第05讲 冠词、代词
目标 1 冠词和代词用法
目标 2 相关解题技巧
第1讲 冠词
考点精讲一 不定冠词a/an
【情境导入】
My friend Linda is an honest girl① studying in a university①.We are of an age②，and we both drink a cup of milk③ a day④.So we think a cow⑤ is very useful.
[规则感悟] 不定冠词的用法
①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。②表示“同一，相同”。③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。④表示“每一”，相当于per/each/every。⑤表示“一类”事物。
1．不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。
He misses the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
2．不定冠词a/an表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
A Mr White with some big bags is waiting to see you at the school gate.
一位拿着几个大袋子的怀特先生正在学校门口等着见你。
3．不定冠词与物质名词或抽象名词连用。
抽象名词和物质名词在表示“概念”时，其前常用零冠词；但在表示具体的人或事物时变成了可数名词，需要与不定冠词连用，表示“一个、一种、一场、一阵”等。具有此用法的名词有物质名词——rain，snow，fog，wind，drink，coffee，beer，fire，paper等；抽象名词——success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，wonder，comfort，danger，shock等。
After we prepared all the equipment for an outdoor photography，suddenly a heavy rain came.
我们为户外摄影准备好所有设备后，突然下起了大雨。
Tony is a famous pianist.I’m absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的钢琴家。我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。
4．有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of时，前面需要用不定冠词。如：have a knowledge of...“了解……”；have a good understanding of...“对……有很好的了解”。
Only by reading the latest issue of this magazine can you have a knowledge of the astronauts’ life in space.
只有读了这本杂志的最新一期，你才能了解宇航员在太空的生活。
5．“a＋most＋形容词”表示“很……，非常……”，most在此不表示最高级含义，相当于very，而“the＋most＋多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式，表示“最……”。
For a great many men and women，romance can be a most important part of marriage.
对许多男人和女人来说，爱情是婚姻中非常重要的一部分。
It is one of the most original works of imagination in the English language.
它是英语中最具原创性的想象作品之一。
6．不定冠词常见的固定搭配。
have a gift for有……的天赋
get a lift/ride搭便车
pay a visit to参观
lend sb a hand帮助某人
as a result因此
at a distance离一段距离
a waste of ……的浪费
be/go on a diet节食
make a living谋生
as a matter of fact事实上
in a sense/way在某种意义上
all of a sudden突然
对点练习
1．In Chinese culture，each year is related to __ Chinese animal according to the 12-year cycle.
2．He not only is the best student in our class，but also has ___ excellent sense of humour.
3．He smiled back as if to give me a receipt and I would preserve his smile for __ long time.
4．One thing we can do to help solve this problem is walk or use __ bicycle when possible.
考点精讲二 定冠词the
【情境导入】
Mr Smith is a teacher from the United States①.He was the first② foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze River④ when a ship was wrecked.The Smiths⑤ came up to help the injured⑥ and saved a boy by catching him by the arm⑦.The boy’s parents said they were the kindest⑧ people in the world⑨.They would remember the couple⑩ forever.
[规则感悟] 定冠词的用法
①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。②用于序数词之前。③用在朝代、世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。④用于江、河、湖、海、山、岛前。⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)＋sb＋介词＋the＋身体部位。⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。⑩特指上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1．被演奏的西洋乐器前用the，但是球类、棋类之前却没有冠词。
As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn’t like playing football.
据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
2．用在表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但是如果是在抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。
I got paid by time.To be exact，I got paid by the hour.
我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3．定冠词的常见固定搭配：
at the moment此刻；目前
in the end最后，最终
to tell the truth说实话
on the other hand另一方面
by the way顺便说一下
in the middle of在……中间
at the same time同时
on the contrary相反
on the whole总的来说
in the distance在远处
to the point中肯；切题
make the most/best of充分利用
对点练习
1．She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening on purpose just to see ____ moonlight.
2．Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in ____ 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English then.
3．Smoking is one of ____ biggest causes of preventable deaths in England.
4．______ Greens are a happy couple；they have been married for 30 years.
5．______ injured have been sent to hospital where they will be treated.
考点精讲三 零冠词
【情境导入】
When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remote districts①，Lily volunteered to teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster② of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself from spring to winter④ and from Monday to Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches her students⑤ to play volleyball and chess⑥.When she finds many children attending school without having lunch⑦，she raises money① for the children’s meals.
[规则感悟] 常用零冠词的几种情况
①表泛指的可数名词复数或不可数名词前。②表示独一无二的头衔和职位的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。⑤名词前已有this，that，my，her，some，each等限定词时不再用冠词。⑥表示球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。⑦一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
1．用于固定结构中的零冠词。
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。
Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。
2．no与such连用时放在such之前，而such后的名词前不用冠词。
As the saying goes，there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something，go and earn it.俗话说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3．零冠词的常见固定搭配。
on purpose故意地 by chance碰巧
catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面 out of date过时的
make room for给……让位 in debt负债
in shape状况良好 on foot步行
in danger在危险中 side by side肩并肩
from time to time不时地 hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地
heart and soul全心全意地
【解题策略】
1．While you’re in China，Mount Huangshan is __ must to visit！(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Of ____ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
第2讲 代词
考点精讲一 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
【情境导入】
I① am a senior high school student and I① want to join our② school football team，but the person in charge has rejected me③.I have to spend my② spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤.It has been worn out.
[规则感悟] ①为人称代词的主格形式作主语。②为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。③为人称代词的宾格形式作宾语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
(一)代词的形式
类别 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
第一人称 I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 you you your yours yourself
you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
(二)反身代词的习惯用法
与介词搭配 by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自；为自己 of oneself自动地 in oneself本质上；本身
与动词搭配 apply oneself to专心致志于 behave oneself举止得体；行为检点 dress oneself打扮；自己穿衣 devote oneself to致力于；献身于 help oneself to随便吃/用 enjoy oneself玩得开心 seat oneself就座；入席 make yourself at home别客气 teach oneself自学
(三)it的用法
1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等。
It is early spring，but it is already very hot.
现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
It is twenty miles from here to the village.
从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。
2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词。
Although he doesn’t like it，I decide to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)。
What will you call it if it is a boy
要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？
4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb＋不定式
It is important for students to learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。
It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.
他离开办公室之后没关门，真是糊涂了。
②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的。
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。(覆水难收。)
③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that从句
It is a pity that you can’t go with her.
很遗憾你不能和她一起去。
④It＋特殊动词(短语)(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb...)＋that从句
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重的错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句
It is reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.
据报道有20人死于这次地震。
⑥It takes sb time/patience/effort/energy to do sth
It took him much energy to write the novel.
写这部小说耗费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb) to do sth/宾语从句
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示“喜欢、憎恶”等情感的动词以及depend on/upon，see to等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。
I’d appreciate it if you could attend our party.
如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
5．it的常用短语或句型。
(1)When it comes to learning English，reading widely is of great importance.
当谈到学习英语，广泛阅读很重要。
(2)I can’t help it if he is always complaining.
若他总是抱怨，我也没办法。
(3)We finally made it to the airport though it was rainy.
尽管下雨了，但是我们最终及时赶到了机场。
(4)As someone puts it，practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说，熟能生巧。
(5)I take it that you don’t agree with the manager.我想你不同意经理的意见。
(6)It is/has been three years since he joined the army.他参军已经三年了。
(7)It was three years before he returned home.
过了三年他才回家。
对点练习
1．He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allowing __________(he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.
2．When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is _______(we) decreasing income.”
3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers ______(we) up.
4．I have made ____ clear that I will not accept this job.
5．Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for ___.
6．There is a knock on the door.____ might be the postman.
考点精讲二 不定代词
【情境导入】
1．all/every/both/each/neither/none
There are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don’t③ want to enter a music academy.Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However，my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.
[规则感悟] ①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。③both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2．anything/nothing/something/everything
—Do you have anything① to say about your exam
—No，I have nothing② to say about it.
—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.
—I have told you that I don’t have anything① to say about it.Everything④ has gone wrong.
[规则感悟] ①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，
用于肯定句中。②nothing表示“什么也没有”，用于否定句中。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3．the other，another，others与the others
—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one Some others② say it doesn’t fit me well.
—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.
—Don’t bother.There are so many shops and I will go to the others④.
[规则感悟] ①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。③the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
4．替代词that，those，one，ones，the one，the ones
I found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ of high quality.
[规则感悟] ①one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③the one替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the ones替代复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤those 替代复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥ones替代复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1.another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋other＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。
Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.
另外3个学生去了那个聚会。
2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当not与不定代词all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管not在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.
我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。
Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don’t smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
对点练习
1．Success is just on the ________ side.You have to want it enough，and be willing enough to get it.
2．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to __________ and are ready to try something else.
3．Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but ________ of us know the day，or the hour.
4．Both teams were in hard training；_________ was willing to lose the game.
5．Mr Zhang gave me a very valuable present，______ that I have never seen.
【解题策略】
1．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in _______(I)．(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Data about the moon’s composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether ______(it) plans for a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
3．It was sweet and fresh.Mary loved it.She was extremely pretty，and her house was a reflection of __________(she)，everything in good taste and in perfect order.(2021·浙江6月)
4．Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ____ can be to eat out.(2018·浙江6月)
单句语法填空
1．(2018·浙江嘉兴基础测试)Later, her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars made her ____________international superstar.
2．(2018·河南洛阳第一次统考)“As soon as he opens ____________(he) mouth and sings in Chinese, the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.
3．(2018·太原模拟)Then he opened one of his bags and gave me ____________handful of freshly picked cherries，explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard.
4．(2018·浙江金、丽、衢十二校联考)Linda，please tell me a little bit about ____________(you)．
5．(2018·江西赣中南五校一模)Dating sites also make ____________easy to avoid someone who you are not interested in.
6．(2018·山东师大附中模拟)At that moment an attractive young lady who noticed my book came up to me and introduced ____________(her)．
7．(2018·江西九江一中第一次月考)____________is also fun to eat in restaurants there.
8．(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after ____________(me) and live independently.
9．(2018·云贵川百校联考)But it’s difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan ____________(they)．
10．(2018·长沙一模)After work, he learned to play ____________guitar.He liked living on the farm, for the life was simple.
单句改错
1．(2018·河北邯郸联考)At first, I decided to eat less in order to lose the weight.
____________________
2．(2018·洛阳统一考试)I could only tell him a truth.Instead of scolding, he praised my honesty and then encouraged me to apologize to our neighbor. ____________________
3．(2018·石家庄检测一)In the fact, this happens in many places of interest.I have some suggestions to solve this problem. ____________________
4．(2018·湖北武汉武昌区高三调研)Finally，I worked harder than ever and made great progress in her math. ____________________
5．(2018·河南毕业班适应性考试)A man immediately rushed to the girl to give him first aid.
____________________第05讲 冠词、代词
目标 1 冠词和代词用法
目标 2 相关解题技巧
第1讲 冠词
考点精讲一 不定冠词a/an
【情境导入】
My friend Linda is an honest girl① studying in a university①.We are of an age②，and we both drink a cup of milk③ a day④.So we think a cow⑤ is very useful.
[规则感悟] 不定冠词的用法
①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。②表示“同一，相同”。③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。④表示“每一”，相当于per/each/every。⑤表示“一类”事物。
1．不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。
He misses the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
2．不定冠词a/an表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
A Mr White with some big bags is waiting to see you at the school gate.
一位拿着几个大袋子的怀特先生正在学校门口等着见你。
3．不定冠词与物质名词或抽象名词连用。
抽象名词和物质名词在表示“概念”时，其前常用零冠词；但在表示具体的人或事物时变成了可数名词，需要与不定冠词连用，表示“一个、一种、一场、一阵”等。具有此用法的名词有物质名词——rain，snow，fog，wind，drink，coffee，beer，fire，paper等；抽象名词——success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，wonder，comfort，danger，shock等。
After we prepared all the equipment for an outdoor photography，suddenly a heavy rain came.
我们为户外摄影准备好所有设备后，突然下起了大雨。
Tony is a famous pianist.I’m absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的钢琴家。我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。
4．有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of时，前面需要用不定冠词。如：have a knowledge of...“了解……”；have a good understanding of...“对……有很好的了解”。
Only by reading the latest issue of this magazine can you have a knowledge of the astronauts’ life in space.
只有读了这本杂志的最新一期，你才能了解宇航员在太空的生活。
5．“a＋most＋形容词”表示“很……，非常……”，most在此不表示最高级含义，相当于very，而“the＋most＋多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式，表示“最……”。
For a great many men and women，romance can be a most important part of marriage.
对许多男人和女人来说，爱情是婚姻中非常重要的一部分。
It is one of the most original works of imagination in the English language.
它是英语中最具原创性的想象作品之一。
6．不定冠词常见的固定搭配。
have a gift for有……的天赋
get a lift/ride搭便车
pay a visit to参观
lend sb a hand帮助某人
as a result因此
at a distance离一段距离
a waste of ……的浪费
be/go on a diet节食
make a living谋生
as a matter of fact事实上
in a sense/way在某种意义上
all of a sudden突然
对点练习
1．In Chinese culture，each year is related to a Chinese animal according to the 12-year cycle.
2．He not only is the best student in our class，but also has an excellent sense of humour.
3．He smiled back as if to give me a receipt and I would preserve his smile for a long time.
4．One thing we can do to help solve this problem is walk or use a bicycle when possible.
考点精讲二 定冠词the
【情境导入】
Mr Smith is a teacher from the United States①.He was the first② foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze River④ when a ship was wrecked.The Smiths⑤ came up to help the injured⑥ and saved a boy by catching him by the arm⑦.The boy’s parents said they were the kindest⑧ people in the world⑨.They would remember the couple⑩ forever.
[规则感悟] 定冠词的用法
①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。②用于序数词之前。③用在朝代、世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。④用于江、河、湖、海、山、岛前。⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)＋sb＋介词＋the＋身体部位。⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。⑩特指上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1．被演奏的西洋乐器前用the，但是球类、棋类之前却没有冠词。
As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn’t like playing football.
据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
2．用在表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但是如果是在抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。
I got paid by time.To be exact，I got paid by the hour.
我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3．定冠词的常见固定搭配：
at the moment此刻；目前
in the end最后，最终
to tell the truth说实话
on the other hand另一方面
by the way顺便说一下
in the middle of在……中间
at the same time同时
on the contrary相反
on the whole总的来说
in the distance在远处
to the point中肯；切题
make the most/best of充分利用
对点练习
1．She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening on purpose just to see the moonlight.
2．Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in the 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English then.
3．Smoking is one of the biggest causes of preventable deaths in England.
4．The Greens are a happy couple；they have been married for 30 years.
5．The injured have been sent to hospital where they will be treated.
考点精讲三 零冠词
【情境导入】
When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remote districts①，Lily volunteered to teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster② of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself from spring to winter④ and from Monday to Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches her students⑤ to play volleyball and chess⑥.When she finds many children attending school without having lunch⑦，she raises money① for the children’s meals.
[规则感悟] 常用零冠词的几种情况
①表泛指的可数名词复数或不可数名词前。②表示独一无二的头衔和职位的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。⑤名词前已有this，that，my，her，some，each等限定词时不再用冠词。⑥表示球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。⑦一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
1．用于固定结构中的零冠词。
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。
Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。
2．no与such连用时放在such之前，而such后的名词前不用冠词。
As the saying goes，there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something，go and earn it.俗话说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3．零冠词的常见固定搭配。
on purpose故意地 by chance碰巧
catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面 out of date过时的
make room for给……让位 in debt负债
in shape状况良好 on foot步行
in danger在危险中 side by side肩并肩
from time to time不时地 hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地
heart and soul全心全意地
【解题策略】
1．While you’re in China，Mount Huangshan is a must to visit！(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
第2讲 代词
考点精讲一 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
【情境导入】
I① am a senior high school student and I① want to join our② school football team，but the person in charge has rejected me③.I have to spend my② spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤.It has been worn out.
[规则感悟] ①为人称代词的主格形式作主语。②为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。③为人称代词的宾格形式作宾语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
(一)代词的形式
类别 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
第一人称 I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 you you your yours yourself
you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
(二)反身代词的习惯用法
与介词搭配 by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自；为自己 of oneself自动地 in oneself本质上；本身
与动词搭配 apply oneself to专心致志于 behave oneself举止得体；行为检点 dress oneself打扮；自己穿衣 devote oneself to致力于；献身于 help oneself to随便吃/用 enjoy oneself玩得开心 seat oneself就座；入席 make yourself at home别客气 teach oneself自学
(三)it的用法
1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等。
It is early spring，but it is already very hot.
现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
It is twenty miles from here to the village.
从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。
2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词。
Although he doesn’t like it，I decide to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)。
What will you call it if it is a boy
要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？
4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb＋不定式
It is important for students to learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。
It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.
他离开办公室之后没关门，真是糊涂了。
②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的。
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。(覆水难收。)
③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that从句
It is a pity that you can’t go with her.
很遗憾你不能和她一起去。
④It＋特殊动词(短语)(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb...)＋that从句
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重的错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句
It is reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.
据报道有20人死于这次地震。
⑥It takes sb time/patience/effort/energy to do sth
It took him much energy to write the novel.
写这部小说耗费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb) to do sth/宾语从句
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示“喜欢、憎恶”等情感的动词以及depend on/upon，see to等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。
I’d appreciate it if you could attend our party.
如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
5．it的常用短语或句型。
(1)When it comes to learning English，reading widely is of great importance.
当谈到学习英语，广泛阅读很重要。
(2)I can’t help it if he is always complaining.
若他总是抱怨，我也没办法。
(3)We finally made it to the airport though it was rainy.
尽管下雨了，但是我们最终及时赶到了机场。
(4)As someone puts it，practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说，熟能生巧。
(5)I take it that you don’t agree with the manager.我想你不同意经理的意见。
(6)It is/has been three years since he joined the army.他参军已经三年了。
(7)It was three years before he returned home.
过了三年他才回家。
对点练习
1．He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allowing himself(he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.
2．When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our(we) decreasing income.”
3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us(we) up.
4．I have made it clear that I will not accept this job.
5．Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.
6．There is a knock on the door.It might be the postman.
考点精讲二 不定代词
【情境导入】
1．all/every/both/each/neither/none
There are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don’t③ want to enter a music academy.Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However，my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.
[规则感悟] ①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。③both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2．anything/nothing/something/everything
—Do you have anything① to say about your exam
—No，I have nothing② to say about it.
—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.
—I have told you that I don’t have anything① to say about it.Everything④ has gone wrong.
[规则感悟] ①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，
用于肯定句中。②nothing表示“什么也没有”，用于否定句中。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3．the other，another，others与the others
—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one Some others② say it doesn’t fit me well.
—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.
—Don’t bother.There are so many shops and I will go to the others④.
[规则感悟] ①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。③the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
4．替代词that，those，one，ones，the one，the ones
I found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ of high quality.
[规则感悟] ①one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③the one替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the ones替代复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤those 替代复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥ones替代复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1.another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋other＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。
Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.
另外3个学生去了那个聚会。
2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当not与不定代词all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管not在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.
我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。
Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don’t smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
对点练习
1．Success is just on the other side.You have to want it enough，and be willing enough to get it.
2．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to another and are ready to try something else.
3．Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but none of us know the day，or the hour.
4．Both teams were in hard training；neither was willing to lose the game.
5．Mr Zhang gave me a very valuable present，one that I have never seen.
【解题策略】
1．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in mine(I)．(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Data about the moon’s composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether its(it) plans for a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
3．It was sweet and fresh.Mary loved it.She was extremely pretty，and her house was a reflection of herself(she)，everything in good taste and in perfect order.(2021·浙江6月)
4．Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018·浙江6月)
单句语法填空
1．(2018·浙江嘉兴基础测试)Later, her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars made her ____________international superstar.
an 解析： 根据句意可知，她成了一位国际巨星，表示泛指“一个”，且international以元音音素开头，前面需用不定冠词an。
2．(2018·河南洛阳第一次统考)“As soon as he opens ____________(he) mouth and sings in Chinese, the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.
his 解析：考查代词。根据语境mouth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词mouth，在句中作定语。
3．(2018·太原模拟)Then he opened one of his bags and gave me ____________handful of freshly picked cherries，explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard.
a 解析：考查冠词。固定搭配a handful of意为“一把……”，符合语境，故用不定冠词a。
4．(2018·浙江金、丽、衢十二校联考)Linda，please tell me a little bit about ____________(you)．
yourself 解析：此处表示“你自己”的概念，应用反身代词，指Linda，故填yourself。
5．(2018·江西赣中南五校一模)Dating sites also make ____________easy to avoid someone who you are not interested in.
it 解析：句意：约会网站还能轻易避开那些你不感兴趣的人。设空处用it作形式宾语，“to avoid someone...”为真正宾语。
6．(2018·山东师大附中模拟)At that moment an attractive young lady who noticed my book came up to me and introduced ____________(her)．
herself 解析：句意：那时，一位迷人的年轻女士注意到了我的书，向我走来并自我介绍。设空处作宾语，该空处与主语an attractive young lady指同一人，故用反身代词herself。
7．(2018·江西九江一中第一次月考)____________is also fun to eat in restaurants there.
It 解析：句意：在那里的饭店用餐也很有趣。It作形式主语，“to eat in restaurants there”作真正的主语。
8．(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after ____________(me) and live independently.
myself 解析：考查代词。与句子主语I呼应，应用反身代词，意为“照顾好自己”。
9．(2018·云贵川百校联考)But it’s difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan ____________(they)．
them 解析：plan后应跟一个指代前面的activities的代词，为复数形式，作plan的宾语，故应用表复数的宾格代词them。
10．(2018·长沙一模)After work, he learned to play ____________guitar.He liked living on the farm, for the life was simple.
the/his 解析：考查冠词或物主代词。guitar为乐器，需在其前加定冠词the。因为guitar和主语he是所属关系，故也可以用形容词性物主代词his。
单句改错
1．(2018·河北邯郸联考)At first, I decided to eat less in order to lose the weight.
____________________
删除the 解析：lose weight 意为“减肥”，为固定短语，故将the删除。
2．(2018·洛阳统一考试)I could only tell him a truth.Instead of scolding, he praised my honesty and then encouraged me to apologize to our neighbor. ____________________
a→the 解析：考查冠词。tell the truth为固定词组搭配，符合语境，故用定冠词the。
3．(2018·石家庄检测一)In the fact, this happens in many places of interest.I have some suggestions to solve this problem. ____________________
删除fact前的the 解析：考查固定搭配。in fact为固定搭配，意为“事实上”，the多余。
4．(2018·湖北武汉武昌区高三调研)Finally，I worked harder than ever and made great progress in her math. ____________________
her→my 解析：本句的主语是“I”，这里是指“我”取得进步，故用形容词性物主代词my。
5．(2018·河南毕业班适应性考试)A man immediately rushed to the girl to give him first aid.
____________________
him→her 解析：句意：一个人立即冲向那个女孩儿，对她进行急救。give的宾语是那个女孩儿，因此用her而非him。
