人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册Unit 1 Science Fiction Discover useful structures 导学案（含答案）

2019人教版高中英语单元语法知识选择性必修四
Unit1 Science Fiction
被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语中有两种语态:主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语用主动语态;当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语要用被动语态。
请仔细看下面两个例句,体会主动语态与被动语态的区别。
The lady in red attracted Tom.穿红色衣服的那位女士吸引了汤姆。
(该句为主动语态,主语 The lady 是动作attract 的执行者。)
Tom was attracted by the lady in red.汤姆被那位穿红色衣服的女士吸引了。
(该句为被动语态,主语Tom是动作 attract 的承受者。)
一、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,be动词随主语的人称、数、时态和语气而变化。
常用时态 被动形式
一般现在时 am/is/are done
一般过去时 was/were done
一般将来时 shall/will be done
现在进行时 am/is/are being done
过去进行时 was/were being done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had been done
English is spoken by many people.很多人都说英语。
The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.
外国来宾受到了孩子们的热烈欢迎。
Several big modern power plants will be built in our city.
我市将建造几座大型现代化发电厂。
The main building of Shanghai Jiao Tong University is being repaired by the workers.工人们正在维修上海交通大学的主楼。
My car was being fixed by him at six yesterday.
昨天六点钟他正在修理我的汽车。
English has been studied by us for three years at school.
我们已经在学校学习了三年英语。
100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.
截至去年年底,我们已经生产了100 辆拖拉机。
温馨提示： ①含情态动词的被动结构为:情态动词+be done。 ②被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词后加not。 The project hasn't been finished yet.这项工程还没有完成。 Measures will not be taken to prevent corrosion.(我们)将不再采取措施来防止腐蚀。
二、被动语态的基本用法
1. 说话人所要表达的语义重心是动作的承受者且没有必要提到执行者时,常用被动语态。
English lessons are being broadcast on the radio now.
现在收音机上正在播英语课。
This product can't be on sale unless it has been tested out.
除非经过测试,否则这个产品是不可以销售的。
In 1976 King Kong's unfortunate story was retold with a man in a suit with makeup and a robot.1976 年金刚令人惋惜的故事再次被搬上银幕,由真人穿 上猩猩装,外加化妆技术和机器模型来呈现。
不太清楚动作的执行者是谁,或者不便道出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态。
This bridge was built in the 18th century.这座桥建于18世纪。
The reporters were told not to enter that area.记者被告知不要进入那片区域。
知识拓展：使用被动语态时也可以说出动作的执行者,用“by+动作执行者”表示。
My sister and I were recommended to sell books as a summer job by a friend.
我和姐姐被一个朋友建议去参加卖书的暑期工作。
温馨提示：如果谓语是动词短语,其被动语态一定要保证短语动词的整体性,不能漏掉固定搭配中的介词或副词。 Look! The children are being taken care of by their aunt.看!这些孩子们正被他们的阿姨照顾着。(of不可省略) Other solutions were talked about in the meeting.其他解决方案在会上被讨论了。(about 不可省略)
三、常见的被动语态句式结构
1. 主语+被动语态的谓语动词+主语补足语
当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,原来的宾语变成了被动结构中的主语,原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。
We elected James ( as ) chairman.我们选了詹姆斯当主席。(主动语态)
James was elected ( as ) chairman by us.詹姆斯被我们选为主席。(被动语态)
温馨提示：主动句中的宾补如果是省略to的动词不定式,变成被动句后,to必须还原,不能省略。 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.有人看见一个陌生人走进了大楼。(主动语态) A stranger was seen to walk into the building.一个陌生人被看到走进了大楼。(被动语态)
2.It +被动语态的谓语动词+主语从句.
常见的结构有:It is suggested that..., It is said that..., It is reported that..., It is known to us that..., It is believed that..., It must be pointed out that..., It is acknowledged that... 等。
It is believed that he will pass the examination.
人们相信他会通过考试。(该句话还可以换成:He is believed to pass the examination. )
It must be pointed out that mistakes of this kind should not be repeated.必须指出, 这样的错误不应该再犯。
三、不定式的被动式
当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动词所表示的动作发生的先后顺序,有一般式和完成式两种形式。
一般式to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students.这些是要发给学生的书。
He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.他要求被派往最需要 他的地方。
完成式to have been done
to have been done表示不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生。
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.据说这部小说已 被译成多种语言。
He appeared to have been questioned for many times.
看来他已经被询问过很多次了。
动词-ing 形式的被动式
动词-ing 形式指的是动名词或现在分词。当动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,就要用动词-ing形式的被动式,即动名词的被动式或现在分词的被动式。
动词-ing的被动式
构成 一般式:(not) being done
完成式:(not ) having been done
功能 动名词的被动式:主语、宾语、表语
现在分词的被动式:定语、状语、补语
一般式being done
动名词被动式的一般式表示一个“抽象、习惯”的被动的动作。
No one likes being laughed at.没人喜欢被嘲笑。
现在分词被动式的一般式表示一个被动的动作与谓语动词的动作(几乎)同时发生。
Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe.有一堵厚墙保护着, 他们觉得很安全。
完成式 having been done
动名词被动式的完成式表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。
She was proud of having been trained in the UK.
她为在英国接受过培训而骄傲。
现在分词被动式的完成式也表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。
Having been criticised by his grandpa, he gave up smoking.
被他爷爷批评以后,他戒烟了。
闯关训练1
一、同义句转换。
1.The country has to pass laws to protect children from being abused.→Laws
to protect_________ _________ _________ _________children from being abused.
2. Flashing lights and the sea of faces surrounded two pairs of dancers on a round stage.→ Two pairs of dancers on a round stage_______ ________ _______flashing
lights and the sea of faces.
3. Don't be anxious, and they will tell you where to go later.
→Don't be anxious, and you_________ ________ _________where to go by them later.
4.In order to protect the environment, the government has taken action.
→Action _________ _________ _________by the government in order to protect the environment.
二、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1. Generally speaking, cycling, along with jogging and swimming,_________( regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
2.[全国甲2021·改编]The Xi'an City Wall_________(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored.
3.More efforts, as reported,_________(make) in the years ahead to accelerate reform.
4.[天津 2021 年3月·改编] Currently, about 35,000 works_________( display ) in over300 rooms in the Louvre, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
5.This science fiction_________( translate ) into many languages so far.
6. Mark is a genius. By the time he graduated, he_ ( offer ) jobs by a dozen computer companies.
7.It_________ ( report ) that he was driving carelessly at that time.
8.The bad weather will continue, when a cold front_________( expect) to arrive.
9.Shakespeare's play Hamlet_________( make) into at least ten different films over the past years.
10. It is said that the early European playing cards_________(design) for entertainment and education.11.[全国新高考I2020]The parts of a museum open to the public_________( call)galleries or rooms.
12. On the last day of our week-long stay, we_________( invite ) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
三、用被动语态翻译句子。
1.这个可怜的孩子小时候经常被他人嘲笑。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.她是一名音乐教师,总是被人听到在弹钢琴。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.他们现在和朋友们住在一起，因为他们的房子正在粉刷。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
闯关训练2
一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
Teenagers didn't want________( treat) like children.
2. It is an honour for me________( ask ) to speak here.
3.I'd like________( inform) of the process of your dealing with my complaint.
4.He hurried to the airport, only________( find ) the star had left.
5.He hurried to the airport, only________( tell ) the star had left.
6.It took a long time for the new school________( build).
7. It took the workers a long time________(build) the new school.
8.The telephone is considered________(invent) by Alexander Bell.
闯关训练3
一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.As a student, I can tell you that there is nothing better than________( praise)by my teacher before my classmates.
2.-What do you know made Susan so upset
-________( charge) with giving away secrets.
3. The building_( build) now will be used as our library.
4.________( tell) many times, the boy still didn't know how to do the exercises.
答案：
闯关训练1：
一、1. have to be passed
2. were surrounded by
3.will be told
4. has been taken
二、1.is regarded
2.was built
3. will be made
4. are being displayed
5. has been translated
6. had been offered
7.is/was reported
8. is expected
9. has been made
10.were designed
11. are called
12. were invited
三、1.The poor kid was often laughed at by others when young.
2.She is a music teacher, and she is always heard to play the piano,
3. They are living with their friends now, because their house is being painted.
闯关训练2：
to be treated
to be asked
to be informed
to find
5. to be told
6. to be builtbuild
7. to build build
8. to have been invented
闯关训练3：
1. being praised
2.Being charged
3. being built
4. Having been told