2025年高考英语复习 讲练测之名词(新教材新高考)导学案(原卷版+解析版)

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名称 2025年高考英语复习 讲练测之名词(新教材新高考)导学案(原卷版+解析版)
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名词
考点要求 考题统计 考情分析
名词的数 名词的格 易混辨析 2024:(浙江高考1月完形填空)encounter邂逅;chance机会;writers作者;(语法填空) criticism; 听力、阅读理解、写作:略; 2023:(新高考I卷完形填空)delay延误; competitor参赛者;race比赛;aid帮助;pain疼痛;deal交易,局面;meet体育比赛display展示; 听力、阅读理解、写作:略; (新高考II卷语法填空)arrival(arrive) interviews(interview) (全国乙卷语法填空)wonder(wonders) 2022:(新高考I卷完形填空)memories记忆;wind风;luck好运;excitement兴奋;adventure冒险 (新高考II卷语法填空)son’s(son) 听力、阅读理解、写作:略; 2022:(新高考I卷完形填空)memories记忆;wind风;luck好运;excitement兴奋;adventure冒险 (新高考II卷语法填空)son’s(son) 听力、阅读理解、写作:略; (全国乙卷语法填空)responsible(responsibility) 分析近年高考真题可知,新高考在命题考查加重对语境理解及语言知识相融合的考查。对名词在高考试卷中的题型分布主要有以下几种: 听力、阅读理解:涉及到名词的一词多义、抽象名词具体化、名词词义辨析等。 完形填空:相比前2年明显增加在语境中正确使用名词词义的命题。 语法填空:保持稳定1-2题。主要考查名词的单复数(3年4考;3年2考;3年8考;)、名词所有格,名词和其它词类的转换。 写作:涉及较多的则是名词的数、名词的格及和名词相关的主谓一致现象。
复习目标: 具备名词的基本词义辨析能力; 掌握名词的数、名词的格、抽象名词具体话、名词和其它词类的固定搭配; 熟悉名词的一词多义、名词动用现象;
【高考导航】
1.(2024年浙江1月高考语法填空) Over the last two years, some supermarkets ________ (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
【答案】have started
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意:在过去的两年里,一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装,设计成两半,拆分成两份。根据“Over the last two years”可知,此处应用现在完成时。动词start意为“开始”。故填have started。
【思维建模】设空处考查的是谓语动词,实则和空格前面的名词复数有密切关联,解题时不可单纯考虑时态和语态,还应当瞻前顾后,观察作主语的名词单复数的情况。
2. (2023年新高考II卷) Since June 2017, right before the ______ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
【答案】arrival
【解析】考查名词语法填空空格前是冠词,空格后是介词时,考虑用名词作介词before的宾语,arrive的名词形式是arrival。句意:从2017年6月开始,就在两只新大熊猫“萌萌”和“娇青”到来之前,我一直在帮助动物园的熊猫饲养员更舒服、更自信地说英语。
【思维建模】1. 看到冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词时,要想到名词。2.看到并列连词前或后时要想到名词。3.看到介词、及物动词时要想到名词。4.观察到设空处在句中作主语、宾语、同位语或表语时要想到名词。5.牢记常见名词后缀。
考点一 名词的数
知识点1 可数名词复数的变化规则
情况 构成方法 单数变复数例词
一般情况 加 -s map-maps ;mouth-mouths; house-houses;
以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es watch-watches; glass-glasses; match-matches;
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y为i再加es baby---babies; country-countries;
以“元音字母+y”结尾 词尾加-s key→keys,boy→boys; holiday-holidays;
以-f或-fe结尾 多数变f或fe 为v后加-es leaf→leaves,life→lives, shelf knife→knives,thief,wife,loaf,half,leaf,knife,wolf,life,
少数词尾加-s chief→chiefs, roof→roofs, belief→beliefs
以字母-o结尾 词尾加-es Negro-Negroes, hero→heroes, potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes
词尾加-s photo→photos, kilo→kilos, piano→pianos,zoo→zoos
以-sis结尾的外来词 变sis为ses basis→bases, analysis→analyses, crisis→crises
【名师总结】 口诀1:“小偷妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼保己命架后藏”。这些名词变成复数时,改-f或-fe为ve, 再加是。 口诀2:“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”。这些名词词尾加-es, 其它以o结尾的名词复数加s。
典例1.(2024·福建宁德一中高三模拟)The complex layout of the turret posed an unprecedented (史无前例的) technical challenge for Zhang and his team of designers and (develop).
【解析】考查名词复数。句意:角楼的复杂布局对张和他的设计和开发团队提出了史无前例的技术挑战。根据空前的“designers”可判断,空处为表示“人”的名词的复数形式。
【答案】故填developers
【易错提醒】有的单词会有两种名词形式分别表达不同的含义。解题时必须加强语境意思,避免误填development。
典例2.(2024·广东东莞实验中学模拟)What’s more, Chinese Culture Centers in Cairo, Paris, Berlin, Tokyo and Denmark, to name a few, are introducing China by holding cultural (activity), opening training classes, and building libraries.
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:此外,开罗、巴黎、柏林、东京、丹麦等地的中国文化中心正在通过举办文化活动、开设培训班、建设图书馆等方式介绍中国。activity为可数名词,根据下文training classes可知此
处应用复数形式。
【答案】activities
【名师点睛】本题考查的是可数名词复数的规则变化形式。分析句子时应当考虑语境且熟知规律。
典例3.(2024·湖南百所名校高三模拟)The trading activity has brought culture exchange, religions spreading and contrasts to the connected (region) and formed a remarkable culture tie featured by Asian, European and the Mediterranean bank.
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:贸易活动给相连地区带来了文化交流、宗教传播和对比,形成了以亚洲、欧洲和地中海为特色的显著文化纽带。region为可数名词,此处数量大于一应用复数形式。故填regions。
【答案】regions
【易错提醒】解题时不能单纯背诵派生词,如此题易错写为regional,而应当根据语境首先确定所需要的词性,然后再作合理判断。
【变式训练】1. Testifying before a Senate Judiciary committee this week, Altman “advocated a number of ______ (regulate)— including a new government agency charged with creating standards” for AI.
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:周,Altman在参议院司法委员会作证时,“主张制定一系列法规——包括设立一个新的政府机构,负责为人工智能制定标准”。根据空前的“a number of”可知,空处为名词的复数形式。
【答案】regulations
【变式训练】2. Wang organized all the (housewife)who stayed behind and started the first support group for such women in Taiping Village.
【解析】考查名词的数。考查名词的数。句意:王组织了所有留守的家庭主妇,并在太平村成立了第一个妇女互助小组。根据上文all可知housewife应用复数形式。
【答案】housewives
知识点2 可数名词的不规则变化
变化 示例
单复数同形 deer, fish, sheep, means, series, aircraft, spacecraft, species
Chinese,the United States,Swiss,physics,politics,maths,
变内部元音 goose-geese,tooth-teeth, foot-feet, man-men, woman-women;mouse-mice
-on变-a phenomenon-phenomena现象,criterion-criteria标准;
词尾加-(r)en child---children孩子; ox-oxen公牛
词尾-un变成-a datum-data数据;medium-media媒体;
【易错提醒】 1. 名词作定语,一般用单数,如,two girl students; 需要用复数作定语的有:goods trains货
车;sports meet运动会;customs officer海关人员;a salesgirl一个售货员;2. 名词前有man/woman修饰,名词变复数时,man/woman和名词都要变为复数形式。3. man/woman构成的合成词,复数形式将a变为e。但German复数形式是直接在词尾加-s。
知识点3 复合名词的变化规则
合成名词复数 将主体名词变为复数:passer-by→passers-by, looker-on→lookers-on; bedroom-bedrooms;
无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加-s: grown-up→grown-ups, forget-me-not - forget-me-nots勿忘我;
知识点4 不可数名词
不可数名词的数 不可数名词没有复数形式,一般不能用a或an修饰。可在名词前加表示数量的词如piece, glass等。通常只用作不可数的名词有:beer, air, homework, weather, news, butter, milk, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。
抽象名词具体化 表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事东西时,可以将抽象名词可作为可数名词,可以与a/an连用,常见的这类词有: success成功-成功的人或事; pleasure乐趣-令人高兴的事; surprise吃惊-令人惊讶的人或事; beauty美-美丽的人或事; comfort安慰-令人感到安慰的人或事物; danger危险-危险的人或因素; delight高兴-令人高兴的事; failure 失败-失败的人或事物; shock震惊-令人震惊的事情; honour荣誉-一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事);
物质名词具体化 rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, drink, ice, sugar, ice等物质名词可以具体化为可数名词,用复数形式表示类别、数量、范围或程度。如:two drinks两杯饮料; two ices两份冰淇淋; sands沙滩;snows多场雪;
具体名词抽象化 school, college, hospital, court, prison, table, church等是可数名词,有具体的意义,当表示与之相关的活动时,表示抽象意义。如:go to school上学;at table在吃饭;in prison坐监狱;go to church去做礼拜;
【易错提醒】 fish指鱼的种类时,加-es; 指鱼的条数时,单复数相同;指鱼肉时,为不可数名词。
典例1. (2023·广东高三模拟)Nowadays people often express their approval of the present economic situation
and their (critical) has caused wide attention.
【解析】考查名词。句意:现在人们经常对目前的经济状况表示赞同,他们的批评引起了广泛的关注。此处作主语,应用名词criticism,不可数。故填criticism。
【答案】criticism
典例2.(2024·广东湛江高三模拟)He can’t wait to get his father’s (approve).
【解析】考查名词。句意:他迫不及待地想得到父亲的认可。作宾语,应用名词approval,不可数。
【答案】approval
【思维建模】遇到名词题时,首先要考虑到名词可数与不可数区别,再根据设空前后及句子的逻辑意思及词汇知识判断其使用形式。
【变式训练】1. Smoking is harmful to health, which is without (argue).
【解析】考查名词。句意:吸烟有害健康,这是毋庸置疑的。空处应填名词作宾语,argument“辩论,争论”符合题意,此处为抽象概念,不可数,without argument“毋庸置疑”。故填argument。
【答案】argument
【变式训练】2. Phsical activity increases the (efficient) of your heart and lungs.
【解析】考查名词。句意:体育活动可以提高你的心脏和肺的效率。空处作宾语,表示“效率”应用名词efficiency,表抽象概念,不可数。故填efficiency。
【答案】efficiency
知识点5 名词与数量词的搭配
a (few), several, many, a great many, the/a number of, hundreds of, dozens/scores of/different/other +可数名词
a (little), a great of, a large amount of, much +不可数名词
a lot of, lots of, enough, masses of, plenty of, a quantity of, quantities of, a supply of, some +可数/不可数名词
socks, trousers, stockings, compasses, glasses, jeans, shorts, pants, pincers, scissors, clothes, gloves, scales等成双成对的名词一般不用具体数词修饰,但可以用a pair of, two pairs of gloves. 成双成对的名词
【易错提醒】物质名词表示数量时,一般用表示数量的短语来表示。of之前的数量名词,要根据情况使用单数或复数形式,如:a cup of tea; three pieces of bread; two pieces of paper等。
知识点6 复数形式表示特殊含义的名词
单复数 意义不 同的词 good好的--goods货物; water--waters水域, fish鱼肉--fishes(各种)鱼, possession拥有--possessions (财产); manners (礼貌); work工作--works (作品,著作); glass玻璃--glasses眼镜; paper纸--papers报纸,论文; content内容--contents目录; custom习俗--customs关税; wood木材--woods树林; arm胳膊--arms武器; time时间--times时代; green绿色-greens青菜;
考点二 名词的格
知识点1 's所有格
表示人或有生命的名词常在词尾加's。
以s结尾的复数名词,只加“’”。如: students’ reading room学生阅览室;
表示两者各自所有关系时,分别在每个名词的词尾加’s;表示两者共有,在最后名词词尾加’s。如:
my sister's telephone 姐姐的电话; the boy’s pen男孩的钢笔; Women’s day 妇女节。
表示店铺、办公室或某人家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。如:
at the barber's在理发店; at my uncle's在我叔家; the doctor’s (office)诊所;
若一样东西为两人所有,只在后一个名词后加’s。
This is Tom and Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲。
表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助's表示所有关系。
a week's holiday 一周的假;thirty minutes' ride三十分钟的车程
典例1.(2024·浙江省名校协作体适应性考试)A (student) college experience is his or her own, and the student must put his or her education first.
【答案】student’s
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:一个学生的大学经历是他或她自己的,学生必须把教育放在第一位。根
据后面的college experience可知,横线上是说学生的经历。故填student’s。
典例2.(2024·江苏省前黄高级中学学情检测)During a visit earlier this year to the crowded and noisy market in the
(city) Wuning subdistrict, Mao Fenghua, head of the local trade union federation, found a child doing homework near a street stall.
【答案】city’s
【解析】考查所有格。句意:今年早些时候,当地总工会主席毛凤华在参观武宁这个拥挤嘈杂的市场时,发现一个孩子在街边摊位附近做作业。根据空后名词“Wuning subdistrict”可知,空处应为名词的所有格形式,作定语。故填city’s。
【变式训练】1. It is believed that _______ (today) children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
【答案】 today’s
【解析】考查名词所有格和冠词。句意:据信,如今的儿童和青少年摄入的糖是建议摄入量的三倍,这使他们患糖尿病的风险更高。根据句意可知,该句第一空由空后children名词可知,此处为名词所有格形式,作定语。该句第二空由空后higher可知,此处为不定冠词a+比较级,表示“一个更高的风险”,满足句意要求。故分别填today’s;a。
【变式训练】2.We should remember these ________ (hero) names forever.
【答案】heroes’
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:我们应该永远记住这些英雄的名字。分析句子可知,hero可数名词,设空处前面的“those (这些)”表明这里用hero的复数形式heroes,设空处应名词所有格heroes’“英雄们的”。故填heroes’。
知识点2 of所有格
无生命的名词常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或定语修饰的有生命的名词用of所有格。
the window of the room 房间的窗户;the cost of living生活成本;the news of success捷报;
知识点3 双重所有格
构成:"名词+of+名词所有格"或"名词+of+名词性物主代词"
双重所有格表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,名词前可用a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those 等修饰,但不能用the。如: a picture of my mother's我母亲(拥有)的一张照片; a friend of mine我的一个朋友; this little cat of your sister's你妹妹的这只小猫;
【易错提醒】 ’s所有格my mother’s friend强调我母亲和这个朋友的关系,不涉及其他人。双重所有格a friend of my mother’s指我母亲还有其他朋友。如:a picture of Jack’s指杰克所拥有的照片中的一张;而a picture of Jack指一张杰克的照片,照片上的人就是杰克。
考点三 常考名词后缀
知识点1 形容词转化为名词后缀
后缀 例词
-age short→shortage 短缺 percent→percentage 百分比
-cy efficient→efficiency效率 fluent→fluency流利 accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私
-dom free→freedom自由 wise→wisdom明智;智慧
-ence different→difference差异 evident →evidence 证据
-ness weak→weakness虚弱;弱点 thick→thickness厚度 kind→kindness仁慈,友好 careless→carelessness粗心大意
-th strong→strength力气;优势 warm→warmth温暖;热情
-y/-ty/-ity difficult→difficulty困难 disable→disability缺陷;伤残 responsible→responsibility责任 honest→honesty诚实
知识点2 动词转化为名词后缀
后缀 例词
-ion/ -tion/ -sion/ attract→attraction吸引力 celebrate→celebration庆祝 conclude→conclusion结论;结束 discuss→discussion讨论;论述 decide→decision决定 admit→admission承认;准许加入 permit→permission允许,许可 invite→invitation邀请 explain→explanation解释 expect→expectation期望
-er/ -or sail→sailor海员,水手 drive→driver司机;驾驶员 gather→gatherer收集者,采集者 teach→teacher老师 announce→announcer广播员 conduct→conductor指挥;售票员
-ment punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement成就 argue→argument辩论;论据 treat→treatment对待;治疗 equip →equipment装备;设备 govern→government政府 astonish→astonishment惊奇 develop→development发展
-ance/ -ence appear→appearance出现;外貌 guide→guidance指引;指导 perform→performance表演;表现 exist→existence存在;生存 prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考,查阅
-ure/ -ture fail→failure失败;倒闭 press→pressure压力 depart→departure离开;出发 mix→mixture混合(物)
-ing hear→hearing听力,听觉 begin→beginning开始 build→building建筑 warn→warning 警告
-y recover→recovery恢复 discover→discovery发现
典例1.(2023全国甲卷)The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Cason’s theme is a more weighty (warn) about environmental destruction.
【解析】句意:然而,卡森的主题是对环境破坏的更严重警告。形容词weighty后接名词形式。根据句中不定冠词a可知,用可数名词的单数形式。故填warning。
【答案】warning
典例2.(2021新高考II卷)A company ________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
【解析】句意:一位公司代表回信告诉我,该航空公司将把每天1200个航班的塑料杯换成纸杯。该空作句子主语,用名词,前面有不定冠词修饰,用名词单数,所以填representative。
【答案】representative。
【思维建模】解答词类试题的关键在于熟练掌握名词后缀的形式。并且加强根据语境准确判断词性的能力。
【变式训练】Wu Qin Xi, or The Five-Animal Qigong, can be regarded as the earliest form of Medical Qigong in Chinese history, dating back to Eastern Han Dynasty (25—220). The
(create) of Wu Qin Xi was credited to the famous Chinese physician Hua Tuo (110—207) who had great skills as a surgeon, acupuncturist (针灸师) and herbalist.
【解析】考查名词。句意:五禽戏的创造要归功于中国著名的中医华佗(110—207),作为一名外科医生、针灸师和草药医生,他有着出色的技能。根据空前的The可知,这里应用名词。creation意为“创造”,为不
可数名词。故填creation。
【答案】creation
【易错提醒】考生容易过于关注构词法的考查,误填creative, creator等,而忽略对词性的判断。
考点四 常考易混名词辨析
Group 1 affair, business, event, matter
affair指“事件,事务”,多指私事或重大的国家事物等。
【江苏卷】China's image is improving steadily, with more countries recognizing its role in international affairs.
中国的形象正在稳步提升,越来越多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用
business指商业方面的事情,也指繁忙的事情。
【全国甲卷·知识运用】Burchill was packing at the hotel on business and planning to visit some friends in the area.
伯奇尔出差,当时正在酒店收拾行李,并打算去拜访当地的一些朋友。
event指有历史意义的大事,重要事件,也可指运动会的赛事。
【新课标卷Ⅰ·阅读理解】The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the
50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon.
夏季奥运会最长的田径项目是50公里竞走,比马拉松距离还长大约5英里。
matter指麻烦事。
Group 2 approach, manner, means, method, way
approach后面可跟介词to,指为着手某项工作而使用的方法或步骤,还可指“通路,途径”。
【北京卷·阅读理解】Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming.
最近,我构想了一种新的计时方法,它与我们星球的环境有关,由于全球变暖,环境可能会改变。
manner指人们说话做事所采取的手段或方式,表示“举止,行为”。复数形式可以表示“礼貌”。
【天津卷·阅读理解】I wrote my poems in this manner for nearly ten years before my first book was published.
在我的第一本书出版之前,我用这种方式写诗写了将近十年。
means指为达到目的采用的方法、手段或途径。单复数同形,常搭配介词by。
method指系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法,可以与介词with搭配。
way普通用词,统指“方法”,后面可跟不定式或of doing等作定语。
Group 3 symbol, sigh, signal, mark
symbol指作为象征或表达某种深邃意义的特殊事物。
2. sign 指具有一定含义的符号或标志,它的标示可以是实物表情、动作、文字、语言及任何痕迹或征兆。
There is a stop sign at the intersection. 在交叉路口处有停车标志。
3. signal 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
When she got up from the table, it was the signal for us to leave.
当她从饭桌旁站起来的时候,那就是我们该离开的信号。
4. mark指为某一目的有意做的标记,也指无意留下或自然形成的痕迹。
Suffering left its mark on his face.苦难的经历在他脸上留下了痕迹。
Group 4 scene, sight, scenery, view
1. scene指具体的或某一局部的景色,也包括人其中人的活动。000
【新课标卷Ⅲ·知识运用】If you do, you won't be able to handle it and the whole thing develops into an unpleasant scene and that ruins everyone's day.
如果你这样做了,你将无法处理好它,整个事情发展成一个不愉快的场面,那会毁了每个人的心情。
2.sight侧重风光,包括城市景色或自然风光,也可指人造景物或奇特的景色。
【新高考II卷·知识运用】When he was safely outside, the only help in sight was a policeman.
当他安全到外面时,眼前唯一的帮手就是一名警察。
3.scenery指国家或某个地区的整体自然风景,如山川、河流等。
【天津卷·写作】I'm sure the visitors will be amazed by the beautiful scenery in Jiazhaigou as well as the construction Dujiangyan Irrigation Project.
我相信,游客们会被九寨沟的美景以及都江堰水利工程的建设所震撼。
4.view多指从某个特定的地方看到的景色,尤其指从高处看到的。
You can get a good view of the whole city from the top of the tower.
从塔顶上可以看到整个城市的景色。
Group 5 damage, harm, hurt, injury, wound
damage指部分损害,降低其价值、破坏其功能等。
harm指“危害”,指使事物不再完整或不具有原来的价值。
【新课标卷·阅读理解】True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal meant me no real harm.
大猩猩天性不具侵略性,这种体型巨大的动物对我并没有真正的恶意。
hurt指精神,情感或肉体上的伤害。
hurt one’s feelings 伤害某人的情感
injury比hurt正式,多用于指平时的大小创伤和伤害。
He got injured when he fell off the tree.
当他从树上摔下来的时候,他受伤了。
wound强调外部创伤,一般指在战斗中受的刀、枪等武器的伤害;有时也可指精神方面的伤害。
The nurse cleaned and bandaged his wound.
护士为他清洗并包扎了伤口。
Group 6 custom, habit, practice, tradition
custom指社会经过一段较长时间形成的风俗、习惯。the Customs指“海关”。
habit指自然养成的,不易戒除的个人习惯。
【浙江卷·阅读理解】His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
他自己的孩子现在已经养成了在外面玩的习惯:“我们只是让他们到花园里去,并告诉他们一段时间内不要回来。”
practice指习惯性的做法、惯例或常规。
【全国乙卷·听力】It was a good chance to practice my Spanish.
这是一个练习西班牙语的好机会。
tradition指世代相传或因长久奉行而形成的传统、习俗。
Group 7 earnings, fee, fare, income, pay salary, wage
earnings一般指通过劳动等手段得到的收入。
fee通常指加入某个组织支付的费用,也指付给律师、医生或家庭教师的服务费,还可指“小费”。
fare指乘坐公共汽车、轮船或出租车等的票价。
income指侧重总收入,与earnings意思相近。
pay指按买卖等按时支付的固定薪酬,常与salary, wage互换。
salary一般指按月支付的报酬,通常指脑力劳动者的薪水。
wage一般用复数形式,通常指按小时、日或星期支付的报酬,侧重指体力劳动这的工资。表示工资的多少时常用high/low表示。
【新高考I卷·知识运用】I'd earn minimum wage.
我挣的是最低工资。
Group 8 clothes, clothing, cloth
clothes指各种衣服,谓语动词永远用复数。
clothing是服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of , an article of。
cloth指布,为不可数名词;指某种用途的布,如抹布等可以加不定冠词。
真题实战
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.(2023年全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ________ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
【答案】wonders
【解析】考查名词。句意:但是,除了古建筑,北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方,21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。分析句子成分可知,空处为名词形式;根据下文的“historical buildings of the past”可知,空处为名词的复数形式。故填wonders。
2.(2022年新高考I卷)The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ______ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
【答案】populations
【解析】考查名词。句意:GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系,最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。分析句子可知,空处和and后的复数名词homes并列,且在句中作宾语,应用可数名词population ,意为“种群”,且应用复数形式。故填populations。
3.(2022年全国甲卷) Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ______ (protect).
【答案】protection
【解析】考查名词。句意:曹和吴还沿路收集垃圾,以促进环境保护。根据句意和空前的形容词environmental可知,此处应用名词protection,作宾语,protection表示“保护”时,是不可数名词。故填protection。
4. (2021年新高考II卷 )A company ________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
【答案】representative
【解析】考查名词。句意:一位公司代表回信告诉我,该航空公司将把每天1200个航班的塑料杯换成纸杯。该空作句子主语,用名词,前面有不定冠词修饰,用名词单数,所以填representative。
5.(2023年浙江1月卷)Thanks to Beijing’s long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic (event).
【答案】events
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:感谢北京作为中国首都的悠久的历史,同时每一条胡同都有自己的故事,甚至有一些还跟历史事件有关。根据空格前的形容词historic可知,空格处需要填名词,且event为可数名词,应用复数形式。故填events。
6.(2022浙江1月卷)Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak if she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed. When the answer was no, she declined the _____________ (invite).
【答案】invitation
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:科布为她的聚会开始询问会议组织者,他们邀请她是否可以远程发言;大约四分之三的时间,他们同意了。当答案是否定的时,她拒绝了邀请。根据空格前的the可知,空格处需要填名词,且invitation为不可数名词,应用复数形式。故填invitation。7.
7. (2021全国甲卷) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ________ (watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
【答案】watchtowers
【解析】考查名词复数。句意:据说你可以在两个小时内完成,但我们在不同的大门和了望台停下来拍照,或者只是看当地人进行他们的日常生活。watchtower是可数名词,由different修饰,应用复数形式。故填watchtowers。
8. (2022新高考II卷) He saved my ______ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown.
【答案】 son's
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意,life与提示词son之间是所属关系,故应该使用名词所有格。故填son’s。
9.(2022浙江6月卷)John Olson, a former ______ (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.
【答案】photographer
【解析】photographer 【解析】考查名词。句意:约翰·奥尔森是一位前摄影师,他和他的团队将绘画转化为全纹理3D模型。单数名词做主语,根据句意表示“摄影师”,此处为单数概念,故填photographer。
二、 命题演练
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
(2024·九省联考)Whenever you have to write a paper, a letter, or any other document for work or school, you probably head toward the computer. Now, most people reach for ______ (keyboard) faster than they pick up pens.
【答案】keyboards
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:现在,大多数人拿起键盘的速度比拿起笔的速度还快。根据空格前的介词for可知,空格处应填名词作宾语,keyboard为可数名词,前面没有冠词应用名词的复数形式。故填keyboards。
(23-24高三·福建·高三模拟)The expert drew a (conclude) from his investigation that the disease was carried through water rather than air.
【答案】conclusion
【解析】考查名词。句意:专家从调查中得出结论,这种疾病是通过水而不是空气传播的。空处作宾语,结合空前的a可知应用名词单数,conclusion“结论”,名词,故填conclusion。
(2023高三·福建福州·模拟测试)The company’s silence on the subject has been taken as an (admit) of guilt.
【答案】admission
【解析】考查名词。句意:该公司在这个问题上的沉默被认为是承认有罪。an后用名词的单数形式,admit的名词是admission,意为“承认”,故填admission。
(2023·河北衡水·阶段练习)It was beyond Chinese (expect) that China entered the FIBA Women’s Basketball World Cup final in 2022.
【答案】expectations
【解析】考查名词。句意:中国女篮进入2022年国际篮联女篮世界杯决赛,出乎中国人的意料。根据空格前的Chinese可知,此处用提示词的名词形式expectation,再分析句意,expectation在本句中是可数名词,所以应该用名词的复数形式。故填expectations。
(2023·河北石家庄·高三模拟)There is a general (recognize) of the urgent need for educational reform.
【答案】recognition
【解析】考查名词。句意:人们普遍认识到迫切需要教育改革。分析句子可知,空处应填名词作there be句型的主语,recognition承认,接受,名词。故填recognition。
(23-24·广东广州·开学考试)He said it officially that he would put humans on Mars in less than a decade, but his (declare) proved unrealistic.
【答案】declaration
【解析】考查名词。句意:他正式表示,他将在不到十年的时间内将人类送上火星,但他的声明被证明是
不切实际的。根据空前的his可知,空处应用名词作主语。declaration意为“声明,宣布”,为可数名词,这里特指前文的声明,应用单数。故填declaration。
(2023·湖南长沙·高三调研)Although the library was open to everyone, all readers had to pay for a membership or (subscribe) in order to borrow books.
【答案】subscription
【解析】考查名词。句意:尽管图书馆对所有人开放,但所有读者都必须支付会员费或订阅费才能借书。or是表示选择关系的并列连词,连接前后两个并列的成分,由a可知空处填名词单数形式。故填subscription。
(23-24高三·河北·期末)He is one of the top (chef) in China.
【答案】chefs
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:他是中国的顶级厨师之一。one of + 复数名词。根据句意,故填chefs。
(23-24·河北沧州·期中)When Michael Jackson died, MTV quickly assembled a reel of the singer’s (perform) and spread it around the world.
【答案】performances
【解析】考查名词。句意:迈克尔·杰克逊去世后,MTV迅速制作了一系列这位歌手的表演,并将其传播到世界各地。空前是名词所有格the singer’s,所以空处填名词,perform 的名词是performance表示“表演”,由a reel of可知用名词复数,即performances。故填performances。
(2023·江苏南通·开学考试)Equally exciting are the diverse (possibility) provided by the animal kingdom.
【答案】possibilities
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:同样令人兴奋的是动物王国提供的各种可能性。根据句意及“diverse”可知,此处应用名词的复数形式。故填possibilities。名词
考点要求 考题统计 考情分析
名词的数 名词的格 易混辨析 2024:(浙江高考1月完形填空)encounter邂逅;chance机会;writers作者;(语法填空) criticism; 听力、阅读理解、写作:略; 2023:(新高考I卷完形填空)delay延误; competitor参赛者;race比赛;aid帮助;pain疼痛;deal交易,局面;meet体育比赛display展示; 听力、阅读理解、写作:略; (新高考II卷语法填空)arrival(arrive) interviews(interview) (全国乙卷语法填空)wonder(wonders) 2022:(新高考I卷完形填空)memories记忆;wind风;luck好运;excitement兴奋;adventure冒险 (新高考II卷语法填空)son’s(son) 听力、阅读理解、写作:略; 2022:(新高考I卷完形填空)memories记忆;wind风;luck好运;excitement兴奋;adventure冒险 (新高考II卷语法填空)son’s(son) 听力、阅读理解、写作:略; (全国乙卷语法填空)responsible(responsibility) 分析近年高考真题可知,新高考在命题考查加重对语境理解及语言知识相融合的考查。对名词在高考试卷中的题型分布主要有以下几种: 听力、阅读理解:涉及到名词的一词多义、抽象名词具体化、名词词义辨析等。 完形填空:相比前2年明显增加在语境中正确使用名词词义的命题。 语法填空:保持稳定1-2题。主要考查名词的单复数(3年4考;3年2考;3年8考;)、名词所有格,名词和其它词类的转换。 写作:涉及较多的则是名词的数、名词的格及和名词相关的主谓一致现象。
复习目标: 具备名词的基本词义辨析能力; 掌握名词的数、名词的格、抽象名词具体话、名词和其它词类的固定搭配; 熟悉名词的一词多义、名词动用现象;
【高考导航】
1.(2024年浙江1月高考语法填空) Over the last two years, some supermarkets ________ (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
2. (2023年新高考II卷) Since June 2017, right before the ______ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
考点一 名词的数
知识点1 可数名词复数的变化规则
情况 构成方法 单数变复数例词
一般情况 加 -s map-maps ;mouth-mouths; house-houses;
以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es watch-watches; glass-glasses; match-matches;
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y为i再加es baby---babies; country-countries;
以“元音字母+y”结尾 词尾加-s key→keys,boy→boys; holiday-holidays;
以-f或-fe结尾 多数变f或fe 为v后加-es leaf→leaves,life→lives, shelf knife→knives,thief,wife,loaf,half,leaf,knife,wolf,life,
少数词尾加-s chief→chiefs, roof→roofs, belief→beliefs
以字母-o结尾 词尾加-es Negro-Negroes, hero→heroes, potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes
词尾加-s photo→photos, kilo→kilos, piano→pianos,zoo→zoos
以-sis结尾的外来词 变sis为ses basis→bases, analysis→analyses, crisis→crises
【名师总结】 口诀1:“小偷妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼保己命架后藏”。这些名词变成复数时,改-f或-fe为ve, 再加是。 口诀2:“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”。这些名词词尾加-es, 其它以o结尾的名词复数加s。
典例1.(2024·福建宁德一中高三模拟)The complex layout of the turret posed an unprecedented (史无前例的) technical challenge for Zhang and his team of designers and (develop).
典例2.(2024·广东东莞实验中学模拟)What’s more, Chinese Culture Centers in Cairo, Paris, Berlin, Tokyo and Denmark, to name a few, are introducing China by holding cultural (activity), opening training classes, and building libraries.
典例3.(2024·湖南百所名校高三模拟)The trading activity has brought culture exchange, religions spreading and contrasts to the connected (region) and formed a remarkable culture tie featured by Asian, European and the Mediterranean bank.
【变式训练】1. Testifying before a Senate Judiciary committee this week, Altman “advocated a number of ______ (regulate)— including a new government agency charged with creating standards” for AI.
【变式训练】2. Wang organized all the (housewife)who stayed behind and started the first support group for such women in Taiping Village.
知识点2 可数名词的不规则变化
变化 示例
单复数同形 deer, fish, sheep, means, series, aircraft, spacecraft, species
Chinese,the United States,Swiss,physics,politics,maths,
变内部元音 goose-geese,tooth-teeth, foot-feet, man-men, woman-women;mouse-mice
-on变-a phenomenon-phenomena现象,criterion-criteria标准;
词尾加-(r)en child---children孩子; ox-oxen公牛
词尾-un变成-a datum-data数据;medium-media媒体;
【易错提醒】 1. 名词作定语,一般用单数,需要用复数作定语的有:goods trains货车;sports meet运动会;
customs officer海关人员;a salesgirl一个售货员;2. 名词前有man/woman修饰,名词变复数时,man/woman和名词都要变为复数形式。3. man/woman构成的合成词,复数形式将a变为e。但German复数形式是直接在词尾加-s。
知识点3 复合名词的变化规则
合成名词复数 将主体名词变为复数:passer-by→passers-by, looker-on→lookers-on; bedroom-bedrooms;
无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加-s: grown-up→grown-ups, forget-me-not - forget-me-nots勿忘我;
知识点4 不可数名词
不可数名词的数 不可数名词没有复数形式,一般不能用a或an修饰。可在名词前加表示数量的词如piece, glass等。通常只用作不可数的名词有:beer, air, homework, weather, news, butter, milk, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。
抽象名词具体化 表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事东西时,可以将抽象名词可作为可数名词,可以与a/an连用,常见的这类词有: success成功-成功的人或事; pleasure乐趣-令人高兴的事; surprise吃惊-令人惊讶的人或事; beauty美-美丽的人或事; comfort安慰-令人感到安慰的人或事物; danger危险-危险的人或因素; delight高兴-令人高兴的事; failure 失败-失败的人或事物; shock震惊-令人震惊的事情; honour荣誉-一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事);
物质名词具体化 rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, drink, ice, sugar, ice等物质名词可以具体化为可数名词,用复数形式表示类别、数量、范围或程度。如:two drinks两杯饮料; two ices两份冰淇淋; sands沙滩;snows多场雪;
具体名词抽象化 school, college, hospital, court, prison, table, church等是可数名词,有具体的意义,当表示与之相关的活动时,表示抽象意义。如:go to school上学;at table在吃饭;in prison坐监狱;go to church去做礼拜;
【易错提醒】 fish指鱼的种类时,加-es; 指鱼的条数时,单复数相同;指鱼肉时,为不可数名词。
典例1. (2023·广东高三模拟)Nowadays people often express their approval of the present economic situation
and their (critical) has caused wide attention.
典例2.(2024·广东湛江高三模拟)He can’t wait to get his father’s (approve).
【变式训练】1. Smoking is harmful to health, which is without (argue).
【变式训练】2. Phsical activity increases the (efficient) of your heart and lungs.
知识点5 名词与数量词的搭配
a (few), several, many, a great many, the/a number of, hundreds of, dozens/scores of/different/other +可数名词
a (little), a great of, a large amount of, much +不可数名词
a lot of, lots of, enough, masses of, plenty of, a quantity of, quantities of, a supply of, some +可数/不可数名词
socks, trousers, stockings, compasses, glasses, jeans, shorts, pants, pincers, scissors, clothes, gloves, scales等成双成对的名词一般不用具体数词修饰,但可以用a pair of, two pairs of gloves. 成双成对的名词
【易错提醒】物质名词表示数量时,一般用表示数量的短语来表示。of之前的数量名词,要根据情况使用单数或复数形式,如:a cup of tea; three pieces of bread; two pieces of paper等。
知识点6 复数形式表示特殊含义的名词
单复数 意义不 同的词 good好的--goods货物; water--waters水域, fish鱼肉--fishes(各种)鱼, possession拥有--possessions (财产); manners (礼貌); work工作--works (作品,著作); glass玻璃--glasses眼镜; paper纸--papers报纸,论文; content内容--contents目录; custom习俗--customs关税; wood木材--woods树林; arm胳膊--arms武器; time时间--times时代; green绿色-greens青菜;
考点二 名词的格
知识点1 's所有格
表示人或有生命的名词常在词尾加's。
以s结尾的复数名词,只加“’”。如: students’ reading room学生阅览室;
表示两者各自所有关系时,分别在每个名词的词尾加’s;表示两者共有,在最后名词词尾加’s。如:
my sister's telephone 姐姐的电话; the boy’s pen男孩的钢笔; Women’s day 妇女节。
表示店铺、办公室或某人家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。如:
at the barber's在理发店; at my uncle's在我叔家; the doctor’s (office)诊所;
若一样东西为两人所有,只在后一个名词后加’s。
This is Tom and Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲。
表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助's表示所有关系。
a week's holiday 一周的假;thirty minutes' ride三十分钟的车程
典例1.(2024·浙江省名校协作体适应性考试)A (student) college experience is his or her own, and the student must put his or her education first.
典例2.(2024·江苏省前黄高级中学学情检测)During a visit earlier this year to the crowded and noisy market in the
(city) Wuning subdistrict, Mao Fenghua, head of the local trade union federation, found a child doing homework near a street stall.
【变式训练】1. It is believed that _______ (today) children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
【变式训练】2.We should remember these ________ (hero) names forever.
知识点2 of所有格
无生命的名词常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或定语修饰的有生命的名词用of所有格。
the window of the room 房间的窗户;the cost of living生活成本;the news of success捷报;
知识点3 双重所有格
构成:"名词+of+名词所有格"或"名词+of+名词性物主代词"
双重所有格表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,名词前可用a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those 等修饰,但不能用the。如: a picture of my mother's我母亲(拥有)的一张照片; a friend of mine我的一个朋友; this little cat of your sister's你妹妹的这只小猫;
【易错提醒】 ’s所有格my mother’s friend强调我母亲和这个朋友的关系,不涉及其他人。双重所有格a friend of my mother’s指我母亲还有其他朋友。如:a picture of Jack’s指杰克所拥有的照片中的一张;而a picture of Jack指一张杰克的照片,照片上的人就是杰克。
考点三 常考名词后缀
知识点1 形容词转化为名词后缀
后缀 例词
-age short→shortage 短缺 percent→percentage 百分比
-cy efficient→efficiency效率 fluent→fluency流利 accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私
-dom free→freedom自由 wise→wisdom明智;智慧
-ence different→difference差异 evident →evidence 证据
-ness weak→weakness虚弱;弱点 thick→thickness厚度 kind→kindness仁慈,友好 careless→carelessness粗心大意
-th strong→strength力气;优势 warm→warmth温暖;热情
-y/-ty/-ity difficult→difficulty困难 disable→disability缺陷;伤残 responsible→responsibility责任 honest→honesty诚实
知识点2 动词转化为名词后缀
后缀 例词
-ion/ -tion/ -sion/ attract→attraction吸引力 celebrate→celebration庆祝 conclude→conclusion结论;结束 discuss→discussion讨论;论述 decide→decision决定 admit→admission承认;准许加入 permit→permission允许,许可 invite→invitation邀请 explain→explanation解释 expect→expectation期望
-er/ -or sail→sailor海员,水手 drive→driver司机;驾驶员 gather→gatherer收集者,采集者 teach→teacher老师 announce→announcer广播员 conduct→conductor指挥;售票员
-ment punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement成就 argue→argument辩论;论据 treat→treatment对待;治疗 equip →equipment装备;设备 govern→government政府 astonish→astonishment惊奇 develop→development发展
-ance/ -ence appear→appearance出现;外貌 guide→guidance指引;指导 perform→performance表演;表现 exist→existence存在;生存 prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考,查阅
-ure/ -ture fail→failure失败;倒闭 press→pressure压力 depart→departure离开;出发 mix→mixture混合(物)
-ing hear→hearing听力,听觉 begin→beginning开始 build→building建筑 warn→warning 警告
-y recover→recovery恢复 discover→discovery发现
典例1.(2023全国甲卷)The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Cason’s theme is a more weighty (warn) about environmental destruction.
典例2.(2021新高考II卷)A company ________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
【变式训练】Wu Qin Xi, or The Five-Animal Qigong, can be regarded as the earliest form of Medical Qigong in Chinese history, dating back to Eastern Han Dynasty (25—220). The
(create) of Wu Qin Xi was credited to the famous Chinese physician Hua Tuo (110—207) who had great skills as a surgeon, acupuncturist (针灸师) and herbalist.
考点四 常考易混名词辨析
Group 1 affair, business, event, matter
affair指“事件,事务”,多指私事或重大的国家事物等。
【江苏卷】China's image is improving steadily, with more countries recognizing its role in international affairs.
中国的形象正在稳步提升,越来越多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用
business指商业方面的事情,也指繁忙的事情。
【全国甲卷·知识运用】Burchill was packing at the hotel on business and planning to visit some friends in the area.
伯奇尔出差,当时正在酒店收拾行李,并打算去拜访当地的一些朋友。
event指有历史意义的大事,重要事件,也可指运动会的赛事。
【新课标卷Ⅰ·阅读理解】The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the
50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon.
夏季奥运会最长的田径项目是50公里竞走,比马拉松距离还长大约5英里。
matter指麻烦事。
Group 2 approach, manner, means, method, way
approach后面可跟介词to,指为着手某项工作而使用的方法或步骤,还可指“通路,途径”。
【北京卷·阅读理解】Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming.
最近,我构想了一种新的计时方法,它与我们星球的环境有关,由于全球变暖,环境可能会改变。
manner指人们说话做事所采取的手段或方式,表示“举止,行为”。复数形式可以表示“礼貌”。
【天津卷·阅读理解】I wrote my poems in this manner for nearly ten years before my first book was published.
在我的第一本书出版之前,我用这种方式写诗写了将近十年。
means指为达到目的采用的方法、手段或途径。单复数同形,常搭配介词by。
method指系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法,可以与介词with搭配。
way普通用词,统指“方法”,后面可跟不定式或of doing等作定语。
Group 3 symbol, sigh, signal, mark
symbol指作为象征或表达某种深邃意义的特殊事物。
2. sign 指具有一定含义的符号或标志,它的标示可以是实物表情、动作、文字、语言及任何痕迹或征兆。
There is a stop sign at the intersection. 在交叉路口处有停车标志。
3. signal 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
When she got up from the table, it was the signal for us to leave.
当她从饭桌旁站起来的时候,那就是我们该离开的信号。
4. mark指为某一目的有意做的标记,也指无意留下或自然形成的痕迹。
Suffering left its mark on his face.苦难的经历在他脸上留下了痕迹。
Group 4 scene, sight, scenery, view
1. scene指具体的或某一局部的景色,也包括人其中人的活动。000
【新课标卷Ⅲ·知识运用】If you do, you won't be able to handle it and the whole thing develops into an unpleasant scene and that ruins everyone's day.
如果你这样做了,你将无法处理好它,整个事情发展成一个不愉快的场面,那会毁了每个人的心情。
2.sight侧重风光,包括城市景色或自然风光,也可指人造景物或奇特的景色。
【新高考II卷·知识运用】When he was safely outside, the only help in sight was a policeman.
当他安全到外面时,眼前唯一的帮手就是一名警察。
3.scenery指国家或某个地区的整体自然风景,如山川、河流等。
【天津卷·写作】I'm sure the visitors will be amazed by the beautiful scenery in Jiazhaigou as well as the construction Dujiangyan Irrigation Project.
我相信,游客们会被九寨沟的美景以及都江堰水利工程的建设所震撼。
4.view多指从某个特定的地方看到的景色,尤其指从高处看到的。
You can get a good view of the whole city from the top of the tower.
从塔顶上可以看到整个城市的景色。
Group 5 damage, harm, hurt, injury, wound
damage指部分损害,降低其价值、破坏其功能等。
harm指“危害”,指使事物不再完整或不具有原来的价值。
【新课标卷·阅读理解】True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal meant me no real harm.
大猩猩天性不具侵略性,这种体型巨大的动物对我并没有真正的恶意。
hurt指精神,情感或肉体上的伤害。
hurt one’s feelings 伤害某人的情感
injury比hurt正式,多用于指平时的大小创伤和伤害。
He got injured when he fell off the tree.
当他从树上摔下来的时候,他受伤了。
wound强调外部创伤,一般指在战斗中受的刀、枪等武器的伤害;有时也可指精神方面的伤害。
The nurse cleaned and bandaged his wound.
护士为他清洗并包扎了伤口。
Group 6 custom, habit, practice, tradition
custom指社会经过一段较长时间形成的风俗、习惯。the Customs指“海关”。
habit指自然养成的,不易戒除的个人习惯。
【浙江卷·阅读理解】His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
他自己的孩子现在已经养成了在外面玩的习惯:“我们只是让他们到花园里去,并告诉他们一段时间内不要回来。”
practice指习惯性的做法、惯例或常规。
【全国乙卷·听力】It was a good chance to practice my Spanish.
这是一个练习西班牙语的好机会。
tradition指世代相传或因长久奉行而形成的传统、习俗。
Group 7 earnings, fee, fare, income, pay salary, wage
earnings一般指通过劳动等手段得到的收入。
fee通常指加入某个组织支付的费用,也指付给律师、医生或家庭教师的服务费,还可指“小费”。
fare指乘坐公共汽车、轮船或出租车等的票价。
income指侧重总收入,与earnings意思相近。
pay指按买卖等按时支付的固定薪酬,常与salary, wage互换。
salary一般指按月支付的报酬,通常指脑力劳动者的薪水。
wage一般用复数形式,通常指按小时、日或星期支付的报酬,侧重指体力劳动这的工资。表示工资的多少时常用high/low表示。
【新高考I卷·知识运用】I'd earn minimum wage.
我挣的是最低工资。
Group 8 clothes, clothing, cloth
clothes指各种衣服,谓语动词永远用复数。
clothing是服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of , an article of。
cloth指布,为不可数名词;指某种用途的布,如抹布等可以加不定冠词。
真题实战
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.(2023年全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ________ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
2.(2022年新高考I卷)The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ______ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
3.(2022年全国甲卷) Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ______ (protect).
4. (2021年新高考II卷 )A company ________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
5.(2023年浙江1月卷)Thanks to Beijing’s long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic (event).
6.(2022浙江1月卷)Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak if she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed. When the answer was no, she declined the _____________ (invite).
7. (2021全国甲卷) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ________ (watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
8. (2022新高考II卷) He saved my ______ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown.
9.(2022浙江6月卷)John Olson, a former ______ (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.
命题演练
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
(2024·九省联考)Whenever you have to write a paper, a letter, or any other document for work or school, you probably head toward the computer. Now, most people reach for ______ (keyboard) faster than they pick up pens.
(23-24高三·福建·高三模拟)The expert drew a (conclude) from his investigation that the disease was carried through water rather than air.
(2023高三·福建福州·模拟测试)The company’s silence on the subject has been taken as an (admit) of guilt.
(2023·河北衡水·阶段练习)It was beyond Chinese (expect) that China entered the FIBA Women’s Basketball World Cup final in 2022.
(2023·河北石家庄·高三模拟)There is a general (recognize) of the urgent need for educational reform.
(23-24·广东广州·开学考试)He said it officially that he would put humans on Mars in less than a decade, but his (declare) proved unrealistic.
(2023·湖南长沙·高三调研)Although the library was open to everyone, all readers had to pay for a membership or (subscribe) in order to borrow books.
(23-24高三上·河北·期末)He is one of the top (chef) in China.
(23-24·河北沧州·期中)When Michael Jackson died, MTV quickly assembled a reel of the singer’s (perform) and spread it around the world.
(2023·江苏南通·开学考试)Equally exciting are the diverse (possibility) provided by the animal kingdom.