第03讲 非谓语动词
目标 1 非谓语动词的意义和句法功能。
目标 2 非谓语动词解题策略
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
【情境导入】
1．不定式的用法
Xiao Ming wants to become① a basketball star and his dream is to play② basketball in the NBA.But he has so much homework to do③.In order to have④ more time to play③ basketball，Xiao Ming decides to study① hard to get④ a high score.He really hopes that his father will allow him to play⑤ basketball every day.To make his dream come true⑥ is not easy.
[规则感悟] 动词的不定式形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作宾语 ②作表语 ③作定语 ④作状语 ⑤作宾补 ⑥作主语
2．动词-ing形式的用法
Reading① is one of Xiao Meng’s hobbies.Since she was a child，she has been dreaming of becoming② a writer.Last month，she read a book describing③ love between a prince and a sleeping④beauty—a girl whose gift was solving⑤ difficult problems in her dreams.The girl often found herself solving⑥ problems while sleeping⑦ soundly，making⑧ her partners shocked.The book is very interesting⑤.Xiao Meng really enjoys reading② the novel and imagines solving② difficult problems in her own dreams.
[规则感悟] 动词-ing形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作主语 ②作宾语 ③作后置定语 ④作前置定语 ⑤作表语 ⑥作宾补 ⑦⑧作状语
3．过去分词的用法
Praised① by my teacher，I felt pleased②.The reason why I was praised was that I picked up a lost③ cellphone and returned it to the owner.The incident made my parents amazed④.
[规则感悟] 动词的过去分词形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作状语 ②作表语 ③作定语 ④作宾补
考点精讲一 非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 形式 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √
进行式 to be doing ×
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词 一般式 doing being done √ √ × √ √ ×
完成式 having done having been done
分词 现在分词 一般式 doing being done × × √ √ √ √
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 一般式 done(vi.) 表完成 done(vt.)表被动 与完成 × × √ √ √ √
Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。
It’s time I got down to thinking about that essay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。
Asked what had happened，he lowered his head.
问他发生了什么事的时候，他低下了头。
Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
Having been ignored for a long time，the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.
因长时间被忽视，坐在后面的那个男孩感到枯燥就出去了。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。
Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
人们一致认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。
对点练习
1．Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim to have (have) a low impact on the natural environment.(2021·全国乙)
2．After spending (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history! (2021·全国甲)
3．They make great gifts and you see them many times decorated(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
4．According to the study，when faced (face) with the new challenges，fast walkers are more likely to be active while quiet people tend to walk more slowly.
5．Most high school students want to get into famous universities and they spend most of their time reviewing(review) lessons.
考点精讲二 非谓语动词作主语、表语和宾语
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is right to give up smoking.
戒烟是正确的。
注意
在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb to do sth”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind，nice，foolish等词，且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.
他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.
过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
(2)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，一般都放在谓语动词前，有时用it作形式主语。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火会很危险。
注意 下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth
It is no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
It is no good coming before that.
在那之前来没有用。
2．非谓语动词作表语
(1)不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
My dream is to enter Peking University.
我的梦想是考入北京大学。
My job is to clean the rooms every day.
我的工作是每天打扫房间。
(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
(3)现在分词、过去分词也可以作表语，现在分词作表语意为“令人……的”；而过去分词作表语意为“人感到……的”。
It’s well known that a tiger looks very frightening.
众所周知，老虎看起来令人很害怕。
We were moved at the news that he had died for the motherland.
听到他为国捐躯的消息，我们都很感动。
3．非谓语动词作宾语
(1)不定式作宾语
①常跟不定式作宾语的动词：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish，refuse，manage，volunteer，pretend
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer，promise，choose，plan，agree，ask/beg，help
My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.
我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。
We agreed to meet at the school gate.
我们一致同意在校门口见面。
②动词tell，show，understand，know，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。
Please tell me when to start the project.
请告诉我何时开始这个项目。
③在某些动词如find，think，consider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
(2)动名词作宾语
①常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon，admit，delay/put off，fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 avoid，miss，go on/keep on，practise，deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免 forbid，imagine，risk，can’t help，mind，allow/permit，escape
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.
我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。
My mother couldn’t help smiling when she heard the good news.
听到那个好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。
②介词后要跟动名词作宾语，但是介词but后跟不定式作宾语。
In 1993，China used 1.2 billion tons of coal for heating and generating electricity.
1993年，中国烧掉了12亿吨煤用于供热和发电。
After eating in her restaurant people would become tired very quickly.
人们在她的餐馆里吃过饭以后，很快就会感到疲乏。
They had no choice but to wait here.
他们别无选择只有在这儿等待。
③由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于)，feel like (想要)，insist on (坚持)，get down to (开始)，devote...to...(致力于……)，object to (反对)，stick to (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。
With many reference materials in hand，he got down to writing his graduation thesis.
手头有许多参考资料，他开始写毕业论文。
(3)下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
I meant to give you this book today，but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。
Missing this train means waiting for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着得再等一小时。
4．在need，want，require等后表示被动意义，不定式要用被动语态，动名词不需要。
My bike needs to be repaired.＝My bike needs repairing.
我的自行车需要修理。
对点练习
1．It is possible to walk (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.(2021·全国甲)
2．It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated (educate) about the areas.(2021·全国乙)
3．It is widely believed that forming(form) a good habit will benefit us all our lives.
4．When Peter speaks in public，he always has trouble thinking(think) of the right things to say.
5．We paced around to avoid getting(get) frostbite(冻伤) as the temperature stayed close to －30 ℃ and our drill batteries became too cold to work.
6．The experts all agree that the present economic situation is encouraging(encourage).
考点精讲三 非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作；不定式的被动式to be done作定语表示将来、被动的动作。
You are supposed to take this opportunity to realize your dream.
你应该抓住这个机会去实现你的梦想。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He had no pen to write with so he had to borrow one from his neighbour.
他没有钢笔写字，不得不从邻居那儿借了一支。
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last，the only等或中心词被这类词修饰，且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，多用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2．分词作定语
(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成或状态时，用过去分词。
The park was full of people enjoying themselves in the sunshine.
公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)
The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)
(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。
falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)
fallen leaves落叶(表完成)
3．动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick拐杖
a reading room阅览室
a sleeping car卧铺车
对点练习
1．The matter being discussed(discuss) now is so important that it will attract everyone’s attention.
2．Having a large family to support(support)，he took up two part-time jobs in his spare time.
3．Earth Day，marked(mark) on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
4．Actually，it is quite normal for an average person living(live) in a city to see thousands of ads every single day.
考点精讲四 非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。
To pass the college entrance exam，we must work hard.
为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。
The bus stopped in order to/so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
(2)作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构：only to(不料……)、enough to(足够……)、too...to...(太……而不能……)、so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
Tom hurried back only to find that his mother had left.
汤姆匆忙赶回来，结果却发现他的母亲已经离开了。
He is clever enough to work out the difficult maths problem.
他足够聪明，能解决这道数学难题。
I’m too tired to stay up any longer.
我太累了，不能再熬夜了。
(3)作原因状语
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。常用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有sorry，surprised，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，delighted，pleased，foolish等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
我们吃惊地发现，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
注意 还有一类形容词如easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，后面也常用不定式作状语，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The morning air is so good to breathe that he gets up early every day.
早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。
2．分词作状语
分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。
(1)作时间状语相当于when，while，before，since，as引导的时间状语从句。
Translated into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
＝When the sentence was translated into English，it was found to have an entirely different word order.
当这个句子被译成英语时，人们发现它有一个完全不同的语序。
(2)作原因状语相当于because，since，as引导的原因状语从句。
①Not understanding this problem，he asked the teacher about it.
＝Because he didn’t understand this problem，he asked the teacher about it.
因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。
②Defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
＝Because he was defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。
(3)作条件状语相当于if，unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Given another hour，I can also work out this problem.
＝If I’m given another hour，I can also work out the problem.
如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。
(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。
More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。
(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。
One evening Harry phoned me，asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
＝One evening Harry phoned me，and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。
(6)作让步状语相当于though，although，even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
＝Though he was warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
虽然被警告有危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。
注意 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如：lost(迷路的)、seated(坐着的)、hidden(隐瞒的)、lost/absorbed(沉迷于……的)、dressed(穿着……的)、tired(对……感到厌倦的)、excited(兴奋的)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’t notice me enter the room.
专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。
Dressed in red，she looks more beautiful.
穿着红色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。
3．独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
独立成分 含义
generally speaking 一般来说
frankly/honestly speaking 坦白地/老实说
judging from/by... 根据……来判断
considering.../taking...into consideration/account 考虑到……
to tell you the truth 说实话
seeing... 考虑到……
given... 考虑到……
compared to/with... 与……相比
Generally speaking，the rule is very easy to understand.
一般来说，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong.
从口音判断，他是香港人。
To tell you the truth，I am a little tired.
说实话，我有点累。
4．独立主格结构
(1)构成：名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式
(2)特点：
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系；
③它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
Much work to do tonight(＝As there will be much work to do tonight)，we can’t go to see the film.
今晚有很多活要干，我们不能去看电影。
Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们明天将去海滩郊游。
He was lying on the grass，his hands crossed under his head(＝and his hands were crossed under his head)．
他头枕着交叉的双手躺在草地上。
对点练习
1．Later，they learned to work with the seasons，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making (make) use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields.
2．Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments on-board Chang’e-4 to find(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
3．Time permitting (permit)，you can pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzhou.
4．Completed(complete) in 1931，the Empire State Building，the highest skyscraper until 1954，inspired the imagination of the world.
5．I love to go sightseeing worldwide，always absorbed(absorb) in the culture of every country I visit.
6. Seeing(see) the Great Wall wind its way over the mountains，all of us felt really amazed.
考点精讲五 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1．后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词及动词短语
(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
advise建议 allow 允许 ask 询问；要求 beg恳求 cause 导致 encourage 鼓励 permit准许 forbid 禁止 force 强迫 intend打算 invite 邀请 order 命令；要求 persuade说服 prefer 更喜欢 require 需要；要求 teach教 remind 提醒 tell 告诉 want想要 warn 警告 wish 希望；想要 wait for等待 call on 号召；要求 depend on 依靠 urge 催促；力劝
She patiently explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.
她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则并要求每个人都遵守这些规则。
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。
He depends on you to help him with his English.
他指望你帮助他学英语。
(2)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：
sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth
He is said to have been cheated in the street.
据说，他在大街上被骗了。
The accident is reported to have killed two people.据报道，那次事故中有两人丧生。
2．非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补
(1)感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：
see＋宾语＋
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
As I got closer，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，并且呼吸沉重。
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
从非洲医疗服务两年回来后，李医生十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
[注意] “感官动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时需加to。
The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态)
有人看见小偷进了银行。
(2)使役动词make，let，have，get后接复合宾语的情况：
①make＋宾语＋
The teacher made some students stay in the classroom after school.
老师让一些学生放学后待在教室里。
He tried to make himself understood.
他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚。
②let＋宾语＋
Don’t let your child play with matches.
别让你的孩子玩火柴。
Let the work be done immediately.
立刻把工作做完。
③have＋宾语＋
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry.
他让灯着了整晚，这使他父母很生气。
My car broke down on my way to work and I will have it repaired tomorrow.
我的车在上班的路上坏了，明天要找人修一下。
注意 (1)“使役动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时也需加to。
He was made to work day and night，so he was very tired of the job.
他被迫日夜工作，所以他非常厌倦这项工作。
(2)have sb doing sth用于否定句中，常与can’t，won’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
④get＋宾语＋
She got her bike running very fast.
她把自行车骑得飞快。
I’ll get my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。
3．动词leave，keep，find，catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况
(1)leave
(2)keep
(3)find
(4)catch sb doing sth撞见某人正在做某事
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
大部分的菜客人们都没有动，因为它们不可口。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。
The hall was found thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.
人们发现礼堂彻底地被打扫了，一切都布置得井井有条。
I caught him smoking in the bathroom.
我撞见他在浴室里抽烟。
4．“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构
(1)with＋名词/代词＋现在分词，现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行
He lay on the grass with his eyes looking at the sky.
他躺在草地上，眼睛望着天空。
(2)with＋名词/代词＋过去分词，过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成或表状态
With his hair cut，he looked much younger.
理了发，他看起来年轻多了。
(3)with＋名词/代词＋不定式，不定式表示动作尚未发生
With a lot of homework to do，I can’t go skating with you.
因为有很多作业要做，我不能和你一起去滑冰。
对点练习
1．And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds surrounding(surround) the mountain tops，he was reduced to tears.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
2．It’s typical of him to leave the water running(run) while he is brushing his teeth.
3．The median(中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected to increase(increase) to 42 by 2050.
4．At the party，the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself noticed(notice)．
5．The park was full of beauty，with the sun shining and birds singing(sing).
【解题策略】
1．Knowing(know) that you are coming to visit one of your Chinese friends，I’m writing to inform you of some customs you should pay attention to.
2．Being offered(offer) the opportunity to speak at the graduation ceremony made me overjoyed.
3．He was reported to have received(receive) 80,000 yuan for offering a four-Chinese-character answer on a pay-for-knowledge platform.
4．Having been shown(show) around the classrooms，we were taken to see the library.
5．The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake，making(make) us awake all night.
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．The Qinling Mountains have become the easiest place on Earth to encounter(encounter) wild pandas.
2．Despite being two goals behind South Korea in the first half，the Chinese women’s national football team got three in the second half with two goals scored (score) in just five minutes.
3．Getting up early in the morning，putting(put) on warm clothes and waiting in a long line outside a store to buy newly-made yuanxiao is a ceremony for me and ensures I will have another sweet year.
4．Scientists from Madagascar invested up to 12 years in the forest to record(record) songs of the 20 indri groups，and found the presence of rhythms featuring in human songs.
5．In recent years，biang biang noodles and its associated custom have become more widely known across China，driven(drive) in part by social media interest in the made-up “biang” character.
6．By July，it’s estimated that Shennongjia will be linked to a newly built high-speed railway，making (make) the mountainous region more accessible.
7．People can simply download apps that allow them to make(make) free video calls and send messages to other people around the world.
8．She felt very glad as the testing program in the venue，known(know) as the “Ice Ribbon”，was going as smoothly as the athletes skated on the gleaming ice.
9．The powerful and natural springs associated(associate) with Yellowstone’s identity and picture landscape brought Yellowstone its fame.
10．After taking the lesson，I now understand the difficulty of calligraphy and that it will take efforts and commitment to master(master) this art form.
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%，and she plans to continue (continue) the practice.(2022·浙江1月)
2．A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days to Xi’an，as a first step to journey (journey) the Belt and Road route(路线) by foot.(2022·全国甲)
3．Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held (hold) in Beijing，Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.(2022·全国甲)
4．He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，planning (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.(2022·全国甲)
5. To strengthen(strengthen) the connection with young people，the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media，inviting(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.(2022·全国乙)
6. Covering(cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7．Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside.He pushed a chair onto the balcony，and climbed up to see(see) them.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
8．There has been a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years，caused(cause) largely by rising global temperatures，according to a new report from the United Nations.(2021·北京)
9．This may be due to some disadvantages for people living(live) in the countryside，including lower levels of income and education，higher costs of healthy foods，and fewer sports facilities.(2021·浙江1月)
10．China’s National Highway 318，extending(extend) over 5,000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu，Tibet，is known as the “heavenly road” for its amazing views.(2021·天津3月)
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
1． (go) to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”．What is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans 2. (be)．
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb.It will undoubtedly help you get 3. (refresh)! The 4. (amaze) thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature 5. (get)，the hotter the spring! Strange，isn’t it But that’s how nature is—always leaving us 6. (astonish)．
What comes next is the endless series of steps.You can’t help 7. (wonder) how hard it was for the people then 8. (put) all those rocks into place.Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain，still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 9. (ache) legs.
As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in mine.While you’re in China，Mount Huangshan is a must 10. (visit)!
1．答案 Going
解析 考查非谓语动词作主语。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，本空为主语且表示主动的、一般性的动作，故应用动词的-ing形式作主语。
2．答案 are
解析 考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知用一般现在时，且主语we humans是复数，谓语用are。
3．答案 refreshed
解析 考查非谓语动词作表语。get refreshed构成系表结构。
4．答案 amazing
解析 考查非谓语动词作定语。修饰thing表示“令人惊奇的”，故用-ing形式作定语。
5．答案 gets
解析 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句意以及上下文时态可知，此处用一般现在时，且主语the temperature为第三人称单数，故填gets。
6．答案 astonished
解析 考查非谓语动词作宾补。本空在“leave＋复合宾语”结构中作宾补，且根据语境可知，这里指的是使我们“感到惊讶”，故填astonished。
7．答案 wondering
解析 考查非谓语动词作宾语。can’t help doing sth忍不住做某事。
8．答案 to put
解析 考查不定式作主语。此处为 it is/was＋adj.＋for sb＋to do sth的变式，it为形式主语，to do 为真正的主语。
9．答案 aching
解析 考查非谓语动词作定语。本空在句中作定语，ache与中心词legs之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词aching。
10．答案 to visit
解析 考查非谓语动词作定语。此处must用作名词，指“必须要做的一件事”，需用动词不定式作定语。第03讲 非谓语动词
目标 1 非谓语动词的意义和句法功能。
目标 2 非谓语动词解题策略
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
【情境导入】
1．不定式的用法
Xiao Ming wants to become① a basketball star and his dream is to play② basketball in the NBA.But he has so much homework to do③.In order to have④ more time to play③ basketball，Xiao Ming decides to study① hard to get④ a high score.He really hopes that his father will allow him to play⑤ basketball every day.To make his dream come true⑥ is not easy.
[规则感悟] 动词的不定式形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作宾语 ②作表语 ③作定语 ④作状语 ⑤作宾补 ⑥作主语
2．动词-ing形式的用法
Reading① is one of Xiao Meng’s hobbies.Since she was a child，she has been dreaming of becoming② a writer.Last month，she read a book describing③ love between a prince and a sleeping④beauty—a girl whose gift was solving⑤ difficult problems in her dreams.The girl often found herself solving⑥ problems while sleeping⑦ soundly，making⑧ her partners shocked.The book is very interesting⑤.Xiao Meng really enjoys reading② the novel and imagines solving② difficult problems in her own dreams.
[规则感悟] 动词-ing形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作主语 ②作宾语 ③作后置定语 ④作前置定语 ⑤作表语 ⑥作宾补 ⑦⑧作状语
3．过去分词的用法
Praised① by my teacher，I felt pleased②.The reason why I was praised was that I picked up a lost③ cellphone and returned it to the owner.The incident made my parents amazed④.
[规则感悟] 动词的过去分词形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作状语 ②作表语 ③作定语 ④作宾补
考点精讲一 非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 形式 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √
进行式 to be doing ×
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词 一般式 doing being done √ √ × √ √ ×
完成式 having done having been done
分词 现在分词 一般式 doing being done × × √ √ √ √
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 一般式 done(vi.) 表完成 done(vt.)表被动 与完成 × × √ √ √ √
Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。
It’s time I got down to thinking about that essay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。
Asked what had happened，he lowered his head.
问他发生了什么事的时候，他低下了头。
Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
Having been ignored for a long time，the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.
因长时间被忽视，坐在后面的那个男孩感到枯燥就出去了。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。
Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
人们一致认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。
对点练习1．Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim (have) a low impact on the natural environment.(2021·全国乙)
2．After __________ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history! (2021·全国甲)
3．They make great gifts and you see them many times ______________(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
4．According to the study，when _________ (face) with the new challenges，fast walkers are more likely to be active while quiet people tend to walk more slowly.
5．Most high school students want to get into famous universities and they spend most of their time _____________(review) lessons.
考点精讲二 非谓语动词作主语、表语和宾语
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is right to give up smoking.
戒烟是正确的。
注意
在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb to do sth”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind，nice，foolish等词，且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.
他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.
过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
(2)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，一般都放在谓语动词前，有时用it作形式主语。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火会很危险。
注意 下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth
It is no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
It is no good coming before that.
在那之前来没有用。
2．非谓语动词作表语
(1)不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
My dream is to enter Peking University.
我的梦想是考入北京大学。
My job is to clean the rooms every day.
我的工作是每天打扫房间。
(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
(3)现在分词、过去分词也可以作表语，现在分词作表语意为“令人……的”；而过去分词作表语意为“人感到……的”。
It’s well known that a tiger looks very frightening.
众所周知，老虎看起来令人很害怕。
We were moved at the news that he had died for the motherland.
听到他为国捐躯的消息，我们都很感动。
3．非谓语动词作宾语
(1)不定式作宾语
①常跟不定式作宾语的动词：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish，refuse，manage，volunteer，pretend
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer，promise，choose，plan，agree，ask/beg，help
My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.
我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。
We agreed to meet at the school gate.
我们一致同意在校门口见面。
②动词tell，show，understand，know，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。
Please tell me when to start the project.
请告诉我何时开始这个项目。
③在某些动词如find，think，consider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
(2)动名词作宾语
①常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon，admit，delay/put off，fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 avoid，miss，go on/keep on，practise，deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免 forbid，imagine，risk，can’t help，mind，allow/permit，escape
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.
我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。
My mother couldn’t help smiling when she heard the good news.
听到那个好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。
②介词后要跟动名词作宾语，但是介词but后跟不定式作宾语。
In 1993，China used 1.2 billion tons of coal for heating and generating electricity.
1993年，中国烧掉了12亿吨煤用于供热和发电。
After eating in her restaurant people would become tired very quickly.
人们在她的餐馆里吃过饭以后，很快就会感到疲乏。
They had no choice but to wait here.
他们别无选择只有在这儿等待。
③由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于)，feel like (想要)，insist on (坚持)，get down to (开始)，devote...to...(致力于……)，object to (反对)，stick to (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。
With many reference materials in hand，he got down to writing his graduation thesis.
手头有许多参考资料，他开始写毕业论文。
(3)下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
I meant to give you this book today，but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。
Missing this train means waiting for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着得再等一小时。
4．在need，want，require等后表示被动意义，不定式要用被动语态，动名词不需要。
My bike needs to be repaired.＝My bike needs repairing.
我的自行车需要修理。
对点练习
1．It is possible ____________(walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.(2021·全国甲)
2．It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become ___________ (educate) about the areas.(2021·全国乙)
3．It is widely believed that _____________(form) a good habit will benefit us all our lives.
4．When Peter speaks in public，he always has trouble __________(think) of the right things to say.
5．We paced around to avoid _________(get) frostbite(冻伤) as the temperature stayed close to －30 ℃ and our drill batteries became too cold to work.
6．The experts all agree that the present economic situation is _____________(encourage).
考点精讲三 非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作；不定式的被动式to be done作定语表示将来、被动的动作。
You are supposed to take this opportunity to realize your dream.
你应该抓住这个机会去实现你的梦想。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He had no pen to write with so he had to borrow one from his neighbour.
他没有钢笔写字，不得不从邻居那儿借了一支。
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last，the only等或中心词被这类词修饰，且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，多用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2．分词作定语
(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成或状态时，用过去分词。
The park was full of people enjoying themselves in the sunshine.
公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)
The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)
(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。
falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)
fallen leaves落叶(表完成)
3．动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick拐杖
a reading room阅览室
a sleeping car卧铺车
对点练习
1．The matter __________________(discuss) now is so important that it will attract everyone’s attention.
2．Having a large family ________________(support)，he took up two part-time jobs in his spare time.
3．Earth Day，__________(mark) on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
4．Actually，it is quite normal for an average person __________(live) in a city to see thousands of ads every single day.
考点精讲四 非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。
To pass the college entrance exam，we must work hard.
为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。
The bus stopped in order to/so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
(2)作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构：only to(不料……)、enough to(足够……)、too...to...(太……而不能……)、so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
Tom hurried back only to find that his mother had left.
汤姆匆忙赶回来，结果却发现他的母亲已经离开了。
He is clever enough to work out the difficult maths problem.
他足够聪明，能解决这道数学难题。
I’m too tired to stay up any longer.
我太累了，不能再熬夜了。
(3)作原因状语
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。常用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有sorry，surprised，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，delighted，pleased，foolish等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
我们吃惊地发现，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
注意 还有一类形容词如easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，后面也常用不定式作状语，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The morning air is so good to breathe that he gets up early every day.
早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。
2．分词作状语
分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。
(1)作时间状语相当于when，while，before，since，as引导的时间状语从句。
Translated into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
＝When the sentence was translated into English，it was found to have an entirely different word order.
当这个句子被译成英语时，人们发现它有一个完全不同的语序。
(2)作原因状语相当于because，since，as引导的原因状语从句。
①Not understanding this problem，he asked the teacher about it.
＝Because he didn’t understand this problem，he asked the teacher about it.
因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。
②Defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
＝Because he was defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。
(3)作条件状语相当于if，unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Given another hour，I can also work out this problem.
＝If I’m given another hour，I can also work out the problem.
如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。
(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。
More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。
(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。
One evening Harry phoned me，asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
＝One evening Harry phoned me，and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。
(6)作让步状语相当于though，although，even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
＝Though he was warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
虽然被警告有危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。
注意 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如：lost(迷路的)、seated(坐着的)、hidden(隐瞒的)、lost/absorbed(沉迷于……的)、dressed(穿着……的)、tired(对……感到厌倦的)、excited(兴奋的)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’t notice me enter the room.
专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。
Dressed in red，she looks more beautiful.
穿着红色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。
3．独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
独立成分 含义
generally speaking 一般来说
frankly/honestly speaking 坦白地/老实说
judging from/by... 根据……来判断
considering.../taking...into consideration/account 考虑到……
to tell you the truth 说实话
seeing... 考虑到……
given... 考虑到……
compared to/with... 与……相比
Generally speaking，the rule is very easy to understand.
一般来说，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong.
从口音判断，他是香港人。
To tell you the truth，I am a little tired.
说实话，我有点累。
4．独立主格结构
(1)构成：名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式
(2)特点：
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系；
③它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
Much work to do tonight(＝As there will be much work to do tonight)，we can’t go to see the film.
今晚有很多活要干，我们不能去看电影。
Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们明天将去海滩郊游。
He was lying on the grass，his hands crossed under his head(＝and his hands were crossed under his head)．
他头枕着交叉的双手躺在草地上。
对点练习
1．Later，they learned to work with the seasons，planting at the right time and，in dry areas， ____________ (make) use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields.
2．Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments on-board Chang’e-4 __________(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
3．Time ____________ (permit)，you can pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzhou.
4．_______________(complete) in 1931，the Empire State Building，the highest skyscraper until 1954，inspired the imagination of the world.
5．I love to go sightseeing worldwide，always ______________(absorb) in the culture of every country I visit.
6. ____________(see) the Great Wall wind its way over the mountains，all of us felt really amazed.
考点精讲五 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1．后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词及动词短语
(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
advise建议 allow 允许 ask 询问；要求 beg恳求 cause 导致 encourage 鼓励 permit准许 forbid 禁止 force 强迫 intend打算 invite 邀请 order 命令；要求 persuade说服 prefer 更喜欢 require 需要；要求 teach教 remind 提醒 tell 告诉 want想要 warn 警告 wish 希望；想要 wait for等待 call on 号召；要求 depend on 依靠 urge 催促；力劝
She patiently explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.
她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则并要求每个人都遵守这些规则。
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。
He depends on you to help him with his English.
他指望你帮助他学英语。
(2)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：
sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth
He is said to have been cheated in the street.
据说，他在大街上被骗了。
The accident is reported to have killed two people.据报道，那次事故中有两人丧生。
2．非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补
(1)感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：
see＋宾语＋
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
As I got closer，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，并且呼吸沉重。
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
从非洲医疗服务两年回来后，李医生十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
[注意] “感官动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时需加to。
The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态)
有人看见小偷进了银行。
(2)使役动词make，let，have，get后接复合宾语的情况：
①make＋宾语＋
The teacher made some students stay in the classroom after school.
老师让一些学生放学后待在教室里。
He tried to make himself understood.
他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚。
②let＋宾语＋
Don’t let your child play with matches.
别让你的孩子玩火柴。
Let the work be done immediately.
立刻把工作做完。
③have＋宾语＋
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry.
他让灯着了整晚，这使他父母很生气。
My car broke down on my way to work and I will have it repaired tomorrow.
我的车在上班的路上坏了，明天要找人修一下。
注意 (1)“使役动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时也需加to。
He was made to work day and night，so he was very tired of the job.
他被迫日夜工作，所以他非常厌倦这项工作。
(2)have sb doing sth用于否定句中，常与can’t，won’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
④get＋宾语＋
She got her bike running very fast.
她把自行车骑得飞快。
I’ll get my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。
3．动词leave，keep，find，catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况
(1)leave
(2)keep
(3)find
(4)catch sb doing sth撞见某人正在做某事
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
大部分的菜客人们都没有动，因为它们不可口。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。
The hall was found thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.
人们发现礼堂彻底地被打扫了，一切都布置得井井有条。
I caught him smoking in the bathroom.
我撞见他在浴室里抽烟。
4．“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构
(1)with＋名词/代词＋现在分词，现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行
He lay on the grass with his eyes looking at the sky.
他躺在草地上，眼睛望着天空。
(2)with＋名词/代词＋过去分词，过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成或表状态
With his hair cut，he looked much younger.
理了发，他看起来年轻多了。
(3)with＋名词/代词＋不定式，不定式表示动作尚未发生
With a lot of homework to do，I can’t go skating with you.
因为有很多作业要做，我不能和你一起去滑冰。
对点练习
1．And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds ________________(surround) the mountain tops，he was reduced to tears.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
2．It’s typical of him to leave the water ___________(run) while he is brushing his teeth.
3．The median(中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected __________________(increase) to 42 by 2050.
4．At the party，the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself ________________(notice)．
5．The park was full of beauty，with the sun shining and birds _______________(sing).
【解题策略】
1．______________(know) that you are coming to visit one of your Chinese friends，I’m writing to inform you of some customs you should pay attention to.
2．___________________(offer) the opportunity to speak at the graduation ceremony made me overjoyed.
3．He was reported ______________________(receive) 80,000 yuan for offering a four-Chinese-character answer on a pay-for-knowledge platform.
4．______________________(show) around the classrooms，we were taken to see the library.
5．The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake，_____________(make) us awake all night.
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．The Qinling Mountains have become the easiest place on Earth _________________(encounter) wild pandas.
2．Despite being two goals behind South Korea in the first half，the Chinese women’s national football team got three in the second half with two goals _________(score) in just five minutes.
3．Getting up early in the morning，_____________(put) on warm clothes and waiting in a long line outside a store to buy newly-made yuanxiao is a ceremony for me and ensures I will have another sweet year.
4．Scientists from Madagascar invested up to 12 years in the forest ____________(record) songs of the 20 indri groups，and found the presence of rhythms featuring in human songs.
5．In recent years，biang biang noodles and its associated custom have become more widely known across China，___________(drive) in part by social media interest in the made-up “biang” character.
6．By July，it’s estimated that Shennongjia will be linked to a newly built high-speed railway，___________(make) the mountainous region more accessible.
7．People can simply download apps that allow them ____________(make) free video calls and send messages to other people around the world.
8．She felt very glad as the testing program in the venue，_________(know) as the “Ice Ribbon”，was going as smoothly as the athletes skated on the gleaming ice.
9．The powerful and natural springs ____________(associate) with Yellowstone’s identity and picture landscape brought Yellowstone its fame.
10．After taking the lesson，I now understand the difficulty of calligraphy and that it will take efforts and commitment ______________(master) this art form.
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%，and she plans ___________ (continue) the practice.(2022·浙江1月)
2．A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days to Xi’an，as a first step ______________ (journey) the Belt and Road route(路线) by foot.(2022·全国甲)
3．Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation __________ (hold) in Beijing，Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.(2022·全国甲)
4．He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，__________ (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.(2022·全国甲)
5._________________(strengthen) the connection with young people，the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media，____________(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.(2022·全国乙)
6. (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7．Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside.He pushed a chair onto the balcony，and climbed up ___________(see) them.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
8．There has been a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years，___________(cause) largely by rising global temperatures，according to a new report from the United Nations.(2021·北京)
9．This may be due to some disadvantages for people ___________(live) in the countryside，including lower levels of income and education，higher costs of healthy foods，and fewer sports facilities.(2021·浙江1月)
10．China’s National Highway 318，_____________(extend) over 5,000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu，Tibet，is known as the “heavenly road” for its amazing views.(2021·天津3月)
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
1． (go) to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”．What is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans 2. (be)．
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb.It will undoubtedly help you get 3. (refresh)! The 4. (amaze) thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature 5. (get)，the hotter the spring! Strange，isn’t it But that’s how nature is—always leaving us 6. (astonish)．
What comes next is the endless series of steps.You can’t help 7. (wonder) how hard it was for the people then 8. (put) all those rocks into place.Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain，still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 9. (ache) legs.
As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in mine.While you’re in China，Mount Huangshan is a must 10. (visit)!
