定语从句
一.定语从句的定义
二.定语从句的种类
三.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
四.关系代词的用法
五.关系副词的用法
六．关系代词和关系副词的选用
七．as引导的定语从句
八．as引导的非限定性定语从句
九．介词+关系代词
一.定语从句的定义
在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。
The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday.
穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod.
The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。
The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。
I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。
I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning.
我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。
说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。
加下划线的部分为定语从句。
处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。
二.定语从句的种类
定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。
1.限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。
Do you know the girl who just came in 你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？
Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。
Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane.
她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。
The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life.
第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。
2.非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。
The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company.
那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。
Lori is going to marry Mark,whom she does not love.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。
Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city.
中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。
三.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句
与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达）
不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开
可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that
关系代词可以省略 关系代词不可以省略
（that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略）
关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代
读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调
只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。
四.关系代词的用法
在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。
先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语
指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose
指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which
1.关系代词who和whom的用法
两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。
1.基本用法
who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。
Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。
（关系代词who在从句中作主语）
The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。
She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。
（关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom）
The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp.
=The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。
说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。
We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children.
我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。
2.只用who而不用that的情况
在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。
A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。
Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。
B.先行词是those时，宜用who。
No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.
对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。
C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。
I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province.
昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。
D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。
E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。
There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。
There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。
There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。
2.关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。
Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company
=Do you know Peter His father happens to be working in your company.
你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。
The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room.The room’s window faces south.
这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。
We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.
我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。
Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls.
西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。
3.关系代词that和which的用法
两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。
1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用
The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.
我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。
They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water.
他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。
2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况
A.主句已有疑问句who或which时
Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you
旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？
Who is the man that is sitting by the lake 坐在湖边的男人是谁？
B.先行词既有人又有物时
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。
C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时
It’s easy to do the repair.All that you need is a hammer and some nails.
做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。
I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.
我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。
D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。
Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.
波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。
E.先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。
The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director.
莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。
F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时
This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。
G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。
3.只用which而不用that的情况
A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that
（正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh.
（误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。
My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden.
我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。
Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。
注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。
说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad.
这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。
补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。
London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city.
英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that
I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.
我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
=This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。
说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。
C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
4.关系代词which和that的用法总结
which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别
which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which”
that 不能用于上述两种情况
提高题
单句语法填空
1．After each cycle of trading, companies ________ have leftover carbon allowances (限额) can sell them to others.
2．The letter was one of the earliest documents on record ________ mentioned tofu in the West.
3．What makes something a sport Traditional definitions usually included some physical activities ________ show athletic ability or strength.
4．The character “three” is shaped like a book, ________ represents the long historical tradition of Rong Bao Zhai.
5．Instead of an economy of the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one ________ transforms waste into a usable resource.
1．答案与解析：that/which 定语从句。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，该空引导定语从句修饰先行词companies，先行词指物，该空在定语从句中作主语，故应填that/which。
2．答案与解析：that 定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句且在从句中作主语，先行词指物，且因为先行词中含有形容词最高级，故空处只能填关系代词that。
3．答案与解析：which/that 定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是表示物的名词短语physical activities，关系词在从句中作主语，所以空处填which/that。
4．答案与解析：which 定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该空引导非限制性定语从句，且空处在定语从句中作主语，指代主句“The character ‘three’ is shaped like a book”，故填which。
5．答案与解析：that 定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词one，且在从句中作主语，所以填that。one为不定代词，其后定语从句不宜用which引导。
五.关系副词的用法
关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分
指地点 where 地点状语
指时间 when 时间状语
指原因 why 原因状语
1.关系副词where的用法
由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中
作地点状语。
①The hotel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。
②We stayed there/at the hotel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。
③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。
先行词 定语从句
（where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述
The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.
I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.
=I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.
=I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。
This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。
2.关系副词when的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。
I’ll never forget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。
先行词 定语从句
（when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never forget the time during which we first met.
The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.
他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。
注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。
3.关系副词why的用法
由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。
先行词 定语从句
（why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard.
The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane.
=The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane.
注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。
=The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane.
她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。
Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left.
艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。
The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
=The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
=The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。
补充：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型
定语从句“The reason why/that...”或“...the reason why/that...”
I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。
表语从句“The reason is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了）
The reason is that he is always careless in his work.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。
单句语法填空
1．The reason ________ this traditional flatbread happening to be popular among the ethnic groups here lies in its being easy to bake, store and transport.
2．Wherever you go in Xinjiang, whether north or south of the Tianshan Mountains, you'll notice small stands ________some crispy and delicious nang is sold.
3．The government has also introduced a new proposal in order to limit the amount of after-school education kids can attend, especially during holidays and festivals, ________ kids should be having fun.
1．答案与解析：why 考查定语从句。句意：这种传统的大饼之所以能在这里的少数民族中流行，是因为它易于烘烤、储存和运输。分析句子可知，空格处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作原因状语，表示“由于这个原因”，应使用关系副词why引导该定语从句。
2．答案与解析：where 考查定语从句。句意：在新疆，无论你走到哪里，无论是在天山的北边还是南边，你都会看到一些卖酥脆可口的馕的小摊。分析句子可知，空格处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词stands，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，表示“在这些小摊上”，应使用关系副词where引导该定语从句。
3．答案与解析：when 考查定语从句。句意：政府还提出了一项新的建议，以限制孩子们可以参加的课外教育的数量，特别是在假期和节日期间，孩子们本应该享受乐趣。分析句子可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是holidays and festivals，在从句中作时间状语，要用关系副词when引导。
六．关系代词和关系副词的选用
对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。
①This is the college (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。
②This is the college where I studied three years ago.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。
①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。
②I’ll never forget the day when I got married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。
七．as引导的定语从句
as作为关系代词既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。
1.as引导的限定性定语从句
1.such...as...和the same...as...的用法
such...as...意为“像……一样的，像……之类”；the same...as...意为“和……同样的”。在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词（或代词）是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as在从句中作主语）
我们找到了（像）他们厂里用的那种材料。
I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out.
我从来不会给我的学生出这样一道他们不能解决的难题。（as在从句中作宾语）
The result is not the same as they had expected.（as在从句中作宾语）
结果和他们预想的不一样。
比较：the same...that...和the same...as...
两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个，as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。
He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday.他看的书就是你昨天买的那本。
He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.他看的书和你昨天买的书是一样的。
（指同一本书；指同一种书，但并不是你买的那一本）
This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。
This is the same (kind/type/sort of) pen as I lost.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。
（指同一支笔；指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支）
2.such as...的用法
such as...中的such为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。
This book is not such as I expect.这不是一本我所盼望的书。
He told me of his experience such as I had never had before.
他给我讲了他的经验，我从来没有那种经验。
I have not many,but I will send you such as I have.我有的不多，但我愿把我所有的都送给你。
补充：such as还可以表示“诸如，例如，像……那样的”的意思，此时其后跟名词或名词短语等，如：They bought a lot of fruit,such as apples,oranges,etc.
他们买了许多水果，如苹果、橘子等。
八．as引导的非限定性定语从句
as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。
as we know正如我们所知 as is often the case像通常那样
as has been said before如上所述 as is reported正如报道的那样
as is well known众所周知 as was expected正如预料的那样
She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。
As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.
像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。
比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别
as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。
He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。
which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。
As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.
=Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress.
正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。
九．介词+关系代词
句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词
简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。
简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely.
我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词
那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。
简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。
合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。
单句语法填空
1．Project Hope, launched by the China Youth Development Foundation in 1989, is committed to sending poor children to schools, and has made a difference in the lives of 6 million students from poor families nationwide over the past three decades, among ________ is Su.
2．Nowadays an increasing number of people in various parts of China have begun to celebrate their flower festival again, some of ________， dressed in hanfu, a type of traditional Chinese costume, perform a series of ceremonies.
3．Last year, Cambridge University Library announced that two of Charles Darwin's notebooks had been missing from their collection, one of ________ contains Darwin's “Tree of Life” sketch.
1．答案与解析：whom 定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处考查“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。又因此处先行词指人，故填whom。
2．答案与解析：whom 分析句子结构可知， “Nowadays...again”是一个完整的句子， 后面是“不定代词＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。该从句的先行词是people, 空前有some of , 故关系代词只能用whom。
3．答案与解析：which 句意：去年，剑桥大学图书馆宣布，查尔斯·达尔文的两本笔记本从他们的收藏中丢失了，其中一本里有达尔文的“生命之树”素描。分析句子结构可知，空处指代“two of Charles Darwin's notebooks”，因此空后是“不定代词＋介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是物，故填which。
使用定语从句需注意的事项
1.定语从句中的主谓一致
A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you 他就是想见你的那个人吗？
B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。
As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。
Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。
C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。
Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class.
弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。
D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。
2.what和how不能用于定语从句中
A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。
（正）Tell me anything (that) you know.
（正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。
说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。
（误）Tell me anything what you know.
B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。
（正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem.
（正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句）
（误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem.
这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。
3.关系代词和关系副词的省略
1.关系代词的省略
A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。
Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year.
简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。
Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略）
C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。
（正）This is the government building in which my father works.
（正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in.
（误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。
D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。
There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。
2.关系副词的省略
A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。
She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese.
她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。
B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。
This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。
He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。
补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。
Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。
5.定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定
that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。
The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任told的宾语。）
The news that the leader will come here is not true.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。）
2.根据意思来判断
在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。
The news that you told me last week is not true.
→（误）The news is that you told me last week.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（因为the news不能等于you told me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。）
The news that the leader will come here is not true.
→（正）The news is that the leader will come here.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（句子成立，所以是同位语从句。）
3.根据that前的名词判断
同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，information，order，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。
一.单句语法填空
1．The app does this by monitoring their time ________the users go to sleep, which means that you will feel less sleepy when you wake up every morning.
2．The six greatest 18th-century carved marble (大理石) sculptures in the East Sculpture Hall ________ sustained the most damage will receive conservation treatment.
3．An additional reason ________ it can be so desirable is that it tends to come from resources that are free.
4．In the US, Diane Ott Whealy and her husband founded Heritage Farm, a place ________ people can store and
trade seeds.
5．This story about self-respect and self-love, ________ characters are Chinese, is set in Europe.
6．The first space launch led to the first human space flight, ________ led to the first moonwalk.
7．The Double Ninth Festival is also a time ________ the chrysanthemum (菊花) blooms.
8．Gig workers, often referred to as independent contractors (承包人) or temporary workers, are those such as delivery drivers and online sales hosts ________ often enter into contracts with on-demand companies to provide services for their clients.
9．By the time of the Ming Dynasty, people could use the abacus in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, ________ were widely used for calculating the weight, amount, space and volume.
10．Shaxian snacks is a shining example of Chinese food chain brands, ________ most likely include foods such as steamed dumplings, noodles and huntun.
1．答案与解析：when 考查定语从句。句意：该应用程序通过监测用户睡觉的时间来实现这一点，这意味着每天早上醒来时你会感觉不那么困了。分析句子结构可知，此处“________ the users go to sleep”是限定性定语从句，先行词是time，指时间，从句缺少时间状语，故填when。
2．答案与解析：that 考查定语从句。句意：受损最严重的东方雕塑馆的6座18世纪最伟大的大理石雕塑将接受保护处理。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词sculptures是物，且被最高级greatest修饰，因此空格处用关系代词that，故填that。
3．答案与解析：why 考查定语从句。句意：它如此可取的另一个原因是，它往往来自免费的资源。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在从句中做原因状语，故填why。
4．答案与解析：where 考查定语从句。句意：在美国，黛安·奥特·惠里和她的丈夫创立了传统农场，人们可以在这里储存和交易种子。分析句子结构可知，先行词是place，指地点，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。
5．答案与解析：whose 考查定语从句。句意：这个关于自尊和自爱的故事，主人公是中国人，故事发生在欧洲。此处考查非限定性定语从句的关系词，先行词为This story，先行词与characters为所属关系，设空处应用关系代词whose，后接characters，表示“故事的”。
6．答案与解析：which 考查定语从句。句意：第一次太空发射引领了第一次人类太空飞行，这引发了第一次月球行走。分析句子结构，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前边的整个句子，故填which。
7．答案与解析：when 考查定语从句。句意：重阳节也是菊花盛开的时节。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，先行词time是时间，因此空格处用关系副词when。
8．答案与解析：who 定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为those，指人，空处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。
9．答案与解析：which 定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为addition, subtraction, multiplication and division，空处在从句中作主语，所以填which。
10．答案与解析：which 定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此句为一个非限制性定语从句，先行词指物，且关系词在定语从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。
二．语篇填空
A girl who has a gift for drawing
I went to an exhibition last month, 1 I admired a lot of wonderful paintings. Mary, 2 drawings were shown at the exhibition, is a model student 3 is often praised for her good work at school. As soon as we got into the exhibition hall 4 the paintings were on show, our eyes were caught by a very large picture 5 was hung on the wall in front of us. The horse 6 was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real horse. The man 7 was riding on it looked like a living man. It was the best picture 8 I had ever seen, and I should say Mary is the best young painter 9 I have ever heard of. However, you will be quite mistaken if you think that Mary was born a good painter. One of her teachers told me that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she became the best young painter 10 has ever been heard of in her hometown. But if you say that she has learned to be so good at drawing only by working hard at it, I will certainly agree with you.
【答案】1. where 2. whose 3. who/that 4. where 5. that/which
6. that/ which 7. who/that 8. that 9. that 10. that
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者去看画展的一次经历。
1.考查非限制性定语从句关系副词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为an exhibition，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，意为“在那里”。故填where。
2.考查非限制性定语从句关系代词。句意：玛丽的画作在展览会上展出，她是一个模范学生，经常因为她在学校的出色表现而受到表扬。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Mary，关系代词whose在从句中作定语，表示所有关系。故填whose。
3.考查定语从句关系代词。先行词为a model student，关系代词who/that在从句中作主语，指人。故填who/that。
4.考查定语从句关系副词。句意：当我们进入展览大厅的时候，我们的眼睛被挂在我们面前墙上的巨幅画吸引住了。先行词为the exhibition hall，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。故填where。
5.考查定语从句关系代词。先行词为picture，关系代词that/ which在从句中作主语，指物。故填that/which。
6.考查定语从句关系代词。句意：画中的马和真正的马一模一样。先行词为The horse，关系代词that/which在从句中作主语，指物。故填that/which。
7.考查定语从句关系代词。句意：骑在上面的人看起来像个活人。先行词为The man，关系代词who/that在从句中作主语，指人。故填who/that。
8.考查定语从句关系代词。句意：这是我见过的最好的画，我应该说Mary是我听说过的最好的年轻画家。先行词为the best picture，关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物，因为先行词由最高级修饰，所以只能用that不用which。故填that。
9.考查定语从句关系代词。先行词为the best young painter，关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指人，因为先行词由最高级修饰，所以只能用that不用who。故填that。
10.考查定语从句关系代词。句意：她的一个老师告诉我，玛丽花了几千个小时学习和练习画画，才成为她家乡听说过的最好的年轻画家。先行词为the best young painter，关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人，因
为先行词由最高级修饰，所以只能用that不用who。故填that。
【点拨】定语从句中关系词的选择可考虑以下二点：
（1）一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因（如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。
（2）二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等（如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when，where，why。）
（3）三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句（如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句）。定语从句
一.定语从句的定义
二.定语从句的种类
三.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
四.关系代词的用法
五.关系副词的用法
六．关系代词和关系副词的选用
七．as引导的定语从句
八．as引导的非限定性定语从句
九．介词+关系代词
一.定语从句的定义
在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。
The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday.
穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod.
The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。
The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。
I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。
I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning.
我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。
说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。
加下划线的部分为定语从句。
处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。
二.定语从句的种类
定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。
1.限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。
Do you know the girl who just came in 你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？
Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。
Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane.
她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。
The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life.
第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。
2.非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。
The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company.
那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。
Lori is going to marry Mark,whom she does not love.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。
Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city.
中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。
三.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句
与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达）
不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开
可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that
关系代词可以省略 关系代词不可以省略
（that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略）
关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代
读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调
只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。
四.关系代词的用法
在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。
先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语
指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose
指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which
1.关系代词who和whom的用法
两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。
1.基本用法
who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。
Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。
（关系代词who在从句中作主语）
The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。
She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。
（关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom）
The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp.
=The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。
说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。
We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children.
我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。
2.只用who而不用that的情况
在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。
A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。
Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。
B.先行词是those时，宜用who。
No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.
对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。
C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。
I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province.
昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。
D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。
E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。
There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。
There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。
There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。
2.关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。
Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company
=Do you know Peter His father happens to be working in your company.
你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。
The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room.The room’s window faces south.
这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。
We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.
我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。
Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls.
西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。
3.关系代词that和which的用法
两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。
1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用
The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.
我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。
They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water.
他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。
2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况
A.主句已有疑问句who或which时
Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you
旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？
Who is the man that is sitting by the lake 坐在湖边的男人是谁？
B.先行词既有人又有物时
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。
C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时
It’s easy to do the repair.All that you need is a hammer and some nails.
做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。
I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.
我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。
D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。
Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.
波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。
E.先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。
The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director.
莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。
F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时
This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。
G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。
3.只用which而不用that的情况
A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that
（正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh.
（误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。
My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden.
我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。
Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。
注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。
说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad.
这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。
补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。
London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city.
英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that
I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.
我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
=This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。
说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。
C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
4.关系代词which和that的用法总结
which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别
which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which”
that 不能用于上述两种情况
单句语法填空
1．After each cycle of trading, companies ________ have leftover carbon allowances (限额) can sell them to others.
2．The letter was one of the earliest documents on record ________ mentioned tofu in the West.
3．What makes something a sport Traditional definitions usually included some physical activities ________ show athletic ability or strength.
4．The character “three” is shaped like a book, ________ represents the long historical tradition of Rong Bao Zhai.
5．Instead of an economy of the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one ________ transforms waste into a usable resource.
五.关系副词的用法
关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分
指地点 where 地点状语
指时间 when 时间状语
指原因 why 原因状语
1.关系副词where的用法
由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中作地点状语。
①The hotel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。
②We stayed there/at the hotel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。
③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。
先行词 定语从句
（where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述
The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.
I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.
=I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.
=I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。
This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。
2.关系副词when的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。
I’ll never forget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。
先行词 定语从句
（when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never forget the time during which we first met.
The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.
他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。
注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。
3.关系副词why的用法
由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。
先行词 定语从句
（why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard.
The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane.
=The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane.
注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。
=The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane.
她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。
Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left.
艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。
The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
=The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
=The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。
补充：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型
定语从句“The reason why/that...”或“...the reason why/that...”
I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。
表语从句“The reason is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了）
The reason is that he is always careless in his work.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。
单句语法填空
1．The reason ________ this traditional flatbread happening to be popular among the ethnic groups here lies in its being easy to bake, store and transport.
2．Wherever you go in Xinjiang, whether north or south of the Tianshan Mountains, you'll notice small stands ________some crispy and delicious nang is sold.
3．The government has also introduced a new proposal in order to limit the amount of after-school education kids can attend, especially during holidays and festivals, ________ kids should be having fun.
六．关系代词和关系副词的选用
对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。
①This is the college (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。
②This is the college where I studied three years ago.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。
①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。
②I’ll never forget the day when I got married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。
七．as引导的定语从句
as作为关系代词既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。
1.as引导的限定性定语从句
1.such...as...和the same...as...的用法
such...as...意为“像……一样的，像……之类”；the same...as...意为“和……同样的”。在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词（或代词）是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as在从句中作主语）
我们找到了（像）他们厂里用的那种材料。
I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out.
我从来不会给我的学生出这样一道他们不能解决的难题。（as在从句中作宾语）
The result is not the same as they had expected.（as在从句中作宾语）
结果和他们预想的不一样。
比较：the same...that...和the same...as...
两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个，as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。
He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday.他看的书就是你昨天买的那本。
He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.他看的书和你昨天买的书是一样的。
（指同一本书；指同一种书，但并不是你买的那一本）
This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。
This is the same (kind/type/sort of) pen as I lost.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。
（指同一支笔；指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支）
2.such as...的用法
such as...中的such为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。
This book is not such as I expect.这不是一本我所盼望的书。
He told me of his experience such as I had never had before.
他给我讲了他的经验，我从来没有那种经验。
I have not many,but I will send you such as I have.我有的不多，但我愿把我所有的都送给你。
补充：such as还可以表示“诸如，例如，像……那样的”的意思，此时其后跟名词或名词短语等，如：They bought a lot of fruit,such as apples,oranges,etc.
他们买了许多水果，如苹果、橘子等。
八．as引导的非限定性定语从句
as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。
as we know正如我们所知 as is often the case像通常那样
as has been said before如上所述 as is reported正如报道的那样
as is well known众所周知 as was expected正如预料的那样
She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。
As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.
像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。
比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别
as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。
He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。
which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。
As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.
=Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress.
正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。
九．介词+关系代词
句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词
简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。
简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely.
我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词
那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。
简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。
合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。
单句语法填空
1．Project Hope, launched by the China Youth Development Foundation in 1989, is committed to sending poor children to schools, and has made a difference in the lives of 6 million students from poor families nationwide over the past three decades, among ________ is Su.
2．Nowadays an increasing number of people in various parts of China have begun to celebrate their flower festival again, some of ________， dressed in hanfu, a type of traditional Chinese costume, perform a series of ceremonies.
3．Last year, Cambridge University Library announced that two of Charles Darwin's notebooks had been missing from their collection, one of ________ contains Darwin's “Tree of Life” sketch.
使用定语从句需注意的事项
1.定语从句中的主谓一致
A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you 他就是想见你的那个人吗？
B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。
As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。
Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。
C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。
Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class.
弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。
D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。
2.what和how不能用于定语从句中
A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。
（正）Tell me anything (that) you know.
（正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。
说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。
（误）Tell me anything what you know.
B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。
（正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem.
（正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句）
（误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem.
这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。
3.关系代词和关系副词的省略
1.关系代词的省略
A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。
Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year.
简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。
Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略）
C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。
（正）This is the government building in which my father works.
（正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in.
（误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。
D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。
There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。
2.关系副词的省略
A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。
She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese.
她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。
B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。
This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。
He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。
补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。
Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。
5.定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定
that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。
The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任told的宾语。）
The news that the leader will come here is not true.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。）
2.根据意思来判断
在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。
The news that you told me last week is not true.
→（误）The news is that you told me last week.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（因为the news不能等于you told me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。）
The news that the leader will come here is not true.
→（正）The news is that the leader will come here.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（句子成立，所以是同位语从句。）
3.根据that前的名词判断
同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，information，order，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。
一.单句语法填空
1．The app does this by monitoring their time ________the users go to sleep, which means that you will feel less sleepy when you wake up every morning.
2．The six greatest 18th-century carved marble (大理石) sculptures in the East Sculpture Hall ________ sustained the most damage will receive conservation treatment.
3．An additional reason ________ it can be so desirable is that it tends to come from resources that are free.
4．In the US, Diane Ott Whealy and her husband founded Heritage Farm, a place ________ people can store and trade seeds.
5．This story about self-respect and self-love, ________ characters are Chinese, is set in Europe.
6．The first space launch led to the first human space flight, ________ led to the first moonwalk.
7．The Double Ninth Festival is also a time ________ the chrysanthemum (菊花) blooms.
8．Gig workers, often referred to as independent contractors (承包人) or temporary workers, are those such as delivery drivers and online sales hosts ________ often enter into contracts with on-demand companies to provide services for their clients.
9．By the time of the Ming Dynasty, people could use the abacus in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, ________ were widely used for calculating the weight, amount, space and volume.
10．Shaxian snacks is a shining example of Chinese food chain brands, ________ most likely include foods such as steamed dumplings, noodles and huntun.
二．语篇填空
A girl who has a gift for drawing
I went to an exhibition last month, 1 I admired a lot of wonderful paintings. Mary, 2 drawings were shown at the exhibition, is a model student 3 is often praised for her good work at school. As soon as we got into the exhibition hall 4 the paintings were on show, our eyes were caught by a very large picture 5 was hung on the wall in front of us. The horse 6 was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real horse. The man 7 was riding on it looked like a living man. It was the best picture 8 I had ever seen, and I should say Mary is the best young painter 9 I have ever heard of. However, you will be quite mistaken if you think that Mary was born a good painter. One of her teachers told me that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she became the best young painter 10 has ever been heard of in her hometown. But if you say that she has learned to be so good at drawing only by working hard at it, I will certainly agree with you.
