主旨大意题
【常考题型】
题型1 段落大意题 每个段落都有一个中心思想,且中心思想通常会在段落的首句或尾句体现出来,这个句子就是常说的段落主题句。没有给出明显的主题句时,要根据段落内容概括出段落大意
题型2 文章大意题 考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的归纳概括能力
题型3 标题归纳题 概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子
【真题示例】
【题型1】段落大意题
【典例分析】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇节选)
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
【策略分析】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。 关键词: What, Paragraph 2, is...mainly about
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。 定位原文信息:This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(第二段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第一段引出了“群体智慧”效应,并解释什么是“群体智慧”效应,即大量人独立做估计,如果把这些独立估计平均起来,得到的平均数还是很准确的。紧接着,第二段分析为什么会这样,原因是有些人会高估,有些人会低估,如果足够多的高估和低估做一下平均,高估和低估引起的误差就会相互抵消,而最终导致一个比较准确的结果。第二段的内容其实是“群体智慧”效应运作的一个深层次的逻辑,故选 __B__。
【要点提示】
解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章第二段中多次提到有关“估计”的概念,有的是“高估”,有的是“低估”,还有“精确估计”等,其目的是分析“估计的准确性”,可见本段并不是介绍方法,故排除A项。
【题型2】文章大意题
【典例分析】(2023·浙江高考·B篇)
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me.I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach.I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need.Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable.I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate.If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
27.What is the text mainly about
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
【策略分析】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。 关键词:What, the text, is...mainly about
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。 定位原文信息:Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.(第一段)I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.(第二段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提出问题的具体情形,第二段提出了问题解决的可能性,下文叙述了具体的做法,据此可知文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选 __C__。
【要点提示】
解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章中涉及处理和家庭成员的关系,但是确实是围绕着文章主题展开的,也就是作者如何让家人能够配合过一种零浪费的健康生活,这样A项明显是错误的,需要排除。
【题型3】标题归纳题
【典例分析】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·B篇)
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.
The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden.Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
27.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Rescuing School Gardens
B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers
D.Changing Local Landscape
【策略分析】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。 关键词: What, title for the text
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。 定位原文信息:The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.(第一段);Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.... (第二段) ...Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens....(第五段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第一段以及下文内容讲述了为了培养学生的科学技能、环保意识以及养成健康的生活方式, Abby Jaramillo和另外一位老师在低收入学校发起Urban Sprouts菜园项目,这个项目让学生体验菜园生活,对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意,最适合作为本文标题。故选 __B__。
【要点提示】
解题时,考生很容易误选A项,因为文章中提到the garden, grocery stores等信息,但是这些信息都是帮助介绍活动内容,文章主旨是介绍“体验乡村生活”的情况,故排除A项。
【技巧归纳】
技巧1 段落大意题: “一定、二找、三归纳”
技巧2 文章大意题: “速读、识别、再总结”
技巧3 标题归纳题: “速浏览、定主题、巧概括”
【拓展演练】
1
I first discovered Ruskin Bond on a hot afternoon in Agartala. My mother, sister and I were spending the summer with my father, an army officer, who was stationed there.
There wasn't much to do for a young teen in the army cantonment, so I spent most of my days at the library, which housed a various—if modest—collection of books. I casually picked up Bond's Delhi Is Not Far on one such day and was immediately drawn into his gentle, unassuming, non-judgmental world.
Since that day, I've searched for and read quickly and with great enthusiasm every one of Ruskin Bond's works. I think my affinity came from the fact that I identified on some level with him. Like me, he was shy and dreamy and enjoyed the company of the written word above that of people.
A particularly painful theme that runs through Ruskin Bond's work is his relationship with his father. The two were extremely close, more so perhaps because they were each other's sole emotional support systems. Bond's parents divorced when he was little, and so it was just him and his father, and the latter comes across as a sensitive, gentle man who adored his son.
Bond's father died suddenly of malaria at 46, when Bond was just 10—a cruel blow for the young boy. It's remarkable how Bond writes about his father's untimely death with a quiet dignity: It is deeply touching but never maudlin（凄凉的）
Moved as I was by Bond's memories of his father, little did I know that I would soon be experiencing his pain first-hand. When I was 21, my father too suddenly passed away after a brief illness. Looking back at the time immediately after my father's passing, all I remember is a feeling of utter disbelief, of thinking. I sought refuge in my beloved books, and no other author gave me as much assistance and relief as did my beloved Ruskin Bond.
1. Why did the author go to the library
A. To read Bond's novel. B. To review his lessons.
C. To broaden his horizons. D. To kill his time.
2. Which can best explain the underlined part in the third paragraph
A. Passion. B. Sympathy.
C. Relief. D. Inspiration.
3. What does the author think of Bond's father
A. Determined. B. Considerate.
C. Wealthy. D. Intelligent.
4. Which would be the best title for the text
A. My Father: an Army Officer
B. Unforgettable Time after My Father's Death
C. Ruskin Bond's Works: My Beloved Books
D. My Experience in the Army Cantonment
2
A new study on the link between chili (辣椒) and dementia (老年痴呆) may be bad news for spicy food fans as researchers have found that eating lots of chili may cause an increased risk of dementia.
The study, led by Zumin Shi, associate professor at the College of Health Sciences of Qatar University, analyzed 4,582 Chinese adults aged 55 and above between 1991 and 2006 and found evidence of faster cognitive (认知) decline in those who consistently ate more than 50 grams of chili a day.
“Chili is one of the most commonly used spices in the world and particularly popular in Asia compared to European countries,” Li said in the press release. “In certain regions of China, such as Sichuan and Hunan, almost one in three adults consume spicy food every day.”
“Chili consumption was found to be beneficial to body weight and blood pressure in our previous studies. However, in this study, we found negative effects on cognition among older adults,“ Shi said in a press release published on Tuesday.
Chili intake included both fresh and dried chili peppers but not sweet capsicums or black peppers, explained Ming Li of the University of South Australia, an author of the study. Capsaicin is the active component in chili which reportedly speeds up metabolism (新陈代谢) and fat loss, and inhibits vascular disorders (抑制血管紊乱), but this is the first longitudinal (纵向的) study to investigate the association between chili intake and cognitive function, researchers said. The researchers said people of normal body weight may be more sensitive to chili intake than overweight people and so their memory and weight suffer a lot.
Worldwide, around 50 million people have dementia, and Alzheimer's disease is the most common form that may contribute to 60 to 70 percent of the cases, according to the World Health Organization. At present, no treatment can cure dementia or change its progressive course.
5. What is Paragraph 3 about
A. The planting of chili. B. The popularity of chili.
C. The bad effects of chili. D. The custom of eating chili.
6. Who are most likely to suffer from eating lots of chili
A. Overweight seniors. B. Overweight teenagers.
C. Seniors of normal body weight. D. Teenagers of normal body weight.
7. According to the passage, chili consumption is found to be harmful to________.
A. body weight B. blood pressure
C. cognitive abilities D. metabolism
8. What does the passage talk about
A. Eating chili causes dementia.
B. Chili is the main cause of dementia.
C. Avoiding chili could help dementia.
D. Eating too much spicy food might cause dementia.
3
Think back to the last time you pooped. Was it hard or soft Was it dark or light brown You might find these questions uncomfortable. Yet the wastes our bodies shed can say a lot about our health. And it is hard to remember past poops and pees well enough to describe to doctors. There's something in those wastes not visible to the eye. But smart toilets can help.
Scientists hope that one day such toilets will be able to diagnose cancer and viruses. But that’s for the future. The smart toilet being developed at Stanford University can take pictures of your feces, track how often you go and measure how long each poop takes. It also can measure the number of white blood cells and types of protein in urine (尿), which could indicate an infection of the urinary tract or bladder. The data will move through the Internet to a secure computer. An artificial-intelligence program then will assess the data. If it finds a problem, the program can notify a patient's doctor.
But how will the toilet know who is on the seat Seung-min Park, a biomedical engineer on the project, and his team use a scanner to image the butt. The user just sits down on the seat. An image of the butt will later be used to identify data obtained from that person’s toilet visit.
However, potential users may not want to have a camera underneath their butts, Park says. So on the next model, his team will replace the camera with an infrared or laser scanner.
Scanning one’s privates is hardly the only privacy issue with smart toilets. The data could be misused by insurance companies or others. And some toilets might one day be able to test your DNA, containing details you don't want to share with anyone.
Park appreciates such privacy concerns. However, he also thinks the benefits may outweigh the risks. “The more you expose your privacy,” he believes, “the better the health care.”
9. What do we know about the smart toilet being developed at Stanford
A. It helps diagnose cancer and viruses.
B. It can provide information about a potential disease of users.
C. It can inform the doctor if a problem appears.
D. It tells the eating habits of users.
10. What is the problem with smart toilets
A. They may lead to privacy invasion. B. They have limited functions.
C. They may offer inaccurate diagnoses. D. They are too expensive.
11. What is Park's attitude towards smart toilets
A. Contradictory. B. Critical. C. Prejudiced. D. Favorable.
12. What is the best title for the passage
A. Smart Toilets Are Not So Smart
B. Smart Toilets Are Invading Your Privacy
C. Smart Toilets Will Replace Traditional Ones
D. Smart Toilets Will Guard Your Health
4
Chimps use loud calls and gestures to make their feelings known but until now, the exact meaning for individual movements has remained a mystery. Now researchers believe they have translated the key gestures used in the chimp community and identified their intentions for the first time.
From 4,351 gestures, experts were able to identify 66 that are used for 19 specific message meanings, including showing a foot to tell a child they can climb on their back. The researchers were able to narrow down these 66 gestures to 36 that are used intentionally to achieve 15 purposes. The translations were made by Dr Catherine Hobaiter and her colleagues at St Andrews University in Scotland.
Dr Hobaiter used behavior sampling and filmed all recorded cases of gestural communication. Other gestures include stomping their feet to ask another chimp to stop what they are doing, and slapping objects together to ask another to follow them. Of the 19 meanings,17 encouraged interactions to start, or to develop, such as “move closer,” and “change play”. Some of the gestures were found to have more than one meaning. and only 10 of the 66 gestures were used for only a single meaning.
Researchers collected a total of 471 video clips from two social groups of chimps at a shelter near Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. As well as identifying what the gesture means, they also discovered the technique needed to increase the chances of success.
“Human children use gestures to communicate before they produce their first words, and their earliest gestures typically appear around 10 months of age,” explained the researchers. “In great apes, there is good evidence that language-trained individuals are capable of acquiring and understanding signals, but this is far less clear in their natural communication. ”
13. Chimps slap the objects to____________.
A. tell others to stop what they are doing B. ask others chimps to join them
C. gather other chimps to move closer D. encourage interactions to start
14. What did researchers find after studying 471 video clips
A. Chimps trained in language are good at understanding signals.
B. Two social groups of chimps live at a shelter near Kinshasa.
C. Language-trained individuals do well in natural communication.
D. Chimps’earliest gestures appear around 10 months of age.
15. How is the last paragraph developed
A. By analyzing causes. B. By examining differences.
C. By making comparisons. D. By following time order.
16. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. A New Research on Chimps B. Human Children and Chimps
C. Getting the Chimps Trained for Language D. Translating the Sign Language of Chimps
5
Nextdoor，an online social network for neighbors，says it has attracted $60 million from early backers of technology giants，Google，Amazon and Facebook.
The new investment，1ed by venture firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and investment firm Tiger Global Management，values Nextdoor at more than $500 million，said a person familiar with the matter.
Nextdoor members make Facebook-style postings，giving or seeking recommendations for services such as babysitters and yard maintenance or local retailers and restaurants. They also post about community issues such as parking，crime and safety，or items for sale or loan.
The investment sum emphasizes the appeal of businesses that can tap into the growing use of mobile devices，as well as social networking. Perhaps the best current example is Twitter，which is preparing for an initial public offering that values the company at up to about $11 billion.
“We’re all spending more time with our screens，more engaged，but I think data shows we’re less connected，”said John Doerr of Kleiner Perkins，mentioning his own experience of knowing few of his neighbors. Nextdoor，with its ability to introduce neighbors to each other，helps people regain the sense of connection，he said.
Early next year，Nextdoor plans to expand to Canada，followed by Great Britain，Australia，and South Africa，chief executive Nirav Tolia said. While Nextdoor has not yet have made any profit after two years of operations，Tolia said he is not worried.
“If we look at the great companies at this stage，none of them started to monetize this early in their evolution. ”Tolia said. “It’s all about getting the product right. ”Eventually，Nextdoor plans to tap into local advertising，he said.
Nextdoor is currently used in 22，527 neighborhoods across the United States，up from 5，694 a year ago. Including the latest funding round，it has raised just over $100 million.
17. What attitude do the early backers of technology grant hold towards Nextdoor
A. They doubt its value.
B. They think poorly of it.
C. They are in favor of it.
D. They are worried about it.
18. What is mainly discussed about Nextdoor in Paragraph 3
A. Its members. B. Its service.
C. Its value. D. Its location.
19. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning Twitter in Paragraph 4
A. To support his viewpoint.
B. To post an advertisement.
C. To introduce a network.
D. To make a public offer.
20. How does Nirav Tolia feel about the future of Nextdoor
A. Curious. B. Upset. C. Cautious. D. Optimistic.
6
The Arctic's permafrost is inciting— and fast. That's bad news, because these frozen soils store billions of tons of carbon, just waiting to be released. So is there a way to save the permafrost One team of researchers thinks it may have found a possible solution: big animals, herbivores - animals that eat only plants.
Back in 1996 researchers started an experiment called Pleistocene Park. They fenced in about eight square miles of land in northeast Siberia. Then they introduced different types of herbivores: reindeer, horses, bison, sheep and other large creatures.
Since then, scientists have studied these animals' effects on the ecosystem. One outcome is that these large herbivores help keep the ground very cold — cooler than it would otherwise be.
“The snow in winter is important for soil temperature, because it acts as an insulating layer. So the air in winter, at the high latitudes, is much colder than the soil." Philipp Porada, a vegetation ecologist at the University of Hamburg. "So the idea of this experiment was to introduce large herbivores — and to quantify their effects on soil temperature to see if they can actually protect permafrost soils against melting. And this works because of the animals' trampling (践踏), and this leads to less insulation of the soil against cold air temperatures and results in a cooling effect.”
Freezing air reaches the soil more easily. Porada and his colleagues realized the significance of this effect, so they pulled data from Pleistocene Park and Sweden to model what effect herbivores could have on permafrost if they lived in large numbers in the Arctic.
They found that even in a worst-case situation, some four degrees Celsius of global wanning: “These herbivores in the model reduce soil temperature substantially, by 1.7 degrees on average. And this leads to a preservation of around 80 percent of the original — today's permafrost area. Without the herbivore effect in the model, only 50 percent of the permafrost area would remain by the year 2100. So we can say the effect of the herbivores in the model leads to a substantial preservation of permafrost soil."
21. Why is the Pleistocene Park Experiment mentioned
A. To provide the past research data.
B. To share soil preservation experience.
C. To introduce a way to save permafrost.
D. To prove animals' effect on soil temperature.
22. What does the underlined word "insulating" in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A. Covering. B. Blocking.
C. Storing. D. Freezing.
23. What does herbivores' trampling contribute to
A. Cooling the ground. B. Heating the soil
C. Damaging the ground. D. Softening the soil.
24. What can be the best title for the text
A. Permafrost Is Disappearing B. Preservation of Permafrost
C. An Experiment on Herbivores D. Herbivores Help Save Permafrost
7
Personal Time Off(PTO)is something my wife and I created after having kids. We learned that，over time，a full life can leave little time for personal rest and for reflection，hanging out with friends，or just being“off. ”So，after a number of years，we make a change. If I can persuade you to take your own PTO，then these might help.
■Schedule it
First of all，one of our favorite family sayings is“schedule it. ”Sounds easy enough，but life gets complicated managing full-time work and full-time family. Put your PTO time on the calendar and you make it a real thing.
■Be flexible and strict
If you can schedule PTO at the same time each week，then all the better. Because our calendar can get rather full，flexibility in scheduling becomes a necessity. But being strict in actually taking the time each week is more important. Skipping it once makes it easier to skip again.
■Take enough time
My typical PTO lasts a couple of hours or longer. Sometimes it might be half the day depending on what I’m doing. The goal is to spend enough time away to 1et your shoulders drop.
■Do what you want to do
Remember，PTO time is about personal time to do what you want to do，not what you have to do. PTO time is about relaxation. Grab a friend and get a beer. Work can wait until tomorrow.
25. What can be the first step to take the PTO
A. Persuade the family.
B. Have a personal rest.
C. Ask friends for advice.
D. Make a time plan.
26. What does the underlined part“let your shoulders drop”probably mean
A. Get you more focused.
B. Have you feel relaxed.
C. Shake your shoulders often.
D. Make you feel more stressed.
27. What does the text mainly talk about
A. Tips on how to take your time off
B. Skills to manage work and family
C. Advice on how to free yourself
D. Ways of scheduling your work
8
A number of companies have used the wind, the sun and the ground heat to produce energy. Now, the Ocean Renewable Power Company, or ORPC, is using the force of flowing rivers and ocean currents. The company recently presented the new technology at an energy conference. Christopher Sauer, the CEO and co－creator of ORPC says the technology was designed for small, rural communities that do not have easy access to power sources.
The ORPC technology is an energy generator which can be put under water, called RivGen. It works in a series of steps. First, the generator is put in the middle of a steel cage. The cage goes on top of a wide boat with a flat bottom. Wheels— or, turbines (涡轮机) — are attached to each side of the generator. Once the boat is fixed to one place, it is flooded with water. The boat, cage, and generator all sink to the bottom of the river. There, the river current turns the wheels and creates as much as 50 kilowatts of power.
CEO Christopher Sauer says RivGen is not very tall, so it can work in water areas that are not very deep. Other companies are not able to work in shallow water, he adds. Sauer says the turbines are safe for the animals that live in the river. Meanwhile, the turbines’ shape permits the generator to harvest power from tidal currents in the ocean. The company’s ocean turbine, called TidGen, can create up to 600 kilowatts of electricity, enough to power a small settlement.
Right now, the amount of power TidGen can harvest changes as the strength of the tide goes up and down. But ORPC workers are trying to make the power output steady. In time, they want TidGen power to be part of the main energy grid (电网). Sauer estimates ORPC’ s current price is about 50 cents per kilowatt－hour. That price does not make the ORPC system competitive with natural gas. However, for small rural communities, diesel (柴油) energy can cost more than $ 1 per hour. In these situations, energy from flowing water could be more economical.
28. What does ORPC use to produce electricity
A. Wind. B. Sun. C. Water. D. Ground heat.
29. What’ s paragraph 3 mainly about
A. The working principle of RivGen. B. The design feature of RivGen.
C. The system composition of RivGen. D. The main function of RivGen.
30. What’ s the advantage of RivGen
A. It can work in shallow water. B. It can accelerate ocean currents.
C. It can power a large settlement. D. It can increase the number of fish.
31. What does the underlined word “economical” in the last paragraph probably mean
A. Pollution－free. B. Money－saving.
C. Mass－production. D. Resource－consuming.
9
Bird expert Stephen Kress remembers the first time he encountered puffins (角嘴海雀). “I was totally amazed from the moment I saw them,” he says. Two years after his first encounter, while teaching at a nature camp in Maine, Kress learned that the state's puffin colonies were all but destroyed by hunters in the late 1800s. The puffins were killed for their eggs, meat and feathers.
Kress decided to learn more about these “special birds.” His fascination grew into Project Puffin, a decades-long effort to bring the puffins back to Maine. Kress ran the project while working for the National Audubon Society, a major bird conservation nonprofit in the US.
Project Puffin’s origins lie on an uninhabited seven-acre island, six miles off the coast of Maine, called Easter Egg Rock. The tiny island, accessible only by rowboat, is free from predators (捕食者) and edged with rocks under which the puffins nest.
Starting in 1973, Kress’s team collected chicks from Greet Island, off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, which had a healthy puffin population. The team hand -raised puffins in artificial holes, feeding them vitamin-enriched fish twice a day. “They would come out when they were six weeks old and they would work their way to the edge of the island and swim off,” says Kress.
For four years, however, none of the birds returned to the island to breed (繁殖). The project’s supporters began to question whether they would ever succeed. “That's when I began trying to think like a puffin,” Kress says.“Puffins nest in colonies because they like being with others of their kind and large groups provide protection from predators.” He thought that the young puffins did remember the island but were not brave to come ashore. Kress’s new idea was to place wooden puffins around the island, to help the birds feel safe. It worked.
Thanks to his pioneering method, Project Puffin says there are now around 1,300 pairs of puffins nesting on islands in the Gulf of Maine. What's more, the techniques Kress developed to save puffins are now used by seabird conservationists around the world.
32. What happened to Maine’s puffins in the late 19th century
A. They were well protected. B. They were a tourist attraction.
C. They were nearly going extinct. D. They were raised for their meat.
33. Why do Project Puffin’s origins lie on Eastern Egg Rock
A. It is inaccessible to hunters.
B. It seems an ideal Puffin habitat.
C. It is near the National Audubon Society.
D. It seems a perfect place for bird-watching.
34. What inspired Kress to think like a puffin
A. Finding proper food for puffins.
B. Digging artificial holes for puffins.
C. Moving puffin chicks from Great Island.
D. Getting adult puffins to breed at Eastern Egg Rock.
35. What may be the best title for the passage
A. A New Way to Save Seabirds B. A Bird Conservation Nonprofit
C. A Bird Species to Be Hand-raised D. A Great Seabird Migration Project
10
Scientific research on yoga has found that yoga practice can help with problems such as back pain, depression and anxiety. Still, yoga studies tend to be of uneven quality, often relying on self-reported survey data. However, a 2019 review paper focused on a more objective measure: brain scans. Though far from definitive, the findings show that the practice may improve brain health, and they indicate a way to bring yoga and science more convincingly together.
The review, led by Neha Gothe, director of the Exercise Psychology Lab, examined 11 papers that used various types of brain scans to assess the impact of yoga practice on the brain. Gothe and her colleagues limited their review to studies in which all three major elements of yoga were included: the physical poses, breathing exercises, and meditation or mindfulness. Three patterns emerged with some consistency: yoga practice could be linked to increased gray matter volume(体积) in the hippocampus, a key structure for memory; increased volume in certain regions of the prefrontal cortex, the seat of higher-order-cognition(认知); and greater connectivity across the default mode network. This network plays a role in processing memories and emotions.
Jessica Damoiseaux, a co-author of the review paper, focuses her research on aging-related changes in the brain, and she notes that the structures that seem to be strengthened by yoga are ones that tend to shrink with aging. The greater volumes linked to yoga are similar to those seen in studies of aerobic (有氧的)exercise. This raises a question: Is there really anything special about yoga or is it just another brain-preserving workout
At this point it’s hard to say. Clearer answers will come with better studies that build on the smaller experiments. Gothe, for example, recently received government funds for a study that will assign 168 old adults to six months of classes of yoga, aerobic exercise, or stretching and strengthening. “It’s exactly the kind of trial we need,” says Gothe.
36. What do we know about the 2019 review paper on yoga
A. It is far from objective. B. It is centered on brain scans.
C. It proves to be of low quality. D. It relies on self-reported data.
37. What is the second paragraph mainly about
A. Three major elements of yoga. B. The key structure for memory.
C. The finding of the review by Gothe. D. The emotion processing network.
38. What does Gothe plan to do in the future
A. Take aerobic exercise. B. Apply for government funds.
C. Assign old people to jobs. D. Carry out smaller experiments.
39. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Yoga back in fashion. B. Age can affect brain power
C. Brain trials on the way D. Yoga may boost brain health
参考答案
1
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。主要介绍作者喜欢阅读Ruskin Bond（拉斯金·邦德）作品的原因、和他相似的生活经历以及对作者的影响。
1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“There wasn't much to do for a young teen in the army cantonment, so I spent most of my days at the library, which housed a various—if modest—collection of books.”（对于一个年轻的少年来说，在军营里没有太多的事情可做，于是我大量的时间都花在了图书馆里，谦虚的说，这里有各种各样的书籍）可知，作者去图书馆是因为没事可做，去打发时间的。故选D。
2. 词义猜测题。根据“Since that day, I've searched for and read quickly and with great enthusiasm every one of Ruskin Bond's works.”（从那天开始，我搜寻并且快速阅读了拉斯金·邦德的每一部作品）可知，划线的词指的是对读书的那种热爱和热情；A. Passion.热情，激情；B. Sympathy. 同情；C. Relief. 轻松，缓解；D. Inspiration. 灵感。故选A。
3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Bond's parents divorced when he was little, and so it was just him and his father, and the latter comes across as a sensitive, gentle man who adored his son.”（邦德的父母在他很小的时候就离婚了，所以只有他和父亲两人，他的父亲是一位很喜欢他的儿子的体贴绅士）可知，作者认为绑德的父亲很体贴。A. Determined.下定决心的；B. Considerate. 体贴的；C. Wealthy.富有的；D. Intelligent. 聪明的。故选B。
4. 主旨大意题。结合全文尤其是第一段“I first discovered Ruskin Bond on a hot afternoon in Agartala.”（我第一次发现拉斯金·邦德的作品是住在Agartala时的一个炎热的下午。）可知，本文主要是围绕拉斯金·邦德的作品展开的，并讲述了喜欢阅读拉斯金·邦德的作品的原因以及对作者的影响。故选C。
2
5. B 6. C 7. C 8. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现，吃太多辣椒可能导致痴呆症。
5. 主旨大意题。根据第三段中““Chili is one of the most commonly used spices in the world and particularly popular in Asia compared to European countries,” Li said in the press release. “In certain regions of China, such as Sichuan and Hunan, almost one in three adults consume spicy food every day.”(南澳大利亚大学的李明在新闻发布会上说：“辣椒是世界上使用最广泛的香料之一，和欧洲国家相比，它在亚洲特别受欢迎。在中国的某些地区，如四川、湖南，几乎三分之一的成年人每天都吃辛辣食物”)”可知，本段主要讲了辣椒的受欢迎程度。故选B项。
6. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“The researchers said people of normal body weight may be more sensitive to chili intake than overweight people and so their memory and weight suffer a lot. (研究人员表示，正常体重的人可能比超重的人对辣椒的摄入量更敏感，因此他们的记忆力和体重受到更大的影响) ”和第二段“The study, led by Zumin Shi, associate professor at the College of Health Sciences of Qatar University, analyzed 4,582 Chinese adults aged 55 and above between 1991 and 2006 and found evidence of faster cognitive (认知) decline in those who consistently ate more than 50 grams of chili a day. (这项由卡塔尔大学健康科学学院副教授史祖民领导的研究，分析了1991年至2006年期间4582名55岁及以上的中国成年人，发现有证据表明，每天吃辣椒超过50克的人认知能力下降得更快)”可知，体重正常的55岁以上的人吃很多辣椒最有可能受到影响。故选C项。
7. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The study, led by Zumin Shi, associate professor at the College of Health Sciences of Qatar University, analyzed 4,582 Chinese adults aged 55 and above between 1991 and 2006 and found evidence of faster cognitive (认知) decline in those who consistently ate more than 50 grams of chili a day. (这项由卡塔尔大学健康科学学院副教授史祖民领导的研究，分析了1991年至2006年期间4582名55岁及以上的中国成年人，发现有证据表明，每天吃辣椒超过50克的人认知能力下降得更快)”可知，食用辣椒对认知能力有害。故选C项。
8. 主旨大意题。文章第一段总领全文，所以通过第一段“A new study on the link between chili (辣椒) and dementia (老年痴呆) may be bad news for spicy food fans as researchers have found that eating lots of chili may cause an increased risk of dementia. (一项关于辣椒与痴呆症之间联系的新研究可能对辛辣食物迷来说是个坏消息，因为研究人员发现，吃大量辣椒可能会增加痴呆症的风险)”可知，本文主要说明新的研究发现爱吃辣椒的人患老年痴呆的风险更大。故选D。
3
9. B 10. A 11. D 12. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了斯坦福大学正在研发的智能马桶可以通过记录和分析用户的便便来识别潜在疾病，从而守护用户的健康。
9. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The smart toilet being developed at Stanford University can take pictures of your feces, track how often you go and measure how long each poop takes. It also can measure the number of white blood cells and types of protein in urine (尿), which could indicate an infection of the urinary tract or bladder.(斯坦福大学正在研发的这种智能马桶可以给你的便便拍照，记录你排便的频率，并测量每次排便的时间。它还可以测量白细胞的数量和尿液中蛋白质的类型，这可能表明尿路或膀胱感染)”可知，斯坦福大学正在研发的这种智能马桶可以提供有关用户潜在疾病的信息，故选B。
10. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Scanning one’s privates is hardly the only privacy issue with smart toilets. The data could be misused by insurance companies or others. And some toilets might one day be able to test your DNA, containing details you don't want to share with anyone. (扫描个人隐私并不是智能厕所的唯一隐私问题。这些数据可能被保险公司或其他人滥用。一些马桶也许有一天能检测你的DNA，里面有你不想和任何人分享的细节)”可知，这种智能马桶的问题是可能会导致隐私被侵犯。故选A。
11. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, he also thinks the benefits may outweigh the risks. “The more you expose your privacy,” he believes, “the better the health care.” (然而，他也认为好处可能大于风险。“你的隐私暴露得越多，医疗保健就越好。”他认为)”可知，朴对智能马桶持积极态度。故选D。
12. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了斯坦福大学正在研发的智能马桶可以通过记录和分析用户的便便来识别潜在疾病，从而守护用户的健康。故选D。
4
13. B 14. A 15. C 16. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究人员相信他们已经翻译了黑猩猩群体中使用的关键手势，并首次确定了它们的意图。文章详细介绍了这项关于翻译黑猩猩手语的研究过程以及研究的发现。
13. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Other gestures include stomping their feet to ask another chimp to stop what they are doing, and slapping objects together to ask another to follow them.(其他手势包括跺脚是为了让另一只黑猩猩停止它们正在做的事情，拍打物体是为了让另一只跟随它们)”可知，黑猩猩拍打这些物体是为了邀请其他黑猩猩加入。故选B。
14. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“In great apes, there is good evidence that language-trained individuals are capable of acquiring and understanding signals, but this is far less clear in their natural communication.(有充分的证据表明，在类人猿中，受过语言训练的个体有能力获取和理解信号，但这在它们自然的交流中远远不够清晰)”可知，研究人员在研究了471个视频片段后发现受过语言训练的黑猩猩善于理解信号。故选A。
15. 推理判断题。根据最后一段““Human children use gestures to communicate before they produce their first words, and their earliest gestures typically appear around 10 months of age,” explained the researchers. “In great apes, there is good evidence that language-trained individuals are capable of acquiring and understanding signals, but this is far less clear in their natural communication. ”(研究人员解释说：“人类儿童在说出第一个单词之前就使用手势进行交流，他们最早的手势通常出现在10个月大的时候。有充分的证据表明，在类人猿中，受过语言训练的个体有能力获取和理解信号，但这在它们自然的交流中远远不够清晰。”)”可推知，最后一段是通过比较展开的。故选C。
16. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Chimps use loud calls and gestures to make their feelings known but until now, the exact meaning for individual movements has remained a mystery. Now researchers believe they have translated the key gestures used in the chimp community and identified their intentions for the first time. (黑猩猩用响亮的叫声和手势来表达它们的情感，但直到现在，单个动作的确切含义仍然是一个谜。 现在，研究人员相信他们已经翻译了黑猩猩群体中使用的关键手势，并首次确定了它们的意图)”结合文章详细介绍了这项关于翻译黑猩猩手语的研究过程以及研究的发现。可知，D选项“翻译黑猩猩的手语”最符合文章标题。故选D。
5
17. C 18. B 19. A 20. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了邻里在线社交网络——Nextdoor，主要包括它的融资，服务范围，未来发展等。
17. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Nextdoor，an online social network for neighbors，says it has attracted $60 million from early backers of technology giants，Google，Amazon and Facebook.”（Nextdoor——邻里在线社交网络，说它已经从科技巨头早期支持者谷歌，亚马逊以及脸书的那里吸引了6000万美元）可知，科技巨头早期支持者对Nextdoor是支持的。故选C。
18. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Nextdoor members make Facebook-style postings，giving or seeking recommendations for services such as babysitters and yard maintenance or local retailers and restaurants. They also post about community issues such as parking，crime and safety，or items for sale or loan.”（Nextdoor会员发布类似Facebook的帖子、提供或寻求服务建议，比如保姆、院子维护、或者当地的零售商和餐馆。他们也发布社区问题，如停车、犯罪和安全，项目出售或贷款。）可知，本段主要是讲述了Nextdoor的服务类型。故选B。
19. 推理判断题。根据第四段“The investment sum emphasizes the appeal of businesses that can tap into the growing use of mobile devices，as well as social networking. Perhaps the best current example is Twitter，which is preparing for an initial public offering that values the company at up to about $11 billion.”（投资总额加强了这些利用移动设备和社交网络的企业的吸引力。也许目前最好的例子是Twitter，它正准备首次公开募股，对公司的估值高达110亿美元。）可知，作者拿Twitter举例是为了证明自己的观点：投资总额加强了企业的吸引力。故选A。
20. 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Early next year，Nextdoor plans to expand to Canada，followed by Great Britain，Australia，and South Africa，chief executive Nirav Tolia said. While Nextdoor has not yet have made any profit after two years of operations，Tolia said he is not worried.”（明年初，Nextdoor计划扩展到加拿大，随后是大不列颠、澳大利亚，其南非首席执行官Nirav Tolia说。虽然Nextdoor经营了两年还没有盈利，但是他并不担心。）可知，Nirav Tolia持有积极乐观的态度。故选D。
6
21. D 22. B 23. A 24. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了北极的永久冻土正在快速融化，而食草动物有助于保护永久冻土。
21. 推理判断题。第一段中“One team of researchers thinks it may have found a possible solution: big animals, herbivores - animals that eat only plants. (一个研究小组认为，他们也许已经找到了可能的解决办法：求助大型动物，食草动物，即只吃植物的动物)”提出引进大型食草动物可以帮助解决冻土融化的问题。接着在第二段 “Back in 1996 researchers started an experiment called Pleistocene Park. (早在1996年，研究人员就开始了名为Pleistocene Park的实验)”提到这个实验。然后第三段中“One outcome is that these large herbivores help keep the ground very cold — cooler than it would otherwise be. (其中一项研究结果是，这些大型食草动物会让地面变得非常冷，比原本要冷得多)”表明实验结果。可知，文章提到Pleistocene Park这个实验，是为了证明动物对土壤温度的影响。就是因为这样的影响，引进食草动物才会有助于解决冻土融化的问题，故选D。
22. 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“The snow in winter is important for soil temperature, because it acts as an insulating layer. So the air in winter, at the high latitudes, is much colder than the soil. (冬天的雪对土壤温度非常重要，因为雪起到了insulating层的作用。因此，在高纬度地区，冬天的空气比土壤冷得多) ”可知，同样环境下，空气温度比土壤温度低，说明土壤的温度被“保存”下来了，没有完全因为外界的低温而降温，也就是雪起到了隔离外界寒冷气温的影响的作用，所以insulating就是“隔离；使免受（不良影响）”，也就是“阻挡；妨碍”的意思，故选B。
23. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“And this works because of the animals' trampling (践踏), and this leads to less insulation of the soil against cold air temperatures and results in a cooling effect. (它们确实可以保护，因为这些动物会踩踏地面，这导致土壤对抗寒冷气温的保温性降低，从而产生冷却效应) ”可知，动物的踩踏会使地面产生冷却效应，故选A。
24. 主旨大意题。第一段开头“The Arctic's permafrost is inciting— and fast. (北极的永久冻土正在融化，而且是快速融化)”告诉我们一个坏消息——北极冻土在加速融化。根据第一段最后“One team of researchers thinks it may have found a possible solution: big animals, herbivores - animals that eat only plants. (一个研究小组认为，他们也许已经找到了可能的解决办法：求助大型动物，食草动物，即只吃植物的动物)”可知，研究者提出可以引入大型的食草动物解决这一问题。文章接下来的段落引入了相关实验来证明了这一结论。文章最后一段用研究结果“So we can say the effect of the herbivores in the model leads to a substantial preservation of permafrost soil. (因此，我们可以说，模拟实验中食草动物的影响，可以使永久冻土大量保存)”证实了食草动物可以帮助保存冻土，所以选项D“食草动物有助于保护永久冻土”，是文章最合适的标题，故选D。
7
25. D 26. B 27. A
【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章是关于如何休假的建议。
25. 细节理解题。根据■Schedule it中“First of all，one of our favorite family sayings is‘schedule it.’（首先，我们最喜欢的一句家庭谚语是“安排时间”。）”可知，首先要“指定时间”。故选D。
26. 短语猜测题。根据■Do what you want to do中的“PTO time is about relaxation.”（PTO时间是关于放松的。）由此推知，划线部分的意思是“让你感到放松”。故选B。
27. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“If I can persuade you to take your own PTO，then these might help. （如果我能说服你使用自己的PTO，这些可能会有帮助。）”可知，本文是关于如何休假的建议。故选A。
8
28. C 29. A 30. A 31. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍许多公司利用风能和太阳能产生能源。但是现在有一家公司正在使用流动的河流和洋流的力量发电，作者介绍了利用河流和海浪发电的具体方法，对于偏僻的小村庄来说来自流水的能源可能更经济。
28. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句内容“Now, the Ocean Renewable Power Company, or ORPC, is using the force of flowing rivers and ocean currents.（现在，海洋可再生能源公司(ORPC)正在利用流动河流和洋流的力量。）”可知，ORPC公司利用流动的河流的动力产生能量。故选C项。
29. 主旨大意题。根据文章第三段第一句“CEO Christopher Sauer says RivGen is not very tall, so it can work in water areas that are not very deep. (该公司首席执行官克里斯托弗·绍尔表示，RivGen不是很高，所以它可以在不太深的水域工作。)”以及第三段第四句“Meanwhile, the turbines’ shape permits the generator to harvest power from tidal currents in the ocean.（与此同时，涡轮机的形状使发电机能够从海洋的潮汐流中获取能量。）”可知，本段介绍了RivGen的工作原理。故选A项。
30. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段前两句内容“CEO Christopher Sauer says RivGen is not very tall, so it can work in water areas that are not very deep. Other companies are not able to work in shallow water, he adds. Sauer says the turbines are safe for the animals that live in the river. (该公司首席执行官克里斯托弗·绍尔表示，RivGen不是很高，所以它可以在不太深的水域工作。他补充说，其他公司无法在浅水地区开展业务。)”可知，它们在水域不是那么深的地方工作，并且这一点是其他公司不能做到的。故选A项。
31. 词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段第三至第五句内容“Sauer estimates ORPC’s current price is about 50 cents per kilowatt－hour. That price does not make the ORPC system competitive with natural gas. However, for small rural communities, diesel (柴油) energy can cost more than $ 1 per hour. (绍尔估计ORPC目前的价格约为每千瓦时50美分。这个价格并不能使ORPC系统与天然气竞争。但是,对于小型农村社区、柴油(柴油)能源成本超过1美元每小时。)”可知，在一些农村地区流水产生的能源相比柴油较低，所以还是比较省钱的。economical为“经济的”。故选B项。
9
32. C 33. B 34. D 35. A
【解析】本文是说明文。美国鸟类学家 Stephen Kress 为恢复缅因州角嘴海雀的数量创办了Project Puffin——将加拿大的角嘴海雀幼鸟迁至缅因州的一个小岛，进行人工喂养，这些鸟儿们长大后却飞离了该岛，Stephen Kress又想出了在岛上安放假鸟的办法吸引其回来进行繁育。Stephen Kress的方法大获成功，这一方法现在得到了世界范围内鸟类保护人士的广泛应用。
32. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“ Kress learned that the state's puffin colonies were all but destroyed by hunters in the late 1800s. ”（克雷斯了解到，该州的海雀聚居地，在19世纪末几乎被猎人摧毁。）可知，十九世纪末期，缅因州的角嘴海雀几近灭绝。选项C与文意一致，故选C。
33. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“The tiny island, accessible only by rowboat, is free from predators (捕食者) and edged with rocks under which the puffins nest.”（这个小岛只有划船才能到达，它没有捕食者，而且附有海雀筑巢的岩石。）可知Eastern Egg Rock无人居住，只能通过划小船抵达，且没有角嘴海雀的天敌， 岛上的各种石头可供角嘴海雀筑巢。另外，该岛曾是一个角嘴海雀的栖息地，这些因素都是 Project Puffin在该岛创立的原因。选项B与文意一致，故选B。
34. 细节理解题。根据第五段中“Puffins nest in colonies because they like being with others of their kind and large groups provide protection from predators.” He thought that the young puffins did remember the island but were not brave to come ashore. Kress’s new idea was to place wooden puffins around the island, to help the birds feel safe. It worked.”（海雀喜欢在群体中筑巢，因为它们喜欢和同类在一起，大群体提供保护，使其免受掠食者的伤害。”他认为年轻的海雀确实记得这个岛，但是没有勇气上岸。克雷斯的新想法是在岛上放置木海雀，让鸟儿们感到安全。这样做成功了。）可知，Kress为了吸引这些角嘴海雀回来繁育， 从这种鸟的角度对其生活习性进行了很多思考，最后想到了安放假鸟的办法，一举成功。选项D与文意相符，故选D。
35. 主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了美国鸟类学家Stephen Kress为恢复缅因州角嘴海雀的数量而采取的独创方法，这一行之有效的鸟类保护方法在世界范围内得到了广泛应用。选项A符合题意，故选A。
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36. B 37. C 38. D 39. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。科学研究发现，瑜伽练习可以帮助解决背痛、抑郁和焦虑等问题。使用一种更客观的衡量方法:大脑扫描，表明了一种将瑜伽和科学更令人信服地结合在一起的方法。
36. 细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“However, a 2019 review paper focused on a more objective measure: brain scans.( 然而，2019年的一篇综述论文关注的是一种更客观的衡量方法:大脑扫描。)”可知， focused on a more objective measure: brain scans.，与B项内容中It is centered on brain scans.（它以脑部扫描为中心。）意义一致。故选B项。
37. 主旨大意题。根据第二段首句“The review, led by Neha Gothe, director of the Exercise Psychology Lab, examined 11 papers that used various types of brain scans to assess the impact of yoga practice on the brain.（这项研究由运动心理学实验室主任内哈·戈特牵头，研究了11篇使用各种脑部扫描来评估瑜伽练习对大脑影响的论文。）”可知，Gothe 和他的团队研究了之前的11篇使用各种脑部扫描来评估瑜伽练习对大脑影响的论文，接下来整个段落展开陈述他们的研究发现。故选C项。
38. 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二三句“Clearer answers will come with better studies that build on the smaller experiments. Gothe, for example, recently received government funds for a study that will assign 168 old adults to six months of classes of yoga, aerobic exercise, or stretching and strengthening.（基于小型实验的更好的研究将带来更清晰的答案。例如，Gothe最近获得了一项政府资助的研究，该研究将安排168名老年人参加为期6个月的瑜伽、有氧运动或伸展和强化课程。）”可知，在接下来的时间里Gothe将在政府资助下进行基于小型实验的研究，有可能会更清晰准确的回答倒数第二段末的问题。故选D项。
39. 主旨大意题。根据第一段的三四句“However, a 2019 review paper focused on a more objective measure: brain scans. Though far from definitive, the findings show that the practice may improve brain health, and they indicate a way to bring yoga and science more convincingly together.（…尽管还远未确定，但研究结果表明，这种练习可能改善大脑健康，而且它们表明了一种将瑜伽和科学更令人信服地结合在一起的方法。）可知，研究发现瑜伽练习可以促进大脑健康”，接下来全文张开叙述使用脑部扫描进行的研究过程。故选D项。(共23张PPT)
主旨大意题
【常考题型】
题型1 段落大意题 每个段落都有一个中心思想,且中心思想通常会在段落的首句或尾句体现出来,这个句子就是常说的段落主题句。没有给出明显的主题句时,要根据段落内容概括出段落大意
题型2 文章大意题 考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的归纳概括能力
题型3 标题归纳题 概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子
【真题示例】
【题型1】段落大意题
【典例展示】 (2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇节选)
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
【策略分析】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。
关键词: What, Paragraph 2, is...mainly about
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。
定位原文信息:This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(第二段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第一段引出了“群体智慧”效应,并解释什么是“群体智慧”效应,即大量人独立做估计,如果把这些独立估计平均起来,得到的平均数还是很准确的。紧接着,第二段分析为什么会这样,原因是有些人会高估,有些人会低估,如果足够多的高估和低估做一下平均,高估和低估引起的误差就会相互抵消,而最终导致一个比较准确的结果。第二段的内容其实是“群体智慧”效应运作的一个深层次的逻辑,故选 _______。
B
【要点提示】
解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章第二段中多次提到有关“估计”的概念,有的是“高估”,有的是“低估”,还有“精确估计”等,其目的是分析“估计的准确性”,可见本段并不是介绍方法,故排除A项。
【题型2】文章大意题
【典例展示】 (2023·浙江高考·B篇)
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me.I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach.I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need.Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable.I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate.If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
27.What is the text mainly about
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
【策略分析】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。
关键词:What, the text, is...mainly about
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。
定位原文信息:Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.(第一段)I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.(第二段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提出问题的具体情形,第二段提出了问题解决的可能性,下文叙述了具体的做法,据此可知文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选 _______。
C
【要点提示】
解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章中涉及处理和家庭成员的关系,但是确实是围绕着文章主题展开的,也就是作者如何让家人能够配合过一种零浪费的健康生活,这样A项明显是错误的,需要排除。
【题型3】标题归纳题
【典例展示】 (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·B篇)
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.
The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden.Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.
“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
27.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Rescuing School Gardens
B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers
D.Changing Local Landscape
【策略分析】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。
关键词: What, title for the text
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。
定位原文信息:The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.(第一段);Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.... (第二段) ...Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens....(第五段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第一段以及下文内容讲述了为了培养学生的科学技能、环保意识以及养成健康的生活方式, Abby Jaramillo和另外一位老师在低收入学校发起Urban Sprouts菜园项目,这个项目让学生体验菜园生活,对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意,最适合作为本文标题。故选 _______。
B
【要点提示】
解题时,考生很容易误选A项,因为文章中提到the garden, grocery stores等信息,但是这些信息都是帮助介绍活动内容,文章主旨是介绍“体验乡村生活”的情况,故排除A项。
【技巧归纳】
技巧1 段落大意题: “一定、二找、三归纳”
技巧2 文章大意题: “速读、识别、再总结”
技巧3 标题归纳题: “速浏览、定主题、巧概括”
