I reserved was ready to be picking up. ____________________
picking→picked 解析：考查动词语态。根据语境可知，pick up和句子逻辑主语book构成动宾关系，故用被动语态。
6．(2018·安徽百所重点高中模拟)It’s not the people you came across in your daily life who will stand by you in time of need. ____________________
came→come 解析：根据本句主要时态为一般现在时以及此处描述通常的情况可知，此处应用一般现在时。
7．(2018·山东省部分重点中学第一次调研)Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran bought a real bed.It was the first time that he have become the proud owner of a bed.
____________________
have→had 解析：It was the first time that sb.had done sth.为固定句型。
8．(2018·洛阳统一考试)When Dad came home, he noticed my uneasiness and asked me what has happened.
____________________
has→had 解析：考查动词时态。与asked呼应可知，此处应用过去完成时，表示过去的过去。
9．(2018·贵阳监测)Once I went to the market with my mum for a big dinner on Saturday.When we were walking past the stalls，a loud noise was caught my attention.
____________________
删除was 解析：考查动词语态。主语a loud noise与catch之间构成主谓关系，表主动，故删除was。
10．(2018·福建福州十三中期中考试)Today I’ve got wonderful news to tell you.I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance.
____________________
had→have 解析：根据句意可知，指过去的动作对现在造成的结果，应用现在完成时。
语法与写作
1．那是我第一次见到外国人。我感到很兴奋，就走上前去向他说了声“hello”。(the first time, see, foreigner, excited, go up, say “hello” to)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
答案：That was the first time that I had seen a foreigner. Feeling very excited, I went up and said “hello” to him.
2．据报道，这个城市附近将建立一个大的化工厂，许多市民强烈反对。(it is reported that, a large chemical factory, citizens, be opposed to)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
答案：It is reported that a large chemical factory will be built near the city and that many citizens are opposed to it.
3．由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。(owing, flight, delay, couple)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Owing to bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.
4．明天的这个时候我们就会在一起高兴地交谈。我急不可待地想见到你。(talk together happily, can’t wait to)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
答案：We’ll be talking together happily at this time tomorrow and I can’t wait to see you.
5．近来，我一直都在为即将到来的考试做准备，我感到身心疲惫。(prepare for, exhausted, physically and mentally)
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答案：I have been preparing for the coming exams recently, and I feel exhausted physically and mentally.2024-2025学年新高一暑假初升高衔接英语（ 人教版（2019） 必修第一册 动词的时态和语态讲义）
一般现在时
①表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day. 我通常每天晚上做作业。
②少数表示位置移动的动词，如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start，begin，open，close，end，stop，depart等，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
My flight takes off at 5：00 am.
我的航班早上五点起飞。
③在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed. 即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
一般过去时
①表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，just now, the other day，two weeks ago等时间状语连用。
He arrived at school at 9∶00 am yesterday.
他昨天上午九点到学校。
②根据上下文或主从句提示。
I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.
我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
现在进行时
①表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。与现在进行时相对应的时间状语有：now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等。
I don’t really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我真的不在这里工作，只是在帮忙，直到新秘书来。
②某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
She is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
她明天将动身去北京。
③与always, often, forever, constantly, continually等连用时，表示赞赏或厌恶等感彩，而非强调动作正在进行。
He is always helping others.
他总是帮助其他人。
过去进行时
①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间需用时间状语表示)。与过去进行时相对应的时间状语有：then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 昨天一整天他都在准备他的讲座。
②表示过去计划或安排在将来会发生的动作(只限于plan, come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。
He said (that) she was arriving the next day. 他说她第二天会到达。
(3)将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作。常与at 8：00 am tomorrow, in the next two months等时间状语连用。
I’ll be doing some housework tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我将要干些家务活。
现在完成进行时
①表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成，也可能继续进行下去。常与these days，recently，lately，in the past/last few＋时间
段； since＋时间点； for＋时间段等连用。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。
②表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently. 最近我们常常见面。
一般将来时
①“will/shall＋动词原形”表示现在看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话人临时作出的决定。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下月卸任。
②“be going to＋动词原形”表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事；表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，推测某事即将发生。
Look at the cloud. It’s going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
③“be about to＋动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体时间的状语连用，但可以与when连用。
The English Evening is about to start.
英语晚会即将开始。
④“be to＋动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock. 你要10点前交上论文。
过去将来时
表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She was sure she would succeed.
她确信她会成功。
现在完成时
①表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时刚刚完成的动作。常与recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years...等连用。
—I’m sorry，but I don’t quite follow you.Did you say you wanted to return on September 20
—Sorry，I haven’t made myself clear.We want to return on October 20.
——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。
②表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”“since...”表述的时间状语连用。
They have worked here since they left college. 自从大学毕业他们就在这儿工作了。
过去完成时
①表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。
When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.
当杰克到达时，玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。
②在“hardly/scarcely...when...”“no sooner...than...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，且常用部分倒装，从句用一般过去时，意为“一……就……”。
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.
我们刚落座，公共汽车就开动了。
③在by, by the end of, by the time, until, before等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20，000 cars.
到去年年底，我们已经生产了20 000辆汽车。
④表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示，即“hoped/planned...＋to have done”。
I had planned to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 我本来打算寄给他一张圣诞卡片的，但我忘了寄了。
【即时演练】 单句语法填空
1.(2022·吉林长春二模)A couple of days ago, he ___________ (announce) that he wanted to be removed from next year’s Michelin Guide, saying that he wanted to give a new meaning to his life.
2.(2022·河南焦作四模)Also, the general number of sea animals _____________(decrease) by about half since 1970.
3.(2022·四川攀枝花二模)Take, for example, the unnamed commuter, who in June 2018 _______ (fall) off a station platform onto an electric railway track in Toronto, Canada.
4.(2022·安徽淮南一模)The Terracotta Army figures’ excavation (发掘) is regarded as one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century. They _____________ (lie) underground for more than 2，000 years before farmers digging a well in 1974 uncovered what is now considered one of the greatest archaeological sites in the world.
5.(2022·福建厦门外国语期末)Sailing ships when setting sail ______________ (have) a sealed box containing money on board for good luck. If the voyage succeeds, the box was given to a priest, opened at Christmas and the contents then given to the poor.
动词的语态
1.各种时态中被动语态的构成
时态 被动语态的构成
一般现在时 am/is/are done
一般过去时 was/were done
一般将来时 shall/will be done
现在进行时 am/is/are being done
过去进行时 was/were being done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had been done
2.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者
Attention，please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8：00 a. m. tomorrow.Everyone is expected to attend on time.
请注意！明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者
The woman was taken to hospital.
那位女士被送进了医院。
(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰。
The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.
想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。
【名师指津】
①动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
The plan will be given up.
这项计划就要被放弃了。
Bad habits have been done away with.
坏习惯已经改掉了。
②含情态动词的被动语态形式是：情态动词＋be＋过去分词
He must be prevented from going.
必须阻止他去。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
这项计划应该尽早执行。
③“get＋过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周治疗一次。
He fell off the car and got killed.
他从汽车上掉下来，摔死了。
【即时演练】 单句语法填空
1.(2022·江西五市八校模拟)Construction of the bridge started in 2019. Its total cost will come to some 10 billion RMB. It ________________(expect) to be completed by the end of this year.
2.(2022·安徽宣城二模)Owing to the vast areas and large population of China, diverse dialects can ____________ (find) in this great land, such as the Wu dialect in Shanghai, Hakka and Cantonese.
3.(2022·四川绵阳三诊)I _______________ (tell) that the 92－year－old mum of a friend had a tin of tomato soup snatched from her hand at a supermarket in Ryde earlier this week.
4.(2022·安徽蚌埠三模)To help solve difficulties facing those seniors, the Beijing city government will carry out 52 specific measures this year. An additional 37 measures _________________ (take) in 2022.
5.(2022·安徽池州一模)Since then, this kind of clothing _________________________(regard) as Chinese Tang suit and has enjoyed a great popularity in China and abroad.
主谓一致3原则
1.语法一致原则
(1)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌一天之后，听音乐使我感到很放松。
【名师指津】 what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he says and does does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
What he says and does do not agree.
他的言行不一致。
(2)主语后跟with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than等连接的短语时，谓语动词的数要与连接词前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited. 老师和学生们都非常激动。
【名师指津】
①and, both...and...连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. 那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
②定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
My friend showed me around the town，which was very attractive. 我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇，这个小镇非常迷人。
③“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使由and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母亲不得不经历同样的痛苦过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加周日举行的聚会。
(3)“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
患病的人被治愈，同时失踪的人也被找到了。
(4)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词或短语通常作为一个整体看待，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Two thousand miles is a long distance.
两千英里是一段很长的距离。
2.意义一致原则
(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
The whole class were told to stay behind after school. 全班的学生被告知放学后留下。
(2)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of
后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books were written by him. 这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
3.就近一致原则
(1)由or, either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等连接的名词(短语)或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你同学中的一位要去参加明天召开的会议。
(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
【即时演练】 单句语法填空
1.(2022·安徽安庆二模)The team also said the new model processes about 10 billion times as fast as the 53－qubit quantum computer developed by Google and that the breakthrough _____(be) the result of 20 years of effort, which has overcome several major technological blocks.
2.(2022·安徽池州一模)Adding the western cutting method as well as shoulder pads(肩垫) _______(make) the clothes fit better.
3.(2022·广东汕头一模)Within the sleeper carriage, with little else to do, people talk or play cards, and soon a small community _________ (develop) among the passengers.
4.(2022·河北保定一模)China’s Chang’e 5 mission successfully delivered samples (样本) of moon rock and dust to Earth on December 17, 2020. It _______ (mark) the first time in over 40 years that moon rocks have been brought back to our planet, since the Soviet Union’s Luna 24 mission in 1976.
5.(2022·唐山二模)In time when our interactions with others and the large amount of information we take in _____ (be)all too transient (转瞬即逝的), perhaps it is worth making bit more time for reading out loud.
单句语法填空
1．(2018·浙江台州期末考试)We____________(reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years，but cars are still major source of them.
2．(2018·浙江金、丽、衢十二校联考)I just graduated from West Coast University.I____________(receive) job skill training just before that, but I had never worked.
3．(2018·浙江金华十校模拟)Doctors and scientists ____________(learn) a great deal about sleep in the last thirty years.
4．(2018·合肥第一次检测)It’s fun for amateurs to try, but to become good at it, not only years of practice but also natural talent ____________(need)．
5．(2018·郑州质量预测)A group of people paraded(游行) through the village, two of them dressed as a lion, going into every home to perform a song for good fortune.I ____________(attract) by this and followed the group, taking photos to share with my family.
6．(2018·贵州普通高等学校招生适应性考试)There are many different taboos(禁忌) around the world.A taboo is a social action that is not ____________(allow)．
7．(2018·河北七所名校联考)The market，which ____________(call) Train Night Market Ratchada in English, was opened in January 2015 and has become a popular spot for locals and tourists.
8．(2018·浙江嘉兴基础测试)By that time，she __________(accept) by Yale University and Harvard University in the U．S.
9．(2018·福建五校统考)According to a recent survey, violence did exist in schools. Students showed their fear and parents and teachers also ____________(express) their great concern about it.
10．(2018·江西南昌一模)At a young age，he__________(move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona.
单句改错
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!
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2．(2016·四川卷短文改错)Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mother’s Day. We get up early in the morning.
____________________
3．(2018·湖北武昌区高三调研)Finally, I work harder than ever and made great progress in my math.
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4．(2018·西安九校联考)Today, at the local convenience store where I work, an elderly man with a guide dog come in. ____________________
5．(2018·安徽师大附中高三阶段性测试)This morning，I got an email from the library. It said the book I reserved was ready to be picking up. ____________________
6．(2018·安徽百所重点高中模拟)It’s not the people you came across in your daily life who will stand by you in time of need. ____________________
7．(2018·山东省部分重点中学第一次调研)Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran bought a real bed.It was the first time that he have become the proud owner of a bed.
____________________
8．(2018·洛阳统一考试)When Dad came home, he noticed my uneasiness and asked me what has happened.
____________________
9．(2018·贵阳监测)Once I went to the market with my mum for a big dinner on Saturday.When we were walking past the stalls，a loud noise was caught my attention.
____________________
10．(2018·福建福州十三中期中考试)Today I’ve got wonderful news to tell you.I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance.
____________________
语法与写作
1．那是我第一次见到外国人。我感到很兴奋，就走上前去向他说了声“hello”。(the first time, see, foreigner, excited, go up, say “hello” to)
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2．据报道，这个城市附近将建立一个大的化工厂，许多市民强烈反对。(it is reported that, a large chemical factory, citizens, be opposed to)
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3．由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。(owing, flight, delay, couple)
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4．明天的这个时候我们就会在一起高兴地交谈。我急不可待地想见到你。(talk together happily, can’t wait to)
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5．近来，我一直都在为即将到来的考试做准备，我感到身心疲惫。(prepare for, exhausted, physically and mentally)
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