名词性从句
考点一 主语从句
考点二 宾语从句
考点三 表语从句
考点四 同位语从句
考点一 主语从句
在主从复合句中，作主语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为主语从句。主句从句可以由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导，且不能省略。另外，主句的动词大多用be动词或其他系动词。
常用来引导主语从句的词
连词 that，whether
连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever等
连接副词 when，where，how，why等
1.由连词引导的主语从句
连词that，whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略。由它们引导的主语从句，多用it作形式主语。
①That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.大家都能看出她很漂亮。
主语从句
②It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful.
形式主语 真正主语（主语从句）
说明：①中that是连词，引导主语从句she was beautiful。that在主句从句中不作任何成分，也没有词义，that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子②。
①Whether he’ll come (or not) hasn’t been decided.他是否会来，还没定下来。
主语从句 谓语
②It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not.
形式主语 真正主语（主语从句）
③（误）It hasn’t been decided if he’ll come.
（误）If he’ll come hasn’t been decided.
说明：①中whether引导主语从句，whether在从句中不作任何成分，但有含义，意为“是否”，whether不能省略。此句中，因为主句的时态为现在时态，所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为②，即一个由it作形式主语的句子。
whether引导主语从句时，不能用if代替，所以③中的两个句子都是错误的。
That women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields is obvious.
主语从句
显然，过去在许多领域中，妇女没有和男人享有同样的机遇。
Whether she can get that job is still unclear.她是否能得到那份工作尚不清楚。
主语从句
That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.
（从句）现在进行时的被动语态 （主句）一般现在时
=It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
形式主语 真正主语（主语从句）
英语正在作为一种国际语言被接受，这是一个事实。
It is my fault that this has happened.发生这事得怪我。
形式主语 真正主语（主语从句）
2.由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句
连接代词who，which和what，连接副词when，where，how和why以及复合连接代词whatever，whoever等，复合连接副词whenever，wherever等都可引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意，翻译时，不能把它们译为疑问句。
Who will take charge of the task has not been decided.
重要：who是连接代词，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，不能省略。翻译时不能把它译为疑问句。
=It has not been decided who will take charge of the task.谁来负责这项任务还没有决定。
Which (answer) is right isn’t known to us.
=It isn’t known to us which (answer) is right.哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。
When we’ll start is not clear.=It is not clear when we’ll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。
Where we’ll spend our holiday hasn’t been decided.我们要去哪里度假还没决定。
How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.一本书的销售在很大程度上取决于书评作者。（重要：how是连接副词，在主语从句中作状语，不能省略。）
Why he went to London is a mystery.
=It is mysterious why he went to London.他为什么去伦敦是个谜。
比较：由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同，主语从句的语序是正常语序（陈述语序）。
疑问句：Why（疑问副词）didn’t he come here 他为什么不来这儿？
主语从句：Why（连接副词）he didn’t come here is not known to us.
我们不知道为什么他没来这儿。
what引导的主语从句有时相当于“先行词+that引导的定语从句”，表示一样东西或一件事情。who，whom，which，what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。由它们引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it替代，它们在句子中作成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。
What he said（主语从句）was perfectly true.
what=the thing that，在从句中作宾语，不能省略，为陈述语序，不能用疑问句语序“What did he say ”。
=The thing that he said was perfectly true.（the thing+that引导的定语从句）
他讲的都是事实。
Whoever leaves the office should tell me.
whoever在从句中作主语，不能省略。
=Anyone who leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。
Whichever you want is yours.
你要哪一个，哪一个就是你的。
whichever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。
Whatever I have is yours.
我所有的一切都是你的。
单句语法填空
1．________ reading habits have changed can be felt from the amount of time young people spend sweeping through short videos on their smartphones.
2．It's reported ________ few couples complained when the COVID-19 forced Saudi Arabia to place some limitations.
3．________ they found is that as the repeats accumulated, the participants rated the sounds as being more tuneful.
1．答案与解析：That 考查主语从句。句意：阅读习惯的改变可以从年轻人在手机浏览视频的时间就可以感受的到。分析句子结构可知，此处为主语从句引导词，从句中不缺少任何成分且意义完整，填That。
2．答案与解析：that 考查主语从句。句意：据报道，当COVID-19迫使沙特阿拉伯实施一些限制时，很少有夫妇抱怨。“It's reported that...”表示据报道，it是形式主语，that引导主语从句，在从句中起到连接的作用。
3．答案与解析：What 考查名词性从句。句意：他们发现，随着重复次数的积累，参与者认为这些声音更
加悦耳。在主语从句中缺少found的宾语，根据“that as the repeats accumulated, the participants rated the sounds as being more tuneful”可知，此处应用连接代词what表示“什么”。句首首字母应大写。
考点二 宾语从句
在主从复合句中，作宾语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为宾语从句。宾语从句与主语从句和表语从句一样，使用连词、连接代词和连接副词等引导。
常用来引导宾语从句的词
连词 that，whether
连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever，which，whichever等
连接副词 when，where，how，why等
1.宾语从句的种类
宾语从句在句子中可以用作动词的宾语或介词的宾语。
1.动词宾语从句
I was told (that) I had to cut out alcohol.我被告知必须戒酒。
I don’t know whether/if the banks are open.我不知道银行是否营业。
Joe wanted to know who bought him the gift.乔想弄清楚是谁给他买的这个礼物。
Mary asked where she could find the biggest park in the city.玛丽问这座城市最大的公园在哪儿。
2.介词宾语从句
A.that只在expect，in和but等少数介词后引导从句作介词的宾语。
We know nothing expect that Joe is from America.
除了知道乔是来自美国之外，我们什么都不知道。
He differed from other people in that he always looked further ahead in his work.
他和别人不同的是他在工作中比别人都看得远些。
I could say nothing but that I was sorry.我非常抱歉。（我除了说抱歉之外，没什么可说的。）
B.由连接代词或连接副词引导的从句作介词的宾语。
My teacher was satisfied with what I did.我的老师对我所做的一切感到满意。
What we should take with us depend on where we’ll stay.我们需要随身带什么东西，取决于我们将在什么地方停留。
C.不及物动词后跟介词宾语从句。
某些不及物动词后边如果跟宾语从句，常省去介词。
I don’t care whether he is the headmaster or not.（省略介词）我不在乎他是不是校长。
重要：如果不及物动词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语，则介词不能省略。
I don’t care about him.我不在乎他。
I insist that you should learn a second language.（省略介词）
=I insist on your learning a second language.（不能省略介词）
我坚持让你学第二语言。
D.某些形容词后跟介词宾语从句。
在表示知觉、感情等的形容词如sure，afraid，glad，certain等之后，如果跟宾语从句，则省去介词。
I’m afraid that I’ll be late.（省略介词）恐怕我要迟到了。
重要：如果形容词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语，则不能省略介词。
I’m afraid of being late.我害怕迟到。
I’m sure that we’ll win the match.（省略介词）我确信我们会赢得这场比赛。
I am sure that he’ll win.（省略介词）
=I am sure of his winning.（不能省略介词）我肯定他会赢。
He is glad that you passed the exam.（省略介词）
=He is glad of your passing the exam.（不能省略介词）他为你能通过考试而高兴。
3.使用宾语从句需注意的事项
1.宾语从句的时态
宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同，时态会受到主句的限制，尤其是主句为一般过去时时。
A.当主句是现在时态时
当主句是现在时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时）时，宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定（可以是任意时态）。
Joe says he has read the book that day.乔说他那天看了这本书了。
Mary says Susan went to Shanghai the day before.玛丽说苏珊前一天去了上海。
B.当主句是过去时态时
当主句是过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时）时，宾语从句的时态要变为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时）。
I believed what she told me.我相信她和我说的话。
Mr.White told me that he had gone there by train.怀特先生告诉我他是坐火车去那儿的。
2.主句是I don’t think...的宾语从句
主句是I don’t think...的主从复合句的意思是“我认为……不……”。它在英语中已成为固定句型，即否定的形式在主句，而否定的信息焦点却在从句。
类似的句型还有：I don’t imagine...，I don’t believe...，I don’t suppose...等。
I don’t think you are right.我认为你不对。
重要：主句的主语必须是第一人称I或we时，才能用这样的句型（否定形式在主句，而否定的信息焦点却在从句）。
I don’t think he’ll go,will he 我认为他不会走，不是吗？
I don’t think you can do that,can you 我认为你不会干那件事，不是吗？
I don’t think he is lazy,is he 我认为他不懒，不是吗？
注意：注意该固定句型中反意疑问句的用法。
3.连词that的省略
that引导宾语从句时可以省略，但在连接词and或but所连接的两个作宾语的that从句中，第一个宾语从句中的that可以省略，第二个不能省略。
He said (that) he has worked for nearly ten years and that he wanted to go home.
他说他已在这儿工作近10年了，并说他想回家了。
The little girl told me (that) she didn’t like toy trains,and that she liked barbie dolls very much.
这个小女孩告诉我，她不喜欢玩具火车，并且告诉我她非常喜欢芭比娃娃。
4.当主句谓语为doubt和be not sure时
句型：I doubt whether/if...（我怀疑……是否……）
I don’t doubt that...（我毫不怀疑……）
I doubt whether he can swim.我怀疑他是否会游泳。
I don’t doubt that he can swim.我毫不怀疑他会游泳。
Do you doubt that he can swim 你怀疑他会游泳吗？
说明：当谓语含有询问或怀疑之意，如doubt（怀疑），not sure（不确定）时，应用whether/if引导的宾语从句。而do not doubt/believe和疑问句中的doubt，则用that引导宾语从句。
句型：I’m not sure+whether/if...（我不确定……是否……）
I’m sure+that...（我相信……）
I’m not sure whether/if the news is true.我不能肯定这消息是否确切。
I’m not sure whether/if he can swim.我不确定他是否会游泳。
I’m sure that he can do it well.我相信他会把这件事做好的。
单句语法填空
After half a year's study, he finally learned ________ the ancient bookbinding worked.
2．For instance, chess was recognized as a sport by the International Olympic Committee in 1999. Now, some people wonder ________ e－sports should also be considered sports.
3．She said the gig economy provides an important way for people to improve their incomes, and ________ for seniors, the disabled or those with other difficulties, gig work provides less pressure than full-time employment.
1．答案与解析：how 宾语从句的连接词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，再结合句意“经过半年的学习，他终于弄清楚古书装订是怎么操作了”可知，空处填how。
2．答案与解析：if/whether 宾语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句。结合句意“现在一些人想知道电子竞技是否应该也被认为是体育”可知，空处表“是否”，应填if/whether。
3．答案与解析：that 宾语从句。空处引导从句作said的第二个宾语从句，故填that。此处的that一般不可
省略。
考点三 表语从句
在主从复合句中，作表语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为表语从句。表语从句可以由连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，并且不能省略。
常用来引导表语从句的词
连词 that，weather
连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever，which，whichever等
连接副词 when，where，how，why等
My opinion is that the villager really didn’t understand the policeman.我认为那位村民确实没有理解警察的意思。
1.that在表语从句中不作成分，没有词义，不可省略，但在口语中有时可省略。
That’s what we should do.这是我们的本分。
2.what在表语从句中作宾语，不能省略，从句中的语序为陈述语序。
The question is how the tiger got out of the cage.问题是老虎是怎么从笼子里出去的。
3.how在表语从句中作状语，不能省略，从句中的语序为陈述语序。
That is why they decided to hold a meeting.这就是他们为什么决定要开会的原因。
This is where I met Mary for the first time.这就是我第一次遇见玛丽的地方。
单句语法填空
The tiger is ________ stands for strength and energy in traditional Chinese culture.
2．What puzzles Lily's friends is ________ she always has so many crazy ideas.
1．答案与解析：what 考查表语从句。句意：在中国传统文化中，老虎代表力量和活力。连接代词what引导名词性从句时，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“……的人/事/物”。分析句子可知，空格后是表语从句，从句引导词在从句中作主语，表示“代表力量和活力的动物”。综上可知，应用连接代词what引导该表语从句。
2．答案与解析：why 考查表语从句连接词。句意：令Lily的朋友困惑的是，为什么她总是有如此多疯狂的想法。根据puzzles可知，此处表示疑问。
考点四 同位语从句
在主从复合句中，作同位语的是一个从句，则这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句由连词that和whether、关系代词who和what或关系副词why和how等引导。连词that在同位语从句中不担任任何成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。从意思上来讲，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。
与从句同位的名词通常是表示事实等的抽象名词
answer回答 belief信念 doubt怀疑
fact事实 hope希望 idea想法
news消息 order命令 question问题
reply回答 thought想法 rumour谣言
注意：具体名词，如pen，book等之后不能跟同位语从句。
The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他，这个主意真是太好了。
The question whether we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled.
说明：whether引导同位语从句，有词义，不作成分，不能省略，也不能用if来代替。
下周一我们是否去看那部电影还未决定。
His question why the sky is blue is difficult to answer.他问为什么天是蓝的，这令人很难回答。
The rumour that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread all over the area.（同位语从句）
说明：that引导的从句是抽象名词rumour的同位语从句，that无词义，不作成分，也不能省略。
将要发生地震的谣言很快就在这一地区传开了。
The rumour is that there’ll be an earthquake.（表语从句）谣言是将要发生地震了。
比较：试比较下面两个句子的正误。
（正）The idea (that) he told me yesterday is good.（定语从句）
（误）The idea is that he told me yesterday.昨天他告诉我的那个主意太好了。
单句语法填空
1．There is a general belief ________ more Chinese people will enjoy the Spring Festival in space in the future.
2．This should serve as a warning ________ people should be aware of their surroundings, especially when crossing roads.
1．答案与解析：that 考查同位语从句。句意：人们普遍认为，将来会有更多的中国人在太空过春节。此处为同位语从句，解释说明belief的内容，从句不缺少成分，句意完整，故用that。
2．答案与解析：that 考查同位语从句。warning后是同位语从句，设空处后的句子无论是结构还是意思都是完整的，设空处所填的词只起连接作用，没有任何实际意义，故填that。
使用名词性从句需注意的事项
1.连词that的用法总结
that可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句中。在这些从句中that只起连接作用，在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义。
that引导主语从句和宾语从句时，往往用形式主语it或形式宾语it来替代，而把从句移到后面。
重要：that在引导宾语从句时可以省略，引导其他从句时一律不能省略。
2.连接代词和连接副词的用法总结
连接代词（who，whom，whose，which，what）除了起连接作用外，还在从句担任主语、宾语、表语等成分。
连接副词（when，where，how，why）除了起连接作用外，还可在从句中作状语。
连接代词、连接副词在名词性从句中保留其疑问意义，同时在引导名词性从句时，前面没有先行词（这是与定语从句需区别的一点）。
重要：所有连接代词和连接副词在名词性从句中都不能省略。
3.名词性从句的语序和时态
所有的名词性从句中的语序都是陈述语序。
主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中的时态不受主句的限制，但宾语从句的时态要受主句的限制（只限于在主句是过去时态时）。
注意：需要特别注意insist，suggest后宾语从句的两种形式。
4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气
当主句中主语的中心名词、谓语、表语或宾语是表示命令、要求、建议、希望、必要等含义的词时，从句的谓语要用虚拟语气，即“（should）+动词原形”。
例外：wish后的宾语从句中虚拟语气构成例外。
It is right that one (should) speak well of the absent.不在背后诋毁人是对的。（主语从句）
It is very important that we (should) ask advice of other people.（主语从句）
重要的是我们应该征求他人的意见。
The order is that the work (should) be finished as soon as possible.（表语从句）
命令是要尽快完成这项工作。
I demand that John (should) go there at once.我要约翰马上去那儿。（宾语从句）
He advised that we (should) go home right now.他建议我们立刻回家。（宾语从句）
Joe made the suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off to the next week.（同位语从句）
乔提议会议推迟到下一周。
5.引导名词性从句的whether和if
A.whether可以用于所有的名词性从句中，而if只用于宾语从句之中。两者都不能省略。
Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.（主语从句）足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。
The question is whether you can do it yourself.（表语从句）问题是你是否能亲自做这件事。
I’ll see whether/if she’s at home.（宾语从句）我来看看她在不在家。
The question whether he should come himself or send another one hasn’t been decided.（同位语从句）他亲自来还是派别人来这个问题还没定下来。
B.在引导宾语从句（动词宾语从句）时，whether和if都可以和or not连用，但whether后可直接跟or not，
而if不能。
(1).I don’t know whether/if I can come or not.
=I don't know whether or not I can come.
我不知道我是否能来。
(2).He asked me whether/if she was coming.
=He asked me whether/if she was coming or not.
=He asked me whether or not she was coming.
他问我，她来还是不来。
比较：whether后可以接动词不定式，而if则不可以接。
Please tell us whether to go or stay here.请告诉我们是离开还是呆在这儿，
C.介词的宾语从句只能用whether引导。
(1).We worried about whether he was in good health (or not).我们担心他的身体是否健康。
(2).It all depends on whether the weather is fine.一切都取决于天气如何。
D.如果宾语从句是否定结构，则只能用if，而不能用whether。
(1).I don’t care if he doesn’t show up.他来不来我都不在乎。
(2).Dinner was almost over when Dan, still looking hungry,grinned and asked Dave if he wasn’t going to have some bread.
晚饭快吃完时，丹看上去还没吃饱，于是他笑着问戴夫还要不要吃些面包。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．She says that both Greece and China have rich cultures and traditions dating back to ancient times, and ________ there is so much to learn from each other.
2．But there is some debate over ________ it was NOLA or Mobile, Alabama that had the first Mardi Gras back in the 1700s.
3．Libraries have evolved as the public's needs have changed. In fact, if you haven't visited your local public library for a while, you may be surprised at ________ it now has to offer.
4．Rising up early also relieves stress and tension because it gives you the time to squeeze in a workout before you get distracted (分神). This is ________ morning people tend to be healthier and happier.
5．If a foundation is so huge, just imagine ________ grand and tall the column above would be.
6．It is assumed, for a person to be healthy, ________ yin and yang forces should he in balance.
7．Since the birds are able to do ________ we are much more able to do than them, we should do this by ourselves.
1．答案与解析：that 考查宾语从句。句意：她说，希腊和中国都有着源远流长的丰富文化和传统，彼此之间有很多值得学习的地方。and前后连接两个宾语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，且句子意思完整，用that引导宾语从句，第二个宾语从句引导词that不能省略。
2．答案与解析：whether 考查宾语从句。句意：但是，在18世纪的时候，究竟是诺拉还是阿拉巴马州的莫比尔举办了第一次狂欢节，这还存在一些争论。空处引导宾语从句，根据后文“it was NOLA or Mobile”可知为whether...or...，表示“是……还是……”。
3．答案与解析：what 考查名词性从句。句意：事实上，如果你有一段时间没有去过当地的公共图书馆了，你可能会对它现在所提供的东西感到惊讶。在介词at后的宾语从句中缺少动词offer的宾语，所以应用连接代词what引导。
4．答案与解析：why 考查名词性从句。句意：早起也能缓解压力和紧张，因为它能让你在分心之前挤出时间锻炼。这就是为什么早起的人更健康、更快乐的原因。This is why...这就是……的原因，从句缺少原因状语，所以用连接副词why引导表语从句。
5．答案与解析：how 考查宾语从句。句意：如果一个地基这么大，想象一下上面的柱子会有多雄伟多高。宾语从句为感叹句，感叹形容词grand and tall应用how。
6．答案与解析：that 考查主语从句。句意：人们认为，为了使一个人健康，阴阳力量应该平衡。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处考查It is assumed that。其中It作形式主语，that引导的从句作真正的主语，引导词that不可以省略。
7．答案与解析：what 考查宾语从句。句意：既然鸟类能做我们比它们更有能力做的事，我们不应该自己做吗？分析句子成分可知，此处do后是一个宾语从句，宾语从句中缺宾语，应用连接代词what，表示“我们比它们更有能力做的事”。
二．句子改错
1.Do you know that what time the train leaves
_______________________________________________________________________________
2.My cousin said me that she was going to the East.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3.He asked me when did I arrive.
_______________________________________________________________________________
4.The old army man told me that he had joined the army in 1948.
_______________________________________________________________________________
5.I doubt that he can speak French.
_______________________________________________________________________________
6.The nurse asked us for not to wake the patient.
_______________________________________________________________________________
7.The assistant asked me if had I finished reading the article.
_______________________________________________________________________________
8.Our football coach told we had played badly.
_______________________________________________________________________________
9.They want to make it clear to the public they do an important job.
_______________________________________________________________________________
10.I don’t understand what did you say.
_______________________________________________________________________________
11.Whether is he wrong or not doesn’t matter.
_______________________________________________________________________________
12.I admire that they won the match.
_______________________________________________________________________________
13.Is it that it will rain in the evening likely
_______________________________________________________________________________
14.Can you tell me where is the railway station
_______________________________________________________________________________
15.Students do not study hard is not a good thing.
_______________________________________________________________________________
16.If the sports meet will be held depends on the weather.
_______________________________________________________________________________
17.The news came which our football team won.
_______________________________________________________________________________
18.Where did they hold the important meeting is unknown to us all.
_______________________________________________________________________________
19.That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
_______________________________________________________________________________
20.I expect he won’t be back before Friday.
_______________________________________________________________________________
1.删去that
2.said me→said to me
3.when did I arrive→when I arrived
4.he had joined→he joined
5.that→if/whether
6.asked us for not to→asked us not to
7.if had I→if I had
8.told→said
9.they do an important job→that they do an important job
10.what did you say→what you said
11.Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.→It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
12.they won the match→their winning the match
13.把likely移至that前
14.将is移至句尾
15.在句首加That，并将Students改为students
16.If→Whether
17.which→that
18.Where did they hold→Where they held
19.It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
20.I don’t expect (that) he will back before Friday.名词性从句
考点一 主语从句
考点二 宾语从句
考点三 表语从句
考点四 同位语从句
考点一 主语从句
在主从复合句中，作主语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为主语从句。主句从句可以由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导，且不能省略。另外，主句的动词大多用be动词或其他系动词。
常用来引导主语从句的词
连词 that，whether
连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever等
连接副词 when，where，how，why等
1.由连词引导的主语从句
连词that，whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略。由它们引导的主语从句，多用it作形式主语。
①That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.大家都能看出她很漂亮。
主语从句
②It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful.
形式主语 真正主语（主语从句）
说明：①中that是连词，引导主语从句she was beautiful。that在主句从句中不作任何成分，也没有词义，that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子②。
①Whether he’ll come (or not) hasn’t been decided.他是否会来，还没定下来。
主语从句 谓语
②It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not.
形式主语 真正主语（主语从句）
③（误）It hasn’t been decided if he’ll come.
（误）If he’ll come hasn’t been decided.
说明：①中whether引导主语从句，whether在从句中不作任何成分，但有含义，意为“是否”，whether不能省略。此句中，因为主句的时态为现在时态，所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为②，即一个由it作形式主语的句子。
whether引导主语从句时，不能用if代替，所以③中的两个句子都是错误的。
That women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields is obvious.
主语从句
显然，过去在许多领域中，妇女没有和男人享有同样的机遇。
Whether she can get that job is still unclear.她是否能得到那份工作尚不清楚。
主语从句
That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.
（从句）现在进行时的被动语态 （主句）一般现在时
=It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
形式主语 真正主语（主语从句）
英语正在作为一种国际语言被接受，这是一个事实。
It is my fault that this has happened.发生这事得怪我。
形式主语 真正主语（主语从句）
2.由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句
连接代词who，which和what，连接副词when，where，how和why以及复合连接代词whatever，whoever等，复合连接副词whenever，wherever等都可引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意，翻译时，不能把它们译为疑问句。
Who will take charge of the task has not been decided.
重要：who是连接代词，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，不能省略。翻译时不能把它译为疑问句。
=It has not been decided will take charge of the task.谁来负责这项任务还没有决定。
Which (answer) is right isn’t known to us.
=It isn’t known to us (answer) is right.哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。
we’ll start is not clear.=It is not clear when we’ll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。
we’ll spend our holiday hasn’t been decided.我们要去哪里度假还没决定。
How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.一本书的销售在很大程度上取决于书评作者。（重要：how是连接副词，在主语从句中作状语，不能省略。）
Why he went to London is a mystery.
=It is mysterious he went to London.他为什么去伦敦是个谜。
比较：由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同，主语从句的语序是正常语序（陈述语序）。
疑问句：Why（疑问副词）didn’t he come here 他为什么不来这儿？
主语从句：Why（连接副词）he didn’t come here is not known to us.
我们不知道为什么他没来这儿。
what引导的主语从句有时相当于“先行词+that引导的定语从句”，表示一样东西或一件事情。who，whom，which，what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。由它们引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it替代，它们在句子中作成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。
What he said（主语从句）was perfectly true.
what=the thing that，在从句中作宾语，不能省略，为陈述语序，不能用疑问句语序“What did he say ”。
=The thing he said was perfectly true.（the thing+that引导的定语从句）
他讲的都是事实。
Whoever leaves the office should tell me.
whoever在从句中作主语，不能省略。
=Anyone leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。
you want is yours.你要哪一个，哪一个就是你的。
whichever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。
I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。
单句语法填空
1．________ reading habits have changed can be felt from the amount of time young people spend sweeping through short videos on their smartphones.
2．It's reported ________ few couples complained when the COVID-19 forced Saudi Arabia to place some limitations.
3．________ they found is that as the repeats accumulated, the participants rated the sounds as being more tuneful.
考点二 宾语从句
在主从复合句中，作宾语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为宾语从句。宾语从句与主语从句和表语从句一样，使用连词、连接代词和连接副词等引导。
常用来引导宾语从句的词
连词 that，whether
连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever，which，whichever等
连接副词 when，where，how，why等
1.宾语从句的种类
宾语从句在句子中可以用作动词的宾语或介词的宾语。
1.动词宾语从句
I was told (that) I had to cut out alcohol.我被告知必须戒酒。
I don’t know whether/if the banks are open.我不知道银行是否营业。
Joe wanted to know who bought him the gift.乔想弄清楚是谁给他买的这个礼物。
Mary asked where she could find the biggest park in the city.玛丽问这座城市最大的公园在哪儿。
2.介词宾语从句
A.that只在expect，in和but等少数介词后引导从句作介词的宾语。
We know nothing expect Joe is from America.
除了知道乔是来自美国之外，我们什么都不知道。
He differed from other people in he always looked further ahead in his work.
他和别人不同的是他在工作中比别人都看得远些。
I could say nothing but I was sorry.我非常抱歉。（我除了说抱歉之外，没什么可说的。）
B.由连接代词或连接副词引导的从句作介词的宾语。
My teacher was satisfied with I did.我的老师对我所做的一切感到满意。
What we should take with us depend on we’ll stay.我们需要随身带什么东西，取决于我们将在什么地方停留。
C.不及物动词后跟介词宾语从句。
某些不及物动词后边如果跟宾语从句，常省去介词。
I don’t care he is the headmaster or not.（省略介词）我不在乎他是不是校长。
重要：如果不及物动词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语，则介词不能省略。
I don’t care about him.我不在乎他。
I insist that you should learn a second language.（省略介词）
=I insist on your learning a second language.（不能省略介词）
我坚持让你学第二语言。
D.某些形容词后跟介词宾语从句。
在表示知觉、感情等的形容词如sure，afraid，glad，certain等之后，如果跟宾语从句，则省去介词。
I’m afraid that I’ll be late.（省略介词）恐怕我要迟到了。
重要：如果形容词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语，则不能省略介词。
I’m afraid of being late.我害怕迟到。
I’m sure that we’ll win the match.（省略介词）我确信我们会赢得这场比赛。
I am sure that he’ll win.（省略介词）
=I am sure of his winning.（不能省略介词）我肯定他会赢。
He is glad that you passed the exam.（省略介词）
=He is glad of your passing the exam.（不能省略介词）他为你能通过考试而高兴。
3.使用宾语从句需注意的事项
1.宾语从句的时态
宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同，时态会受到主句的限制，尤其是主句为一般过去时时。
A.当主句是现在时态时
当主句是现在时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时）时，宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定（可以是任意时态）。
Joe says he the book that day.乔说他那天看了这本书了。
Mary says Susan to Shanghai the day before.玛丽说苏珊前一天去了上海。
B.当主句是过去时态时
当主句是过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时）时，宾语从句的时态要变为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时）。
I believed what she me.我相信她和我说的话。
Mr.White told me that he there by train.怀特先生告诉我他是坐火车去那儿的。
2.主句是I don’t think...的宾语从句
主句是I don’t think...的主从复合句的意思是“我认为……不……”。它在英语中已成为固定句型，即否定的形式在主句，而否定的信息焦点却在从句。
类似的句型还有：I don’t imagine...，I don’t believe...，I don’t suppose...等。
I don’t think you are right.我认为你不对。
重要：主句的主语必须是第一人称I或we时，才能用这样的句型（否定形式在主句，而否定的信息焦点却在从句）。
I don’t think he’ll go, he 我认为他不会走，不是吗？
I don’t think you can do that, you 我认为你不会干那件事，不是吗？
I don’t think he is lazy, he 我认为他不懒，不是吗？
注意：注意该固定句型中反意疑问句的用法。
3.连词that的省略
that引导宾语从句时可以省略，但在连接词and或but所连接的两个作宾语的that从句中，第一个宾语从句中的that可以省略，第二个不能省略。
He said (that) he has worked for nearly ten years and that he wanted to go home.
他说他已在这儿工作近10年了，并说他想回家了。
The little girl told me (that) she didn’t like toy trains,and that she liked barbie dolls very much.
这个小女孩告诉我，她不喜欢玩具火车，并且告诉我她非常喜欢芭比娃娃。
4.当主句谓语为doubt和be not sure时
句型：I doubt whether/if...（我怀疑……是否……）
I don’t doubt that...（我毫不怀疑……）
I doubt whether he can swim.我怀疑他是否会游泳。
I don’t doubt that he can swim.我毫不怀疑他会游泳。
Do you doubt that he can swim 你怀疑他会游泳吗？
说明：当谓语含有询问或怀疑之意，如doubt（怀疑），not sure（不确定）时，应用whether/if引导的宾语从句。而do not doubt/believe和疑问句中的doubt，则用that引导宾语从句。
句型：I’m not sure+whether/if...（我不确定……是否……）
I’m sure+that...（我相信……）
I’m not sure whether/if the news is true.我不能肯定这消息是否确切。
I’m not sure whether/if he can swim.我不确定他是否会游泳。
I’m sure that he can do it well.我相信他会把这件事做好的。
单句语法填空
After half a year's study, he finally learned ________ the ancient bookbinding worked.
2．For instance, chess was recognized as a sport by the International Olympic Committee in 1999. Now, some people wonder ________ e－sports should also be considered sports.
3．She said the gig economy provides an important way for people to improve their incomes, and ________ for seniors, the disabled or those with other difficulties, gig work provides less pressure than full-time employment.
考点三 表语从句
在主从复合句中，作表语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为表语从句。表语从句可以由连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，并且不能省略。
常用来引导表语从句的词
连词 that，weather
连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever，which，whichever等
连接副词 when，where，how，why等
My opinion is that the villager really didn’t understand the policeman.我认为那位村民确实没有理解警察的意思。
1.that在表语从句中不作成分，没有词义，不可省略，但在口语中有时可省略。
That’s we should do.这是我们的本分。
2.what在表语从句中作宾语，不能省略，从句中的语序为陈述语序。
The question is the tiger got out of the cage.问题是老虎是怎么从笼子里出去的。
3.how在表语从句中作状语，不能省略，从句中的语序为陈述语序。
That is they decided to hold a meeting.这就是他们为什么决定要开会的原因。
This is I met Mary for the first time.这就是我第一次遇见玛丽的地方。
单句语法填空
The tiger is ________ stands for strength and energy in traditional Chinese culture.
2．What puzzles Lily's friends is ________ she always has so many crazy ideas.
考点四 同位语从句
在主从复合句中，作同位语的是一个从句，则这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句由连词that和whether、关系代词who和what或关系副词why和how等引导。连词that在同位语从句中不担任任何成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。从意思上来讲，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。
与从句同位的名词通常是表示事实等的抽象名词
answer回答 belief信念 doubt怀疑
fact事实 hope希望 idea想法
news消息 order命令 question问题
reply回答 thought想法 rumour谣言
注意：具体名词，如pen，book等之后不能跟同位语从句。
The idea we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他，这个主意真是太好了。
The question we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled.
说明：whether引导同位语从句，有词义，不作成分，不能省略，也不能用if来代替。
下周一我们是否去看那部电影还未决定。
His question the sky is blue is difficult to answer.他问为什么天是蓝的，这令人很难回答。
The rumour there’ll be an earthquake soon spread all over the area.（同位语从句）
说明：that引导的从句是抽象名词rumour的同位语从句，that无词义，不作成分，也不能省略。
将要发生地震的谣言很快就在这一地区传开了。
The rumour is there’ll be an earthquake.（表语从句）谣言是将要发生地震了。
比较：试比较下面两个句子的正误。
（正）The idea (that) he told me yesterday is good.（定语从句）
（误）The idea is that he told me yesterday.昨天他告诉我的那个主意太好了。
单句语法填空
1．There is a general belief ________ more Chinese people will enjoy the Spring Festival in space in the future.
2．This should serve as a warning ________ people should be aware of their surroundings, especially when crossing roads.
使用名词性从句需注意的事项
1.连词that的用法总结
that可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句中。在这些从句中that只起连接作用，在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义。
that引导主语从句和宾语从句时，往往用形式主语it或形式宾语it来替代，而把从句移到后面。
重要：that在引导宾语从句时可以省略，引导其他从句时一律不能省略。
2.连接代词和连接副词的用法总结
连接代词（who，whom，whose，which，what）除了起连接作用外，还在从句担任主语、宾语、表语等成分。
连接副词（when，where，how，why）除了起连接作用外，还可在从句中作状语。
连接代词、连接副词在名词性从句中保留其疑问意义，同时在引导名词性从句时，前面没有先行词（这是与定语从句需区别的一点）。
重要：所有连接代词和连接副词在名词性从句中都不能省略。
3.名词性从句的语序和时态
所有的名词性从句中的语序都是陈述语序。
主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中的时态不受主句的限制，但宾语从句的时态要受主句的限制（只限于在主句是过去时态时）。
注意：需要特别注意insist，suggest后宾语从句的两种形式。
4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气
当主句中主语的中心名词、谓语、表语或宾语是表示命令、要求、建议、希望、必要等含义的词时，从句的谓语要用虚拟语气，即“（should）+动词原形”。
例外：wish后的宾语从句中虚拟语气构成例外。
It is right that one (should) speak well of the absent.不在背后诋毁人是对的。（主语从句）
It is very important that we (should) ask advice of other people.（主语从句）
重要的是我们应该征求他人的意见。
The order is that the work (should) be finished as soon as possible.（表语从句）
命令是要尽快完成这项工作。
I demand that John (should) go there at once.我要约翰马上去那儿。（宾语从句）
He advised that we (should) go home right now.他建议我们立刻回家。（宾语从句）
Joe made the suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off to the next week.（同位语从句）
乔提议会议推迟到下一周。
5.引导名词性从句的whether和if
A.whether可以用于所有的名词性从句中，而if只用于宾语从句之中。两者都不能省略。
Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.（主语从句）足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。
The question is whether you can do it yourself.（表语从句）问题是你是否能亲自做这件事。
I’ll see whether/if she’s at home.（宾语从句）我来看看她在不在家。
The question whether he should come himself or send another one hasn’t been decided.（同位语从句）他亲自来还是派别人来这个问题还没定下来。
B.在引导宾语从句（动词宾语从句）时，whether和if都可以和or not连用，但whether后可直接跟or not，而if不能。
(1).I don’t know whether/if I can come or not.
=I don't know whether or not I can come.
我不知道我是否能来。
(2).He asked me whether/if she was coming.
=He asked me whether/if she was coming or not.
=He asked me whether or not she was coming.
他问我，她来还是不来。
比较：whether后可以接动词不定式，而if则不可以接。
Please tell us whether to go or stay here.请告诉我们是离开还是呆在这儿，
C.介词的宾语从句只能用whether引导。
(1).We worried about whether he was in good health (or not).我们担心他的身体是否健康。
(2).It all depends on whether the weather is fine.一切都取决于天气如何。
D.如果宾语从句是否定结构，则只能用if，而不能用whether。
(1).I don’t care if he doesn’t show up.他来不来我都不在乎。
(2).Dinner was almost over when Dan, still looking hungry,grinned and asked Dave if he wasn’t going to have some bread.
晚饭快吃完时，丹看上去还没吃饱，于是他笑着问戴夫还要不要吃些面包。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．She says that both Greece and China have rich cultures and traditions dating back to ancient times, and ________ there is so much to learn from each other.
2．But there is some debate over ________ it was NOLA or Mobile, Alabama that had the first Mardi Gras back in the 1700s.
3．Libraries have evolved as the public's needs have changed. In fact, if you haven't visited your local public library for a while, you may be surprised at ________ it now has to offer.
4．Rising up early also relieves stress and tension because it gives you the time to squeeze in a workout before you
get distracted (分神). This is ________ morning people tend to be healthier and happier.
5．If a foundation is so huge, just imagine ________ grand and tall the column above would be.
6．It is assumed, for a person to be healthy, ________ yin and yang forces should he in balance.
7．Since the birds are able to do ________ we are much more able to do than them, we should do this by ourselves.
二．句子改错
1.Do you know that what time the train leaves
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2.My cousin said me that she was going to the East.
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3.He asked me when did I arrive.
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4.The old army man told me that he had joined the army in 1948.
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5.I doubt that he can speak French.
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6.The nurse asked us for not to wake the patient.
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7.The assistant asked me if had I finished reading the article.
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8.Our football coach told we had played badly.
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9.They want to make it clear to the public they do an important job.
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10.I don’t understand what did you say.
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11.Whether is he wrong or not doesn’t matter.
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12.I admire that they won the match.
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13.Is it that it will rain in the evening likely
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14.Can you tell me where is the railway station
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15.Students do not study hard is not a good thing.
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16.If the sports meet will be held depends on the weather.
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17.The news came which our football team won.
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18.Where did they hold the important meeting is unknown to us all.
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19.That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
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20.I expect he won’t be back before Friday.
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