说明文
【要点提示】
要点1 时态 通常是对客观事物或实例的介绍与说明,与时间的变化关系不大,文章常用现在时态
要点2 语言 主要是帮助读者认清事物、明白事理,所以语言简练、平实、易于理解,内容客观真实,很少含有带感情的词汇
要点3 主题 在文章开头就点明说明对象,从而为学生们把握文章主题提供了有利条件。作者借助合理的说明顺序展开文章,使文章结构清晰、层次分明
【真题示例】
【典例分析】(2022·全国乙卷改编)
Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek.For them, there’s something highly exciting about __1__ someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen.
However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably __2__ at hiding.They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies __3__ .
For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was __4__ as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures.But our __5__ research results in child developmental psychology __6__ that idea.
We brought young children aged 2—4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.Each __7__ sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or __8__ .We then asked the child if she could __9__ or hear the adult.Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t.The same thing happened when the adult covered her own mouth: Now children said that they couldn’t __10__ to her.
A number of experiments ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.The results were clear: Our young subjects __11__ the questions and knew exactly what was asked of them.Their __12__ to the questions reflected their true __13__ that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply insist on mutual (相互的) recognition and regard.Our __14__ suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism.In fact, children consider this method __15__ when others use it.
1.A.following B.taking C.escaping D.directing
2.A.clever B.bad C.scared D.quick
3.A.exposed B.examined C.untouched D.imbalanced
4.A.supported B.guaranteed C.imagined D.interpreted
5.A.disappointing B.mixed C.surprising D.desired
6.A.explained B.confirmed C.contradicted D.tested
7.A.parent B.child C.researcher D.doctor
8.A.feet B.nose C.hands D.ears
9.A.see B.help C.reach D.fool
10.A.speak B.listen C.turn D.wave
11.A.comprehended B.predicted C.explored D.ignored
12.A.responses B.approaches C.contribution D.sensitivity
13.A.ability B.belief C.identity D.purpose
14.A.limitations B.requirements C.theories D.findings
15.A.tentative B.impressive C.creative D.effective
【策略分析】
第一步 通读全文,把握主旨要义。
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了实验证明孩子们捉迷藏时,只遮住自己的眼睛并不是自我中心主义的结果,而是孩子们坚持相互承认和尊重。
第二步 研读文章,把握说明文顺序。
games of hide and seek→cover only their eyes→children are hopelessly “egocentric”→new idea→conclusion
第三步 联系文题,确定说明文考点。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
动词 形容词 形容词 动词 形容词 动词 名词 名词
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 -
动词 动词 动词 名词 名词 名词 形容词 -
第四步 挖掘说明顺序,逐题试填。
序号 位置 语境信息 答案
1 下文 making oneself unable to be seen __C__
2 下文 They often cover only their eyes with their hands __B__
3 上文 They often cover only their eyes with their hands __A__
4 下文 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” creatures __D__
5 下文 it is not a result of egocentrism __C__
6 下文 In fact, children consider this method______when others use it. __C__
7 上文 We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. __B__
8 下文 or hear the adult __D__
9 上文 an adult who covered her own eyes __A__
10 上文 when the adult covered her own mouth __A__
11 下文 the questions and knew exactly what was asked of them __A__
12 下文 to the questions __A__
13 下文 I can see you only if you can see me, too __B__
14 下文 it is not a result of egocentrism __D__
15 上文 They simply insist on mutual recognition and regard __D__
【技巧归纳】
明确说明对象 快速通读全文,明确作者从什么角度和侧面对哪一个说明对象加以说明
厘清段落关系 把握每段的说明侧重点,厘清段落之间的逻辑关系,加深对说明对象的理解
搞清说明顺序 弄清楚作者是按照时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序还是认知顺序来展开说明的,进一步确定前后文的因果关系、先后主次、由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由客观到本质等
把握作者态度 抓住体现作者态度的关键词句,有利于掌握作者的写作情感和意图
【拓展演练】
1
On August 2nd when Indonesia got its only gold medal at the Tokyo Olympics, the winning team of Greysia Polii and Apriyani Rahayu fell to their knees and cried with relief. Some 3,500 miles away, Indonesia 1 with joy. The president 2 their success in the women’s doubles game of badminton to be an early “birthday gift” to the nation, whose independence day is on August 17th.
In England, where the modern version of the sport 3 , badminton is a lawn (草坪) game. In Asia it is a serious business. At the Badminton World Championships in 2019, Asian countries won 19 of 20 medals. In recent decades, China has 4 as a heavyweight. But Indonesia is the sport’s 5 . It has won more titles at the Thomas Cup, the most 6 tournament, than any other country.
Badminton is the only sport in which Indonesia has ever won gold at the Olympics — and it has done so at all but one since the sport became an official 7 of the Olympics in 1992. Indonesia is the “home of badminton”. “Wherever you travel in Indonesia, within a 8 you can find people playing badminton. Racquets (球拍) and balls can easily be bought or made, and once a clothesline and a challenger have been 9 , the match is on,” says Raja Sapta Oktohari, president of the Indonesian Olympic Committee.
It is little wonder then that badminton is Indonesia’s 10 . It is also the most developed in the country, which owns the only national team for which the government 11 a training centre. Parents also encourage their children to take it 12 . The rewards for skill and hard work are 13 . It’s said that players of the national team earn more than $2,000 a month, ten times the average income. Perhaps most importantly, badminton is a 14 of national pride. It is the only sport to 15 a string of heroes; Rudy Hartono, for example, has won eight titles at the All England men’s singles, more than any other player.
1. A. tripped B. erupted C. broke D. collapsed
2. A. declared B. acknowledged C. interpreted D. appreciated
3. A. existed B. regained C. originated D. flowered
4. A. varied B. emerged C. approached D. grown
5. A. challenger B. host C. threat D. dominator
6. A. distinguished B. dynamic C. complicated D. privileged
7. A. schedule B. incident C. event D. project
8. A. court B. community C. park D. second
9. A. spotted B. witnessed C. located D. supported
10. A. habit B. favorite C. practice D. custom
11. A. runs B. contacts C. demonstrates D. conducts
12. A. down B. off C. over D. up
13. A. numbered B. limitless C. definite D. handsome
14. A. source B. resource C. mark D. symbol
15. A. detect B. produce C. model D. acquire
2
In a crowded migrant (移民) camp in Tijuana, Mexico, a three-year-old girl wandered 16 toward the exit. She was steps from a busy road. Estefanía Rebellón was the only person who 17 her. The writer had just driven from Los Angeles with a group of friends to drop off food and clothing to a(n) 18 organization.
It was December 2018, a time when the US-Mexico border was seeing migrants from Central America 19 violence and poverty. Rebellón rushed over to the child and took her 20 . “Where are your parents ” she asked anxiously. Eventually, she and her friends found the girl’s 21 father, who had stepped away to 22 for food.
Back at home, Rebellón gathered a group of volunteer 23 via social media, and using a thousand dollars from her 24 , set up a school at the Tijuana border. In five years, the pilot program has grown into the non-profit Yes We Can World Foundation, which has 25 three school buses into classrooms and established two schools.
26 by donations, the foundation’s teachers have provided a bilingual education to more than 3,000 kids. The schools 27 an official curriculum (课程) from Mexico’s education ministry. They also offer 28 courses, which help kids understand more about migration.
Rebellón has received numerous 29 for her work, including Outstanding American by Choice. As more than 6.6 million people still live in refugee camps around the world, she says she’d like to 30 the foundation’s influence and support migrant children globally.
16. A. leisurely B. alone C. freely D. abroad
17. A. tended B. recognized C. invited D. noticed
18. A. relief B. health C. business D. education
19. A. fighting B. preventing C. escaping D. worsening
20. A. side B. place C. hand D. heart
21. A. determined B. annoyed C. disappointed D. panicked
22. A. line up B. make up C. stand up D. look up
23. A. soldiers B. doctors C. writers D. teachers
24. A. expenses B. savings C. bills D. charges
25. A. integrated B. forced C. transformed D. translated
26. A. Limited B. Funded C. Motivated D. Influenced
27. A. create B. adjust C. reject D. follow
28. A. special B. strange C. common D. major
29. A. opportunities B. honours C. blessings D. messages
30. A. display B. possess C. maintain D. expand
3
London life for Cathy Hagner and her three children is set to be permanent. Their 31 school day and her job as a lawyer’s assistant are busy enough. But Hagner also has to take the two boys to soccer or hockey or basketball while 32 off her daughter at piano lessons or Girl Scout Club.
Often, the 33 family doesn’t get home until 7 pm. There is just time for a quick supper before homework.
In today’s world, middle class American and British parents 34 their children as if they were competitors 35 for some finishing line.
Parents take their children from activity to activity to make their future 36 . It seems that raising a genius has become a more 37 goal than raising a happy and well-balanced child.
38 are dealing with worn-out children in the classroom. It’s a very serious problem. Many children 39 after-class clubs by necessity. But competitive pressures also create a/an 40 of activities, which 41 sports, language, music and maths classes for children as young as four.
“There is a new parenting trend under way which says you have to 42 all your child’s potential at a young age, otherwise they will be 43 ,” says Terry Apter, an expert on child problems.
“It isn’t entirely 44 : there have always been pushy parents. But what was seen as strange behavior before is now well 45 .
31. A. half B. full C. meaningful D. relaxing
32. A. seeing B. sending C. dropping D. taking
33. A. exhausted B. loving C. energetic D. nuclear
34. A. assess B. encourage C. remind D. treat
35. A. hoping B. racing C. calling D. caring
36. A. challenging B. exciting C. promising D. inviting
37. A. realistic B. specific C. difficult D. important
38. A. Doctors B. Parents C. Headmasters D. Teachers
39. A. start B. attend C. skip D. prefer
40. A. lack B. establishment C. explosion D. business
41. A. practice B. enjoy C. teach D. include
42. A. unlock B. fulfill C. show D. record
43. A. let down B. pushed off C. laughed at D. taken over
44. A. new B. out-dated C. wrong D. right
45. A. respected B. done C. accepted D. managed
4
My father decided to start learning French when he was 57. On the surface, his retirement hobby seems a little random — our family has no connection to French-speaking countries — but his 46 ran deeper than a passion for cakes. My grandmother developed signs of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔兹海默症) in her early 70s, and studies suggest that being bilingual, that is, being able to speak two languages equally well, can 47 the start of the condition by up to five years. Drawn by that 48 benefit, many people have attempted to pick up a new language in adulthood.
Lots of activities are linked to better brain health in old age, like getting more education when you’re younger and physical activity. Experts say regularly speaking multiple languages may be especially 49 though. “We use language in all aspects of daily life, so a bilingual brain is 50 working,” said Mark Antoniou, a professor at Western Sydney University who specializes in bilingualism.
The age at which you learn another language appears to be less important than how 51 you speak it. The cognitive (认知的) benefit is from having to 52 your mother tongue, which your brain is forced to do if you’re trying to recall the right words in another language. So if the second language is used a lot, you’re getting that cognitive 53 . That process is called cognitive inhibition. In theory, by improving these types of processes, the brain becomes stronger to the 54 caused by diseases like dementia. The stronger your mental power, the thinking goes, the longer you can function normally, even if your brain health starts to 55 .
However, evidence for the benefits of learning a second language as a hobby in your 60s is 56 . Research by Dr. Antoniou and colleagues found that while Chinese adults 60 and up improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like Sudoku did as well. Two more recent studies on the topic found virtually no 57 in cognitive performance after people took part in language-learning programs.
The scientists who conducted those studies offered a few potential 58 . One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age, making it hard to see any 59 . Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short. The handful of studies looking into the issue have used language lessons that were very different in their 60 and frequency. Some studies taught participants for eight months, others for just one very intense week.
46. A. affection B. contribution C. motivation D. struggle
47. A. delay B. prevent C. signal D. stimulate
48. A. additional B. educational C. lasting D. potential
49. A. beneficial B. common C. impractical D. rare
50. A. carelessly B. constantly C. creatively D. delicately
51. A. long B. often C. soon D. well
52. A. command B. practice C. restrict D. spread
53. A. function B. psychology C. system D. training
54. A. damages B. operations C. pains D. signs
55. A. decline B. improve C. matter D. restore
56. A. available B. mounting C. stronger D. weaker
57. A. difference B. involvement C. point D. reduction
58. A. applications B. explanations C. findings D. suggestions
59. A. diversities B. improvements C. outcomes D. possibilities
60. A. content B. intention C. length D. requirement
5
Sandhya Sriram is impatient. The stem-cell (干细胞) scientist wanted to put her knowledge to use, developing cultivated seafood. Yet no one was doing that in Singapore. So four years ago, she set up a company to create lab-grown crustacean (甲壳纲动物) meat. 61 , she registered her company, Shiok Meats in August 2018. “Nobody was doing crustaceans,” says Sriram, Shiok’s Group CEO and co-founder. “What do Asians eat the most Seafood. It was a simple answer. And they’re so delicious.” A lifelong 62 , she had never tried real shrimp, but she sampled it the week she registered the company.
Today, the results of her 63 can be seen at the headquarters of her company. During a fall 2022 visit, a bio-process engineer looked into a microscope carefully. He had taken samples from a bioreactor in the room next door, where the company is 64 crustacean cells. Under the lens, he was checking to see if the cells were ready to harvest.
Shiok Meats has already revealed shrimp, lobster, and crab prototypes (最初形态) to a select group of tasters, and it plans to 65 regulatory approval to sell its lab-grown shrimp by April 2023. That could make it the first in the world to bring cultivated shrimp to diners, putting it at the leading position of the cultivated-meat 66 . As of this writing, only one company has gained regulatory approval to sell lab-grown animal-protein products: Eat Jus’s cultured chicken is 67 but only in Singapore. Shiok Meats still needs to submit all the paperwork necessary and get regulatory approval, but the company hopes to see its products in restaurants by mid-2024, offering foodies a more environmentally friendly option free of 68 than crustaceans from farms.
But even if that ambitious 69 is met, it will likely be a while before the average person is eating cultivated crustaceans. It will require not just regulatory approval but also more funding and a bigger factory, along with 70 consumers and governments around the world to accept lab-grown seafood.
“We’re at an interesting stage of a startup; it’s called the Valley of Death,” says Sriram. “We are in the space where we haven’t submitted for regulatory approval yet, but we’re looking to commercialize in the next two years.” Nevertheless, the impatient entrepreneur is 71 . Sriram hopes to have the company’s next manufacturing plant ready by the end of 2023, where a 500-liter and a 2,000-liter bioreactor will be a major 72 from its current 50- and 200-liter bioreactors. The goal is for her products to enter the mainstream in Singapore in five to seven years.
73 these products could help tackle some of the environmental impacts of crustacean production. Organic waste, chemicals, and antibiotics from seafood farms can pollute groundwater. Shiok Meats says the way it produces crustacean meat minimizes animal cruelty, as growing protein in a lab helps avoid 74 animals. And cultivating shrimp closer to where it’s 75 cuts emissions from fishing-boat fuel and shipping products around the world.
In a word, when science meets seafood, many wonderful things happen naturally.
61. A. Eagerly B. Hurriedly C. Incidentally D. Interestingly
62. A. dieter B. foodie C. taster D. vegetarian
63. A. discipline B. enthusiasm C. discovery D. mindset
64. A. growing B. investigating C. increasing D. targeting
65. A. accept B. adopt C. grant D. seek
66. A. farm B. race C. section D. line
67. A. available B. affordable C. competitive D. profitable
68. A. additive B. cruelty C. meat D. salt
69. A. guideline B. transformation C. condition D. timeline
70. A. demanding B. directing C. persuading D. training
71. A. delightful B. insightful C. open-minded D. optimistic
72. A. difference B. emergence C. sacrifice D. leap
73. A. Tracking B. Supervising C. Popularizing D. Sampling
74. A. feeding B. killing C. mistreating D. trapping
75. A. captured B. stranded C. consumed D. produced
6
The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up, old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS (video home system)tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 76 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 77 .
Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 78 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces 79 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 80 , has digitised items like manuscripts (手稿) from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.
But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 81 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 82 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient (saving around 4.5m a year) while keeping all the essential information.
Scholars 83 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 84 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 85 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 86 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost within decades no matter what 87 are put in place.
The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 88 to future generations is extraordinarily proud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely 89 for almost a century.
The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 90 , but of huge damage.
76. A. paused B. boomed C. recovered D. disappeared
77. A. getting outdated B. coming into style C. being fined D. making an error
78. A. deleted B. named C. copied D. altered
79. A. fight or flight B. life or death C. wear and tear D. awe and wonder
80. A. unfortunately B. additionally C. in summary D. for example
81. A. the originals B. the essentials C. the visualised D. the digitised
82. A. preservation B. classification C. publication D. destruction
83. A. applaud B. disagree C. discriminate D. withdraw
84. A. revising B. abandoning C. uncovering D. enduring
85. A. meaningful B. favourable C. resistant D. delicate
86. A. inventing B. adjusting C. accessing D. damaging
87. A. outcomes B. safeguards C. deadlines D. byproducts
88. A. matter B. respond C. lose D. live
89. A. spared B. discussed C. forgotten D. protected
90. A. sacrifice B. courage C. efficiency D. admiration
参考答案
1
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍8月2日印度尼西亚在东京奥运会上获得唯一一枚金牌来引出话题，进一步介绍了羽毛球的起源，发展以及印尼对羽毛球的热爱。
1. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：大约3500英里外，印度尼西亚爆发出一片欢乐。A. tripped绊倒；B. erupted爆发；C. broke弄破；D. collapsed崩溃。根据上文“On August 2nd when Indonesia got its only gold medal at the Tokyo Olympics, the winning team of Greysia Polii and Apriyani Rahayu fell to their knees and cried with relief.”可知，印度尼西亚赢得了唯一一块金牌，所以应是爆发出一片欢乐，故选B。
2. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：总统宣布他们在羽毛球女子双打比赛中的成功是给国家的提前“生日礼物”，国家的独立日是8月17日。A. declared宣布；B. acknowledged承认；C. interpreted解释；D. appreciated感激。根据上下文“The president 2 their success in the women’s doubles game of badminton to be an early “birthday gift” to the nation”可知，总统应是宣布，故选A。
3. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在现代羽毛球运动的发源地英国，羽毛球是一项草地运动。A. existed存在；B. regained重新获得；C. originated起源于；D. flowered使开花。根据下文“In England, where the modern version of the sport”和常识可知，现代羽毛球运动的发源地是英国，故选C。
4. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：近几十年来，中国已经崛起为一个重量级国家。A. varied变化；B. emerged出现；C. approached接近；D. grown种植。根据上文“At the Badminton World Championships in 2019, Asian countries won 19 of 20 medals.”可知，中国的羽毛球也发展的很好，所以应是以重量级出现，故选B。
5. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但印尼是这项运动的主宰。A. challenger挑战者；B. host主人；C. threat威胁；D. dominator支配者。根据下文“It has won more titles at the Thomas Cup”可知，印尼是这项运动的主宰，故选D。
6. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在最杰出的赛事——汤姆斯杯(Thomas Cup)上，印尼赢得的冠军比其他任何国家都多。A. distinguished杰出的；B. dynamic活跃的；C. complicated复杂的；D. privileged特许的。根据下文“It has won more titles at the Thomas Cup”可知，此处是最杰出的赛事，故选A。
7. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：羽毛球是印尼唯一一项在奥运会上获得金牌的运动——自1992年羽毛球运动成为奥运会的正式项目以来，它一直只有一项。A. schedule日程；B. incident事件；C. event比赛项目；D. project项目。根据下文“of the Olympics in 1992”可知是奥运会的比赛项目，故选C。
8. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论你在印尼的哪个地方旅行，你都能在一秒钟内发现有人在打羽毛球。A. court球场；B. community社区；C. park公园；D. second秒。根据上文“Indonesia is the “home of badminton”.”可知在印尼随时都能看见有人在打羽毛球，故选D。
9. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：“无论你在印尼的哪个地方旅行，你都能在一秒钟内发现有人在打羽毛球。球拍和球很容易买到或制作，一旦找到晾衣绳和挑战者，比赛就开始了，”印尼奥委会主席拉贾 萨帕塔 奥克托哈里(Raja Sapta Oktohari)表示。A. spotted发现；B. witnessed见证；C. located找到，明确……的位置；D. supported支持。根据上下文“Racquets (球拍) and balls can easily be bought or made, and once a clothesline and a challenger have been 9 , the match is on,” says Raja Sapta Oktohari, president of the Indonesian Olympic Committee.”可知，球拍和球很容易买到或制作，所以只要找到晾衣绳和挑战者，就能打羽毛球，故选C。
10. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，羽毛球成为印尼的最爱也就不足为奇了。A. habit习惯；B. favorite特别喜爱的人/物；C. practice训练；D. custom习俗。根据上文“Indonesia is the “home of badminton”.”以及印尼随时可见打羽毛球的人，说明羽毛球是印尼最喜欢的运动，故选B。
11. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：它也是这个国家最发达的，拥有唯一一支由政府管理的训练中心的国家队。A. runs管理；B. contacts联系；C. demonstrates证明；D. conducts进行。根据下文“which owns the only national team for”可知，此处是国家队，应该是政府管理，故选A。
12. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：父母也鼓励他们的孩子接受它。A. (take) down记下；B. (take) off起飞；C. (take) over接管；D. (take) up开始从事。根据上文“The rewards for skill and hard work are 13 . It’s said that players of the national team earn more than $2,000 a month, ten times the average income.”可知，进入国家队不但能学习技能还有奖金，所以父母应是鼓励他们的孩子从事羽毛球，故选D。
13. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：技能和努力工作的回报是可观的。A. numbered有限的；B. limitless无限的；C. definite明确的；D. handsome数量大的，可观的。根据下文“It’s said that players of the national team earn more than $2,000 a month, ten times the average income.”可知，回报也是可观的，故选D。
14. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许最重要的是，羽毛球是民族自豪感的来源。A. source来源；B. resource资源；C. mark记号；D. symbol象征。根据下文“Rudy Hartono, for example, has won eight titles at the All England men’s singles, more than any other player.”可知，此处指羽毛球是民族自豪感的来源，故选A。
15. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：它是唯一产生了一连串英雄的运动；例如，Rudy Hartono在全英男子单打比赛中赢得了8个冠军，比其他任何球员都多。A. detect发现；B. produce产生；C. model模仿；D. acquire获得。根据下文“Rudy Hartono, for example, has won eight titles at the All England men’s singles, more than any other player.”可知，此处指产生一连串英雄的运动，故选B。
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16. B 17. D 18. A 19. C 20. C 21. D 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. D
【解析】本文是篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作家Estefanía Rebellón在看到美国-墨西哥边境移民营地儿童生活的现状后，征集了一批志愿者，并自费在蒂华纳边境建立了一所学校。几年后，学校项目逐渐发展起来，为三千多个孩子提供了双语教育，Rebellón也希望能够为全世界的移民儿童提供教育支持。
16. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：在墨西哥蒂华纳一个拥挤的移民营地，一个3岁的小女孩独自走向出口。A. leisurely从容地、悠闲地；B. alone独自地；C. freely自由地；D. abroad到国外、在国外。根据第二段“Where are your parents ”（你父母在哪里？）和“Eventually, she and her friends found the girl’s 6 father, who had stepped away to 7 for food.”（最终，她和她的朋友们找到了女孩……父亲，他已经离开去……买食物了。）中的“stepped away”可知，小女孩的父母不在身边，她是一个人走向出口的。故选B。
17. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Estefanía Rebellón是唯一注意到她的人。A. tended倾向于、照顾；B. recognized辨认出；C. invited邀请；D. noticed注意到。根据第二段“Rebellón rushed over to the child”（Rebellón冲到孩子身边）和““Where are your parents ”she asked anxiously.”（“你的父母在哪里 ”她焦急地问。）可知，Rebellón应该是唯一一个注意到小女孩一个人向出口走去的人。故选D。
18. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个作家和一群朋友刚从洛杉矶开车过来，给一个救援组织送去食物和衣服。A. relief宽慰、救济品；relief organization救援组织；B. health健康；C. business商业、生意；D. education教育。根据第二段“It was December 2018, a time when the US-Mexico border was seeing migrants from Central America 4 violence and poverty.”（那是2018年12月，美墨边境出现了……暴力和贫困的中美洲移民。）和第一段的“In a crowded migrant (移民) camp in Tijuana, Mexico”（在墨西哥蒂华纳一个拥挤的移民营地）可知，Rebellón和朋友应该是去给救援移民的组织送食物和衣服的。故选A。
19. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：那是2018年12月，美墨边境出现了逃离暴力和贫困的中美洲移民。A. fighting作战、与……作斗争；B. preventing阻止；C. escaping逃离；D. worsening使恶化。根据句中的“violence and poverty”和常识可知，这些人应该是为了逃离暴力和贫困才会移民。故选C。
20. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Rebellón冲向孩子，握住她的手。A. side侧面、一旁；B. place位置；take one’s place代替；C. hand手；D. heart心、心脏。根据第一段“She was steps from a busy road.”（她离一条繁忙的道路只有几步之遥。）可知，Rebellón看到了这个3岁的小女孩一个人向出口走去，马上就要走到繁忙的道路了，非常危险，所以她向孩子冲过去，应该是立刻拉住了她的手，以确保她的安全。故选C。
21. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最终，她和她的朋友们找到了女孩惊慌失措的父亲，他之前离开去排队领食物了。A. determined坚定的；B. annoyed恼怒的；C. disappointed失望的；D. panicked惊慌的。根据第一、二段内容可知，小女孩一个人走向出口，非常危险，结合本句可知，是Rebellón和朋友一起帮忙找到了她的父亲，可见父女二人已经走散了，父亲发现孩子不见了，一定是惊慌失措的。故选D。
22. 考查动词词短语辨析。句意：最终，她和她的朋友们找到了女孩惊慌失措的父亲，他之前离开去排队领食物了。A. line up排队；B. make up组成、补偿；C. stand up起立；D. look up抬头看。根据句中第一段“In a crowded migrant (移民) camp in Tijuana”（在墨西哥蒂华纳一个拥挤的移民营地）和“The writer had just driven from Los Angeles with a group of friends to drop off food and clothing to a(n) 3 organization.”（这个作家和一群朋友刚从洛杉矶开车过来，给一个救援组织送去食物和衣服。）可知，女孩和父亲是在一个移民营地里，是依靠救援组织发放食物和衣服生活，所以父亲离开应该是去排队领取食物的。故选A。
23. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：回到家里，Rebellón通过社交媒体召集了一群志愿教师，并从她的积蓄中拿出1000美元，在蒂华纳边境建立了一所学校。A. soldiers士兵；B. doctors医生；C. writers作家；D. teachers教师。根据句中“set up a school”可知，Rebellón建立了一所学校，所以应该是召集了一群志愿教师。故选D。
24. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：回到家里，Rebellón通过社交媒体召集了一群志愿教师，并从她的积蓄中拿出1000美元，在蒂华纳边境建立了一所学校。A. expenses费用；B. savings积蓄、存款；C. bills账单；D. charges收费、费用。根据句中的“volunteer”和下一句中的“non-profit”及第四段第一句的“by donations”可知，Rebellón建立的学校应该是不收费的，所以她最初建立应该是从自己的积蓄中拿出了1000美元。故选B。
25. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在5年的时间里，这个试点项目已经发展成为非营利性的Yes We Can世界基金会，该基金会已经将三辆校车改造成了教室，并建立了两所学校。A. integrated合并；B. forced迫使、强迫；C. transformed使转变、使转换；D. translated翻译。根据句中“non-profit”和常识可知，这个基金会是非营利性的组织，所以应该是充分利用现有资源，将校车转换成了教室来使用。故选C。
26. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在捐款的资助下，该基金会的教师为3000多名儿童提供了双语教育。A. Limited限制；B. Funded资助；C. Motivated激励；D. Influenced影响。根据第三段的“non-profit”和句中“the foundation’s teachers have provided a bilingual education to more than 3,000 kids.”可知，该基金会是非营利组织，教师们能够顺利开展教学工作，应该是依靠捐款的资助。故选B。
27. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些学校遵循墨西哥教育部的官方课程。A. create创造；B. adjust调整；C. reject拒绝；D. follow遵循、跟随。根据下文“They also offer...”可知，学校应该是提供了官方课程，结合句中“from Mexico’s education ministry”可知，这个课程应该是遵循墨西哥教育部设置的官方课程。故选D。
28. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们还提供特殊课程，帮助孩子们更多地了解移民。A. special特殊的；B. strange陌生的、奇怪的；C. common普通的、常见的；D. major主要的。根据上一句中的“an official curriculum”和本句中“which help kids understand more about migration.”可知，学校不仅提供了官方课程，还为这些移民的孩子们提供了可以帮助他们更多了解移民知识的特殊课程。故选A。
29. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Rebellón因她的工作获得了许多荣誉，包括“杰出美国人”。A. opportunities机会；B. honours荣誉；C. blessings祝福；D. messages信息。根据句中“including Outstanding American by Choice.”可知，Rebellón应该是因工作获得了许多荣誉。故选B。
30. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：由于世界各地仍有超过660万人生活在难民营中，她说她希望扩大基金会的影响力，并在全球范围内支持移民儿童。A. display陈列、展示；B. possess拥有；C. maintain维持；D. expand扩大。根据句中“support migrant children globally”可知，Rebellón想要在全球范围内支持移民儿童，就要扩大基金会的影响力。故选D。
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31. B 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. B 36. C 37. D 38. D 39. B 40. C 41. D 42. A 43. A 44. A 45. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在当今世界，美国和英国的中产阶级父母在孩子很小的时候就挖掘他们所有的潜力，让他们]参加各种课外活动，为了使他们能有更美好的未来，这给孩子的身心造成了极大的负担。
31. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们一整天的学校生活和她作为律师助理的工作经够忙了。A. half一半的；B. full完全的；完整的；C. meaningful有意义的；D. relaxing放松的。根据空后“school day and her job as a lawyer’s assistant are busy enough.”可知，一家人的生活每天都很忙碌，由此可推断出，孩子们要上一整天的学，full school day意为“一整天的学校生活”，符合语境。故选B项。
32. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但Hagner还得带两个男孩去踢足球、打冰球或打篮球，同时送女儿去上钢琴课或去女童子军俱乐部。A. seeing看见；B. sending寄；发送；C. dropping落下；降低；D. taking 拿；接受。根据空后“off her daughter at piano lessons or Girl Scout Club.”可知此处指的是Hagner开车送女儿去上钢琴课或去女童子军俱乐部，drop sb off“让某人下车”，固定搭配。故选C项。
33. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通常，筋疲力尽的家人直到晚上7点才回家。在做作业之前，只有时间快速吃顿晚饭。A. exhausted疲惫的；B. loving有爱心的；C. energetic精力充沛的；D. nuclear原子核的。根据上文“Their ____1____ school day and her job as a lawyer’s assistant are busy enough. But Hagner also has to take the two boys to soccer or hockey or basketball while ____2____ off her daughter at piano lessons or Girl Scout Club.”以及空后“family doesn’t get home until 7 pm. There is just time for a quick supper before homework.”可知Hagner一家非常忙碌，所以可以推测每天晚上到家时肯定已经是精疲力尽了，故选A项。
34. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在当今世界，美国和英国的中产阶级父母对待他们的孩子就好像他们是为终点线赛跑的竞争者。A. assess评估；B. encourage鼓励；C. remind提醒；D. treat对待。根据空后“their children as if they were competitors ____5____ for some finishing line.”可知此处指的是美国和英国的中产阶级父母就爱你给自己的孩子当作为终点线赛跑的竞争者，treat sb as…“把某人当做……”，故选D项。
35. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在当今世界，美国和英国的中产阶级父母对待他们的孩子就好像他们是为终点线赛跑的竞争者。A. hoping希望；B. racing比赛；竞赛；快速移动；C. calling打电话；喊叫；D. caring关心。根据空前“In today’s world, middle class American and British parents ____4____ their children as if they were competitors” 以及空后“for some finishing line.”可知此处指的是美国和英国的中产阶级父母对待他们的孩子就好像他们是为终点线赛跑的竞争者，race for“为了获得某个目标或奖项而进行竞争”，故选B项。
36. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：父母带着他们的孩子从一个活动到另一个活动，让他们的未来更有前途。A. challenging有挑战性的；B. exciting令人兴奋的；C. promising有前途的；有希望的；D. inviting吸引人的。根据后文“It seems that raising a genius has become a more ____7____ goal than raising a happy and well-balanced child.”可知家长们带着他们的孩子从一个活动到另一个活动的目的是为了培养一个个天才，即让他们的未来更加有前途。故选C项。
37. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：培养一个天才似乎已经成为比培养一个快乐、健康的孩子更重要的目标。A. realistic现实的；B. specific具体的；C. difficult突然的；D. important重要的。根据空前“It seems that raising a genius has become a more”以及“goal than raising a happy and well-balanced child.”可知家长们更希望孩子将来成为一个天才而不仅仅是一个快乐、健康的孩子，所以在家长们看来培养一个天才似乎比培养一个快乐、健康的孩子更重要，故选D项。
38. 考査名词词义辨析。句意：老师正在教室里和精疲力尽的孩子们打交道。A. Doctors医生；B. Parents家长；C. Headmasters校长；D. Teachers老师。根据空后“are dealing with worn-out children in the classroom.”可知，在教室里和孩子们相外的应该是老师，故选D项。
39. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多孩子迫于需要参加课外俱乐部。A. start开始；启动；B. attend参加；出席；C. skip跳；略过；D. prefer较喜欢。根据前文“Parents take their children from activity to activity to make their future ____6____ .”以及空后“____8____ are dealing with worn-out children in the classroom. It’s a very serious problem.”可知孩子们迫于需要参加课外活动。故选B项。
40. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但竞争压力也导致了活动的爆炸式增加，其中包括体育、语言、音乐和数学课程，最小的孩子只有四岁。A.lack缺乏；B.establishment建立；C.explosion爆炸；D. business商业；生意。根据空后“of activities, which _____11_____ sports, language, music and maths classes for children as young as four.”可知竞争压力导致了各式活动的爆炸式增加，故选C项。
41. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但竞争压力也导致了活动的爆炸式增加，其中包括体育、语言、音乐和数学课程，最小的孩子只有四岁。A. practice锻炼；练习；B. enjoy喜欢；享受；C. teach教授；D. include包括。根据空后“sports, language. music and..”可知空处是对空格前“activities”的举例，激增的活动中包括体育、语言、音乐等，include意为“包括”，符合句意。故选D项。
42. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：儿童问题专家特里·阿普特(Terry Apter)说：“现在有一种新的育儿趋势，认为你必须在孩子很小的时候就释放他们所有的潜力，否则他们会失望的。”A. unlock开锁；解开；释放；B. fulfill实现；C. show表明；展示；D. record记录。根据空后“all your child’s potential at a young age, otherwise they will be _____13_____ ,” says Terry Apter, an expert on child problems.”可知新的育儿趋势认为孩子们的潜能需要在小时候就进行挖掘释放，故选A项。
43. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：儿童问题专家特里·阿普特(Terry Apter)说：“现在有一种新的育儿趋势，认为你必须在孩子很小的时候就释放他们所有的潜力，否则他们会失望的。”A. let down使失望；B. pushed off推迟；C. laughed at嘲笑；D. taken over接管。根据空前““There is a new parenting trend under way which says you have to _____12_____ all your child’s potential at a young age, otherwise they will be”可知此处指的是如果家长不在小时候就释放孩子的潜能，孩子在长大以后一定会感到失望，let sb down“使某人失望”，故选A项。
44. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这并不是一个全新的现象：一直以来都有爱出风头的父母。A. new新的；B. out-dated过时的；C. wrong错误的；D. right正确的。根据后文“there have always been pushy parents”可知一直以来都有爱出风头的父母，由此可知，在孩子很小的时候就挖掘他们所有的潜力的现象不是一个全新的现象，以前就有这样的父母。故选A项。
45. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但以前被视为奇怪的行为现在已经被完全接受了。A. respected 尊重；B. done已经完成；C. accepted 接受；D. managed 管理。根据上文“There is a new parenting trend..”以及空前“there have always been pushy parents. But what was seen as strange behavior before is now well”可知，在孩子很小的时候就挖掘他们所有的潜力已经成为一种新的育儿趋势，由此可知，这种行为已经被完全接受了。故选C项。
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46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B 51. B 52. C 53. D 54. A 55. A 56. D 57. A 58. B 59. B 60. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了能说两种语言，可以将痴呆症发病时间推迟至多5年，由于这种潜在的好处，许多人试图在成年后学习一门新的语言。专家表示，经常说多种语言可能特别有益。
46. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：从表面上看，他的退休爱好似乎有点随意——我们家与法语国家没有任何联系——但他的动机比对蛋糕的热爱更深层次。A. affection喜爱；B. contribution贡献；C. motivation动机；D. struggle努力。根据上文“My father decided to start learning French when he was 57.(我父亲在57岁时决定开始学习法语)”可知，此处指父亲学习法语的动机比对蛋糕的热爱更深层次。故选C。
47. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的祖母在70岁出头时出现了阿尔茨海默氏症的迹象，研究表明，会说双语，也就是能说两种语言，可以将这种疾病的发病时间推迟至多5年。A. delay推迟；B. prevent阻止；C. signal示意；D. stimulate激励。根据后文“benefit, many people have attempted to pick up a new language in adulthood”可知，此处指研究表明，会说双语，也就是能说两种语言，可以将这种疾病的发病时间推迟至多5年。故选A。
48. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于这种潜在的好处，许多人试图在成年后学习一门新的语言。A. additional附加的；B. educational教育的；C. lasting持久的；D. potential潜在的。结合上文提到研究表明，会说双语，也就是能说两种语言，可以将痴呆症的发病时间推迟至多5年，所以是潜在的好处，故选D。
49. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：专家表示，经常说多种语言可能特别有益。A. beneficial有益的；B. common共同的；C. impractical不明智的；D. rare罕见的。根据上文“Lots of activities are linked to better brain health in old age, like getting more education when you’re younger and physical activity.(许多活动都与老年时更好的大脑健康有关，比如年轻时接受更多的教育和体育锻炼)”提到了许多活动都与老年时更好的大脑健康有关，比如年轻时接受更多的教育和体育锻炼，而专家表示经常说多种语言可能特别有益。故选A。
50. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：西悉尼大学专门研究双语的教授马克·安东尼奥说：“我们在日常生活的各个方面都使用语言，所以双语大脑一直在工作。”A. carelessly马虎地；B. constantly不断地；C. creatively创造性地；D. delicately微妙地。根据上文“We use language in all aspects of daily life, so a bilingual brain is”指会说双语的大脑一直在工作。故选B。
51. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：你学习另一门语言的年龄似乎没有你说这门语言的频率重要。A. long长地；B. often经常；C. soon很快；D. well好地。根据上文“regularly speaking”可知，学习另一门语言的年龄似乎没有你说这门语言的频率重要。故选B。
52. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：认知上的好处是必须限制你的母语，如果你试图用另一种语言回忆正确的单词，你的大脑就会被迫这样做。A. command命令；B. practice练习；C. restrict限制；D. spread传播。根据后文“your mother tongue, which your brain is forced to do if you’re trying to recall the right words in another language”可知，如果你试图用另一种语言回忆正确的单词，你的大脑就会被迫限制说你的母语。故选C。
53. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以如果经常使用第二语言，你就会得到认知训练。A. function功能；B. psychology心理学；C. system系统；D. training训练。根据上文“if the second language is used a lot, you’re getting that cognitive”可知，如果经常使用第二语言，你就会得到认知训练。故选D。
54. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：从理论上讲，通过改善这些类型的过程，大脑会变得更强大，以抵御痴呆症等疾病造成的损害。A. damages破坏；B. operations运作；C. pains痛苦；D. signs迹象。根据后文“caused by diseases like dementia”指痴呆症等疾病造成的损害。故选A。
55. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种想法认为，你的精神力量越强大，即使你的大脑健康状况开始下降，你也能正常工作的时间越长。A. decline下降；B. improve改善；C. matter重要；D. restore恢复。根据后文“The stronger your mental power, the thinking goes, the longer you can function normally, even if your brain health starts to”中even if表示让步，可知你的精神力量越强大，即使你的大脑健康状况开始下降，你也能正常工作的时间越长。故选A。
56. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，对于60多岁的人来说，将学习第二语言作为一种爱好有好处的证据并不明显。A. available可用的；B. mounting上升的；C. stronger更强壮的；D. weaker较弱的。根据后文“Research by Dr. Antoniou and colleagues found that while Chinese adults 60 and up improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like Sudoku did as well.(安东尼奥博士及其同事的研究发现，虽然60岁及以上的中国成年人在接受了六个月的语言学习项目后，在认知测试中有所提高，但玩数独等游戏的人也有同样的表现)”可知，研究表明对于60多岁的人来说，将学习第二语言作为一种爱好有好处的证据并不明显。故选D。
57. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近关于这个话题的两项研究发现，参加语言学习项目后，人们的认知表现几乎没有什么不同。A. difference差异；B. involvement参与；C. point要点；D. reduction减少。上文提到对于60多岁的人来说，将学习第二语言作为一种爱好有好处的证据并不明显，即人们的认知表现几乎没有什么不同。故选A。
58. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：进行这些研究的科学家提供了一些可能的解释。A. applications应用；B. explanations解释；C. findings发现；D. suggestions建议。后文“Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short.(另一个原因是语言干预可能太短了)”主要给出了这一现象的两种解释。故选B。
59. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一是参与者都是非常积极的志愿者，他们的表现可能已经达到了同龄人的最高水平，因此很难看到任何改善。A. diversities多样性；B. improvements改善；C. outcomes结果；D. possibilities可能性。根据上文“the participants were highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age”可知，参与者都是非常积极的志愿者，他们的表现可能已经达到了同龄人的最高水平，因此很难看到任何改善。故选B。
60. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：调查这个问题的少数研究使用了在长度和频率上都大不相同的语言课程。A. content内容；B. intention意图；C. length长度；D. requirement要求。根据上文“Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short.(另一个原因是语言干预可能太短了)”可知，此处指使用在长度和频率上都大不相同的语言课程。故选C。
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61. A 62. D 63. B 64. A 65. D 66. B 67. A 68. B 69. D 70. C 71. D 72. D 73. C 74. B 75. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了企业家Sandhya Sriram把知识用于开发养殖海鲜，成立了一家公司，生产实验室培育的甲壳类动物肉。
61. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：2018年8月，她急切地注册了自己的公司Shiok Meats。A. Eagerly急切地；B. Hurriedly急忙；C. Incidentally偶然地；D. Interestingly有趣地。根据上文“Sandhya Sriram is impatient.( Sandhya Sriram没有耐心)”可知，指她急切地注册了自己的公司Shiok Meats。故选A。
62. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：她一生都是素食主义者，从来没有吃过真正的虾，但在她注册公司的那一周，她尝了一口。A. dieter节食者；B. foodie美食家；C. taster试味员；D. vegetarian素食者。根据后文“she had never tried real shrimp”推测她是素食主义者。故选D。
63. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：今天，她的“热情”的结果可以在她的公司总部看到。A. discipline纪律；B. enthusiasm热情；C. discovery发现；D. mindset观念。根据上文“What do Asians eat the most Seafood. It was a simple answer. And they’re so delicious.(亚洲人最得吃多的什么？海鲜。答案很简单。它们太好吃了。)”此处指她对于海鲜的热情。故选B。
64. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他从隔壁房间的生物反应器中提取了样本，该公司正在那里培养甲壳类动物细胞。A. growing生长；B. investigating调查；C. increasing增加；D. targeting把……作为目标。根据上文“He had taken samples from a bioreactor in the room next door”指公司在生物反应器中培养甲壳类动物细胞。故选A。
65. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Shiok Meats已经向一组精选的品尝者展示了虾、龙虾和螃蟹的原型，并计划在2023年4月之前寻求监管部门的批准，出售实验室培育的虾。A. accept接受；B. adopt采取；C. grant给予；D. seek寻找。根据后文“regulatory approval to sell its lab-grown shrimp”指寻求监管部门的批准，出售实验室培育的虾。故选D。
66. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这可能使它成为世界上第一家将养殖虾送到食客面前的公司，使其在养殖肉竞赛中处于领先地位。A. farm农场；B. race比赛；C. section部分；D. line线条。根据上文“putting it at the leading position of the cultivated-meat”可知，这家公司成为世界上第一家将养殖虾送到食客面前的公司，使其在养殖肉竞赛中处于领先地位。故选B。
67. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在撰写本文时，只有一家公司获得了监管部门的批准，可以销售实验室培育的动物蛋白产品：Eat Jus的养殖鸡，但只在新加坡销售。A. available可获得的；B. affordable便宜的；C. competitive竞争的；D. profitable盈利的。根据后文“but only in Singapore”可知，这家公司可以销售实验室培育的动物蛋白产品：Eat Jus的养殖鸡，但只在新加坡销售。故选A。
68. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Shiok Meats 仍需提交所有必要的文件并获得监管部门的批准，但该公司希望在 2024 年年中看到其产品进入餐馆，为美食家提供比农场甲壳类动物更环保、更无公害的选择。A. additive添加剂；B. cruelty残酷；C. meat肉；D. salt盐。根据上文“offering foodies a more environmentally friendly option free of”指该公司希望在 2024 年年中看到其产品进入餐馆，为美食家提供比农场甲壳类动物更环保、更无公害的选择。短语free of cruelty表示“无公害。”故选B。
69. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但即使这个雄心勃勃的时间表得以实现，普通人吃到人工养殖的甲壳类动物可能还需要一段时间。A. guideline指导方针；B. transformation变化；C. condition条件；D. timeline时间轴。对应上文“see its products in restaurants by mid-2024”指在 2024 年让这种产品进入餐厅的时间表，故选D。
70. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这不仅需要监管部门的批准，还需要更多的资金和更大的工厂，还要说服世界各地的消费者和政府接受实验室种植的海鲜。A. demanding要求；B. directing指导；C. persuading说服；D. training训练。根据后文“consumers and governments around the world to accept lab-grown seafood”指说服世界各地的消费者和政府接受实验室种植的海鲜。故选C。
71. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这位不耐烦的企业家是乐观的。A. delightful令人高兴的；B. insightful富有洞察力的；C. open-minded虚心的；D. optimistic乐观的。根据上文““We’re at an interesting stage of a startup; it’s called the Valley of Death,” says Sriram. “We are in the space where we haven’t submitted for regulatory approval yet, but we’re looking to commercialize in the next two years.”(“我们正处于创业的一个有趣阶段；它被称为死亡之谷，”斯里拉姆说。“我们目前所处的领域还没有提交监管机构的批准，但我们希望在未来两年内实现商业化。”)”以及however表示转折，说明这位企业家的心态是乐观的。故选D。
72. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：斯利拉姆希望在2023年底之前建成公司的下一个制造工厂，届时500升和2000升的生物反应器将是目前50升和200升生物反应器的重大飞跃。A. difference差异；B. emergence出现；C. sacrifice牺牲；D. leap跳跃。根据后文“from its current 50- and 200-liter bioreactors”指500升和2000升的生物反应器将是目前50升和200升生物反应器的重大飞跃。故选D。
73. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：推广这些产品可以帮助解决甲壳类动物生产对环境的一些影响。A. Tracking追踪；B. Supervising监督；C. Popularizing普及；D. Sampling取样。根据后文“these products could help tackle some of the environmental impacts of crustacean production”此处指推广这些产品可以帮助解决甲壳类动物生产对环境的一些影响。故选C。
74. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Shiok Meats表示，他们生产甲壳类动物肉的方式最大限度地减少了对动物的虐待，因为在实验室里培育蛋白质有助于避免动物死亡。A. feeding喂养；B. killing杀死；C. mistreating虐待；D. trapping困住。根据上文“growing protein in a lab helps avoid”可知，蛋白质是实验室培育的，所以避免了杀死动物。故选B。
75. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在离虾的消费地更近的地方养殖虾可以减少渔船燃料和世界各地运输产品的排放。A. captured捕捉；B. stranded搁浅；C. consumed消耗；D. produced产生。根据后文“cuts emissions from fishing-boat fuel and shipping products around the world”可知，减少渔船燃料和世界各地运输产品的排放是因为离虾的消费地更近。故选C。
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76. B 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. D 81. A 82. D 83. B 84. C 85. D 86. C 87. B 88. A 89. C 90. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了有消息称，英国司法部计划扫描1.1亿人的遗嘱，并在25年后销毁一小部分原件，这一消息震惊了历史学家。官员们指出，这一变化将在保留所有重要信息的同时具有经济效益，但是学者们有不同看法。
76. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：后来，家庭度假的录像带失去了吸引力，DVD的使用开始蓬勃发展。A. paused暂停；B. boomed繁荣；C. recovered恢复；D. disappeared消失。根据上文“video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs”可知，家庭度假的录像带失去了吸引力，DVD的使用开始蓬勃发展。故选B。
77. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：即使是那些把童年记忆保存在笔记本电脑上的人现在也知道，这些文件面临着过时的风险。A. getting outdated过时；B. coming into style开始流行；C. being fined被罚款；D. making an error犯错。根据上文“The way of recording things has never ceased to develop.(记录事物的方式从未停止发展)”可知，文件因为发展而面临过时的风险。故选A。
78. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：数字化的历史文件带来了巨大的好处——文件可以复制和分发，减少了火灾或洪水造成的物理破坏所造成的全部损失的风险。A. deleted删除；B. named命名；C. copied复制；D. altered改变。根据后文“and distributed”指数字化的文件可以复制和分发，故选C。
79. 考查名词短语辨析。句意：开发数字版本可以减少原始物品的磨损。A. fight or flight战斗或逃跑；B. life or death生或死；C. wear and tear磨损；D. awe and wonder敬畏和惊叹。根据上文“And developing digital versions reduces”可知，开发数字版本可以减少原始物品的磨损。故选C。
80. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：例如，国际敦煌项目已经将中国莫高窟的手稿等物品数字化，使世界各地的学者可以在不接触实物的情况下轻松获取记录。A. unfortunately不幸地；B. additionally此外；C. in summary总之；D. for example例如。根据上文“The International Dunhuang Project”可知，此处是在举例说明数字化文件可以避免原件磨损。故选D。
81. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，有消息称，英国司法部计划扫描1.1亿人的遗嘱，并在25年后销毁一小部分原件，这一消息震惊了历史学家。A. the originals原件；B. the essentials本质特征；C. the visualised视觉效果；D. the digitised数字化。根据后文“after 25 years has shocked historians”可知，让历史学家震惊的是销毁原件。故选A。
82. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这只能证明数字化是正当的，而不能证明销毁纸质拷贝是正当的。A. preservation保护；B. classification分类；C. publication出版；D. destruction破坏。呼应上文“destroy a handful of”指销毁纸质拷贝。故选D。
83. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：学者们不同意。A. applaud鼓掌；B. disagree有分歧；C. discriminate歧视；D. withdraw退出。根据后文“Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history(最重要的是，实物记录本身可以携带重要的信息——所使用的墨水或纸张的种类可能是历史学家正在揭示的历史的一部分)”可知，学者不同意这一做法。故选B。
84. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：最重要的是，实物记录本身可以携带重要的信息——所使用的墨水或纸张的种类可能是历史学家正在揭示的历史的一部分，而且在扫描时经常会出现错误。A. revising改变；B. abandoning抛弃；C. uncovering揭露；D. enduring忍受。根据上文“the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are”指所使用的墨水或纸张的种类可能是历史学家正在揭示的历史的一部分，故选C。
85. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，数字拷贝可以说比实物更微妙，只是方式不同而已。A. meaningful有意义的；B. favourable有利的；C. resistant抵制的；D. delicate微妙的。根据后文“than the material items, just in different ways”可知，数字拷贝可以说比实物更微妙，只是方式不同而已。故选D。
86. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：去年10月，互联网对大英图书馆的攻击使学者们无法访问馆内保存的数字化资料：想象一下，如果研究人员无法回到原件的话。A. inventing发明；B. adjusting调整；C. accessing访问；D. damaging破坏。根据后文“digitised materials it holds”指学者们无法访问馆内保存的数字化资料。故选C。
87. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些人甚至认为，无论采取何种保护措施，数字化信息都很容易在几十年内丢失。A. outcomes结果；B. safeguards保护；C. deadlines截止日期；D. byproducts副产品。根据上文“Some even think digitised information can easily be lost”指无论采取何种保护措施，数字化信息都很容易在几十年内丢失。故选B。
88. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，假设我们知道谁对后代至关重要是非常骄傲的。A. matter重要；B. respond回答；C. lose失去；D. live居住。根据后文“to future generations is extraordinarily proud”指知道谁对后代至关重要。故选A。
89. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：玛丽·西科尔是一名先锋护士，现在出现在英国的国家学校课程上，近一个世纪以来，她基本上被遗忘了。A. spared饶恕；B. discussed讨论；C. forgotten忘记；D. protected保护。根据上文“a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK”可知，护士如今才出现在课程上，说明曾经被遗忘了。故选C。
90. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，一旦原件被扫描，销毁它们就不是一个效率很高的问题，而是一个巨大的破坏问题。A. sacrifice牺牲；B. courage勇气；C. efficiency效率；D. admiration钦佩。根据上文“The officials note the change will be economically efficient (saving around 4.5m a year) while keeping all the essential information.(官员们指出，这一变化将在保留所有重要信息的同时具有经济效益（每年节省约450万英镑）)”可知，此处指一旦原件被扫描，销毁它们就不是一个效率很高的问题，而是一个巨大的破坏问题。故选C。(共13张PPT)
说明文
【要点提示】
要点1 时态 通常是对客观事物或实例的介绍与说明,与时间的变化关系不大,文章常用现在时态
要点2 语言 主要是帮助读者认清事物、明白事理,所以语言简练、平实、易于理解,内容客观真实,很少含有带感情的词汇
要点3 主题 在文章开头就点明说明对象,从而为学生们把握文章主题提供了有利条件。作者借助合理的说明顺序展开文章,使文章结构清晰、层次分明
【真题示例】
【典例展示】 (2022·全国乙卷改编)
Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek.For them, there’s something highly exciting about __1__ someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen.
However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably __2__ at hiding.They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies __3__ .
For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was __4__ as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures.But our __5__ research results in child developmental psychology __6__ that idea.
We brought young children aged 2—4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.Each __7__ sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or __8__ .We then asked the child if she could __9__ or hear the adult.Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t.The same thing happened when the adult covered her own mouth: Now children said that they couldn’t __10__ to her.
A number of experiments ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.The results were clear: Our young subjects __11__ the questions and knew exactly what was asked of them.Their __12__ to the questions reflected their true __13__ that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply insist on mutual (相互的) recognition and regard.Our __14__ suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism.In fact, children consider this method __15__ when others use it.
1.A.following B.taking C.escaping D.directing
2.A.clever B.bad C.scared D.quick
3.A.exposed B.examined C.untouched D.imbalanced
4.A.supported B.guaranteed C.imagined D.interpreted
5.A.disappointing B.mixed C.surprising D.desired
6.A.explained B.confirmed C.contradicted D.tested
7.A.parent B.child C.researcher D.doctor
8.A.feet B.nose C.hands D.ears
9.A.see B.help C.reach D.fool
10.A.speak B.listen C.turn D.wave
11.A.comprehended B.predicted C.explored D.ignored
12.A.responses B.approaches C.contribution D.sensitivity
13.A.ability B.belief C.identity D.purpose
14.A.limitations B.requirements C.theories D.findings
15.A.tentative B.impressive C.creative D.effective
【策略分析】
第一步 通读全文,把握主旨要义。
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了实验证明孩子们捉迷藏时,只遮住自己的眼睛并不是自我中心主义的结果,而是孩子们坚持相互承认和尊重。
第二步 研读文章,把握说明文顺序。
games of hide and seek→cover only their eyes→children are hopelessly “egocentric”→new idea→conclusion
第三步 联系文题,确定说明文考点。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
动词 形容词 形容词 动词 形容词 动词 名词 名词
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 -
动词 动词 动词 名词 名词 名词 形容词 -
第四步 挖掘说明顺序,逐题试填。
序号 位置 语境信息 答案
1 下文 making oneself unable to be seen ______
2 下文 They often cover only their eyes with their hands ______
3 上文 They often cover only their eyes with their hands ______
4 下文 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” creatures _______
C
B
A
D
序号 位置 语境信息 答案
5 下文 it is not a result of egocentrism ______
6 下文 In fact, children consider this method______when others use it. ______
7 上文 We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. ______
8 下文 or hear the adult ______
9 上文 an adult who covered her own eyes ______
10 上文 when the adult covered her own mouth ______
C
C
B
D
A
A
序号 位置 语境信息 答案
11 下文 the questions and knew exactly what was asked of them ______
12 下文 to the questions ______
13 下文 I can see you only if you can see me, too ______
14 下文 it is not a result of egocentrism ______
15 上文 They simply insist on mutual recognition and regard ______
A
A
B
D
D
【技巧归纳】
明确说明对象 快速通读全文,明确作者从什么角度和侧面对哪一个说明对象加以说明
厘清段落关系 把握每段的说明侧重点,厘清段落之间的逻辑关系,加深对说明对象的理解
搞清说明顺序 弄清楚作者是按照时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序还是认知顺序来展开说明的,进一步确定前后文的因果关系、先后主次、由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由客观到本质等
把握作者态度 抓住体现作者态度的关键词句,有利于掌握作者的写作情感和意图
