人教版（2019）选择性必修 第三册 Words and Expressions课件(共200张PPT)

(共200张PPT)
高二英语选修三期末复习
（广东潮汕地区）
选修三 Unit 1 Art
Words and Expressions
重点词汇：
1．precise adj.准确的；精确的→ adv.准确地；精确地；的确如此
2．real adj.实际存在的；真实的→ n．逼真；现实主义；务实作风→ adj.现实的；逼真的→ adv.现实地；实际地；逼真地→ n．现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者
precisely
realism
realistic
realistically
realist
3．humanistic adj.人文主义的→ n.人性；人道；(统称)人类
4．influence n．影响；控制力；有影响的人或事 vt.影响；支配→__________ adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的
5．photo n．照片→ n．照片vt.给……照相→______________ n．照相术；摄影→ n．摄影师
6．sculpture n．雕像；雕刻品；雕刻术→ n.雕刻家；雕塑家
humanity
influential
photograph
photography
photographer
sculptor
7．arch vt.&vi.呈弧形横跨；(使)成弓形 n．拱；拱形结构；拱门→________adj.拱形的；弓形的
8．invest vt.投资；投入vi.投资；入股→ n．投资额；投资；(时间、精力的)投入→ n．投资者
9．memory n．记忆；记忆力；内存→ adj.纪念的；悼念的 n．纪念碑(或像等)；纪念物；纪念品→ vt.记住；记忆
arched
investment
investor
memorial
memorize
10．criticise vi.& vt.批评；指责；评价→ n．批评；指责；评论
11．represent vt.代表；象征→ adj.典型的；有代表性的 n．代表→ n．代表；表现；陈述
12．art n．艺术；美术作品→ n．艺术家；画家→ adj.艺术的；艺术家的
13．enter v．进入→ n．加入；进入；参与→ n．入口；进入；登场
criticism
representative
representation
artist
artistic
entry
entrance
14．recognize/recognise vt.辨别出；承认；公认→ n．承认；认出；赞誉
15．expand vt.& vi.使变大；伸展→ n．扩张；扩展；扩大
16．worth adj.有……价值；值……钱→ adj.没有价值的；没用的→ adj.值得(花时间、努力等)的→ adj.值得……的；有价值的
recognition
expansion
worthless
worthwhile
worthy
重点短语：
1． 　　　　　 尤其；特别
2． 使与众不同；使突出；使优于……
3． 结果
4． 集中于……；专注于……
5． 不再
in particular
set apart from
as a result
concentrate/focus on
no longer
6． 充满
7． 喜爱；喜欢
8． 总之
9． 赋予……生命；使……鲜活起来
10． 值得
be full of
be fond of
in conclusion
bring ...to life
be worthy of
Language Points
While-reading
Language Points
1. In particular，his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
Note: be particular about/over对……讲究/挑剔
in particular=particularly 尤其，特别
While-reading
Language Points
1. In particular，his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
我尤其尊重我的班主任的原因是他讲究教学艺术，并且平等对待我们中的每个人。
The reason why I particularly respect my class teacher is that he is particular about teaching art and treats each of us fairly.
While-reading
Language Points
1. In particular，his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
Note: set apart from使与众不同；使突出
set about doing sth. =set out to do sth.开始做某事
set down = write down 写下；记下
set off 出发
While-reading
Language Points
2. While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed real people in a real environment.
Note: while引导让步状语从句，翻译为“虽然，尽管”，相当于although
尽管我喜欢摄影，但是我妈妈不支持我。
While I am fond of photography，my mother doesn’t support me.
While-reading
Language Points
3. Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo, and Raphael built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.
Note: influential adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的
influential adj. 有很大影响力的；有支配力的
归纳
be influential in 对……有影响
have an influence on/upon 对……有影响
under the influence of 在……影响下
influence sb. to do sth. 影响某人做某事
be influenced by 被……影响
巩固
influential adj. 有很大影响力的；有支配力的
It helps to have (influence) friends.
Chaplin was not just a genius, he was among the most
(influence) figures in film history.
He had been influential shaping economic policy.
influential
influential
in
While-reading
Language Points
3. Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo, and Raphael built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.
Note: build upon / on=be based on 在......的基础上发展
It’s an argument _______ (build) upon sound logic.
built
While-reading
Language Points
4. Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
Note: 主语＋be＋adj.＋to do 不定式用主动形式表示被动意义
注意：不定式和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系
他是个很难相处的人。
He is difficult to deal with / get along with.
While-reading
Language Points
4. Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
易错题：句型转化
It is comfortable to live in the room whose window faces south.
→The room whose window faces south .
is comfortable to live in
注意：介词不可省略
While-reading
Language Points
5. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects，but their inner warmth and humanity as well.
Note: not just...but...=not only...but (also)... 不仅......而且......
注意：连接两个并列主语时，用“就近原则”
Not only I but also my mother (be) proud of my success .
is
Language Points
Note: decline by...下降了……
decline to...减少到……
decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事
on the decline在衰退中
例如：最近销售已经下降了10%。
The sales have declined by 10% recently.
1. an explanation of the decline in ink wash animation
Language Points
Note: in time最后；迟早；及时
ahead of time提前 at a time一次
at no time决不(置于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
in no time立刻；马上 all the time一直 at the same time同时
2. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known.
Language Points
从今天起，我保证绝不向我的妈妈撒谎。
From today on，I guarantee that .
2. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known.
at no time will I lie to my mother
Language Points
Note: recognition n.承认；认出；赞誉
recognize vt.认出；辨认出；意识到
beyond recognition认不出
It is recognized that...人们承认……
2. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known.
Language Points
人们普遍认为，因为沉重的学习压力越来越多的学生身体垮掉了。
It is generally recognized that more and more students’ health breaks down because of heavy study pressure.
2. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known.
Language Points
Note: even though=even if, 引导让步状语从句, 谓语动词常用一般现在表将来
尽管每天我都很忙，我会坚持抽空锻炼。
Even if/though I am very busy，I will spare some time to take exercise every day.
3. Even though Buddhism entered China much earlier，it did not really begin to show expansion until the seventh century.
Language Points
1. If you are not interested in works of art by classical masters，contemporary art by visual artists is also worthy of your attention.
Note: (1)be worthy of值得……
be worthy of being done sth. ＝be worthy to be done sth. 值得做某事
(2)worth adj.值得的 be worth doing sth. 值得做某事
(3)worthwhile adj.值得的
it is worthwhile doing/to do sth. 做某事是值得的
Language Points
1. If you are not interested in works of art by classical masters，contemporary art by visual artists is also worthy of your attention.
例如：As far as I am concerned，his proposals are worthy of being considered/to be considered.
＝As far as I am concerned, his proposals are worth .
＝As far as I am concerned, it is worthwhile ____________________
.
considering
considering/to consider
his proposals
Grammar Focus
Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity.
In this work, Monet’s aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene...
What they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, “What is art ”
Conclusion1:主语是以 the best way to do, purpose, aim 等为中心的名词词组或以 what 引导的名词性从句，一般用动词不定式作表语表示其内容。
动词不定式作表语的基本用法
Study the rules
Conclusion2：动词不定式在表语中表示______。
动词不定式作表语的基本用法
The next step is to understand exactly what conveys in the contemporary painting.
The next step is to put the theory into practice.
目的
Study the rules
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To learn a language is to use it.
Conclusion3：不定式直接放在句首来做主语，有时这两个不定式构成对比关系，多见于谚语、格言中。
The problem was how to begin.
Where to go tomorrow has not been decided.
He has to learn how to use this machine.
动词不定式作表语的基本用法
Study the rules
Conclusion4：疑问词+ to do 结构，在句中可作__________。
主﹑宾﹑表
动词不定式作表语的两种特殊用法
不定式短语 to let, to blame, to seek 等常用主动形式表示被动含义
Who is to blame for the population decline of the tigers in that area
The reason for global warming is not far to seek.
Study the rules
all 作主句主语，其后的定语从句含有实义动词 do 的某种形式时。
例：All we need to do is live each day with hope.
what 引导的从句作主语，从句中含有实义动词 do 的某种形式时。
例：What I want to do is take a holiday right away.
(主句)主语被 only, first, one, last 或形容词最高级修饰，且其后的定语的从句或短语中含有实义动词 do 的某种形式时。
例：In the evening the only thing he did was read the newspaper.
当主语部分含有动词 do 的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可省略 to
Study the rules
Activity 8. Translating sentences
这位年轻的歌手想通过这首歌曲和他的歌迷们分享他对摇滚音乐的热爱。
The young singer’s intention of performing the song was to share his love for rock music with his fans.
学校里艺术教育的主要目的是激发学生的创造力。
The main purpose of art education in schools is to inspire students to be creative.
下一步要弄清楚这幅当代画所表达的确切内涵。
The next step is to understand exactly what conveys in the contemporary painting.
Writing
通知是一种应用文体，一般是上级对下级、组织对成员或平行单位之间部署工作、传达事情或召开会议等所使用的应用文。
书面通知的文体概述
1. 通知的内容要齐全。通知的对象、原
因、时间、地点等一定要明确。
1
2
3
书面通知
注意要点
2. 通知的时态要正确。通知是告知未来
要做的事情，因此一般采用将来时态
进行写作。
1
2
3
3. 通知的语言要简练。通知的语言要
大众化，语言简洁明快，条理清晰。
1
2
3
4
书面通知框架结构
1.标题
2.通知正文
3.发通知的单位
4.发通知的日期
1
2
3
书面通知
谋篇布局
首段：开篇点题；开门见山；
主体段落：呈现所有要点；
条理要清晰；
尾段：总结全文，再次点题；
提醒相关注意事项。
gather at the school gate 在学校大门口集合
be expected to attend on time 期待按时参加
be put off because of the heavy rain 由于大雨而被推迟
raise our awareness of environmental protection
提高我们的环保意识
to satisfy your thirst for the knowledge of the Silk Road
为了满足你们对于丝绸之路知识的渴求
encourage students to take part in some outdoor activities
鼓励学生参加一些户外活动
书面通知常用词块＆必备短语（时间和地点，目的和要求, 内容和意义）
A meeting is going to be held in Room 202 of Building 3 at 7
on the evening of Sep. 15.
Our class will organize a spring outing next Monday.
The people who will be present at the meeting are asked to
be there before 9 o’clock.
What will be dealt with at the meeting is....
The attendants are expected to arrive on time and take
notebooks to write down the important information.
书面通知之靓点句式考前强化（时间和地点，目的和要求, 内容和意义）
直接说明通知内容，常用there be句式或被动语态。
[典例1] An English Club will be set up on September 16, 2021 in our school. 我校将于2021年9月16日成立英语俱乐部。
[典例2] There will be a lecture on American culture in our school on Friday evening. 星期五晚上我们学校有一场关于美国文化的讲座。
[典例3] A five- day outdoor survival training will be organized by our school during the summer vacation yet to come. 在即将到来的暑假，我们学校将组织一次为期五天的户外生存训练。
[典例4] An exciting event “Innovations on Campus” is around the corner.
Each of you is expected to be part of the event which encourages creative minds and gives full play to your DIY skills. 一场激动人心的“校园创新”活动即将到来。每个人都被期望成为鼓励创造性思维和充分发挥你的DIY技能的活动的一部分。
书面通知篇首句---引人入胜开头句（时间和地点，目的和要求, 内容和意义）
[典例1] Don’t forget to be on time. 请一定要准时。
[典例2] All teachers and students are required to ... 全部师生务必要……
[典例3] There will be a party/speech/contest held by the English
Department in the hall of the library on Saturday evening.
本周六晚英语系在图书馆大厅将举行一场聚会/演讲/竞赛。
[典例4] We are glad to inform you that ... 很高兴地通知你们……
[典例5] Those who are interested in ... are welcome.
欢迎所有对……有兴趣的人参加。
书面通知正文段---画龙点睛篇中句（时间和地点，目的和要求, 内容和意义）
常常重申希望大家参加活动，或提出注意事项。
[典例1] Please be there on time./Be sure to attend on time.
[典例2] If you have any opinion about the film, please send an
e mail to studentunion@. (2018 全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)
[典例3] For any question, call Li Hua at 44876655.
书面通知结尾段---言简意赅篇尾句（活动要求、激发兴趣）
NOTICE/Notice(标题)
Date(通知发布日期)
① In order to________________(活动目的)，________(活动/事件) will be held__________ on ______(date), at ______（time）in ______(place) (活动具体地点、时间)．②The________________________(事件大体内容)．③Those who________________________（活动参加人员） are required to ________________ (活动具体要求)．④Remember to ___________(提醒). And don’t forget________________.（活动注意事项）
All are welcome to join in the contest.
The School Students’ Union (发布通知者)

书面通知模板
假如你是某个美术俱乐部的负责人李华，请你写一则通知，告知俱乐部成员要去参观一个美术展的事情。通知的内容需包含以下信息：
1.简介这个展览的内容：欣赏一些著名画家的作品；
2.最精彩部分就是唐寅的一幅画；
3.交代这个展览的开放时间等具体信息；
4.观看展览时的注意事项。
注意：标题和开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Notice
June 7, 2024
In order to appreciate the works of some renowned painters and enrich our artistic experience, an Art Exhibition will be held on June 15th, at 10:00 a.m. in the City Art Gallery.
The exhibition showcases a wide array of paintings from various famous artists, with the highlight being a piece by Tang Yin, one of the most celebrated painters in history. The exhibition will be open from June 15th to July 15th, 2024, and will be accessible from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM daily. Those who are members of our Art Club are required to attend this event and are encouraged to take notes and photographs for future reference and discussion. Please remember to dress appropriately and maintain a respectful silence within the gallery to not disturb other visitors. Remember to bring your membership cards for entry and to arrive at least 15 minutes early to secure a good viewing spot. And don’t forget to follow the gallery's guidelines regarding the handling and photography of the artworks.
All members are welcome to join in this enlightening experience.
The School Art Club
选修三 Unit 2 Healthy Lifestyle
Words and Expressions
重点词汇：
1．alcohol n．酒；酒精→ adj.酒精的
2．physical adj.身体的；客观存在的；物理学的→ adv.根本上；身体上→ n．物理学→ n．物理学家
3．dominate vt.& vi.支配；控制；占有优势→ adj.占优势的；首要的；占支配地位的；显著的
alcoholic
physically
physics
physicist
dominant
4．repeat n．重复；反复v.重复；复述→ adv.重复地→_________ n．重复；反复；循环→ adj.重复的
5．psychology n．心理学；心理；心理影响→ adj.心灵的；心理的；精神上的；心理学的→ n．心理学家
6. reward n．回报；奖励；报酬 vt.奖励；奖赏；给以报酬→___________ adj.值得的；有益的
repeatedly
repetition
repeated
psychological
psychologist
rewarding
7．rely vi.依赖；依靠；信赖→ adj.可靠的；可信赖的→ _________adv.可靠地；可信赖地
8．examine vt.(仔细)检查；审查；测验→ n．检查；审查；调查
9. compose vt.& vi.组成；作曲；撰写→ n．作曲家→___________ n．构成；作品；作文
10．liberate v．解放→ n．解放；摆脱
reliable
reliably
examination
composer
composition
liberation
11．disturb vt.打扰；搅乱；使烦恼→ adj.烦恼的→____________ adj.引起烦恼的；令人不安的→ n．打扰
12．special adj.特别的；特设的→ adv.特别地；专门地→________ n．专科医生；专家
13．consult vt.咨询；请教；商量→ n．顾问；高级顾问医师
disturbed
disturbing
disturbance
specially
specialist
consultant
14．stimulate vt.激发；促进；刺激→ n．激励；兴奋(作用)
15．absorb vt.吸引全部注意力；吸收→ adj.专心致志的；全神贯注的
stimulation
absorbed
重点短语：
1． 　　　　 养成……的习惯
2． 充当
3． 回答；答复
4． 依赖；依靠；信赖
5． 立即；马上
form a habit of
act as
in response to
rely on
straight away
6． 决定；选定
7． 下定决心
8． 由……组成(或构成)的
9． 剃掉；刮去
10． 焦虑不安；心力交瘁
decide on
make up one's mind
be composed of
shave off
stressed out
11． 筋疲力尽的；疲惫的
12． 对……有瘾
13． 增强某人的体质
14． 保持健康
worn out
be addicted to
build up one's body
keep fit
Language Points
Language Points:
1. Secondly，there is a “routine”，the regular action you take in response to the cue.
Note: in response to=respond to回复，回应
例：针对青少年滥用烟草，我们必须采取一些有效措施帮助他们摆脱这种习惯。
In response to teenagers’ abuse of tobacco，we must take some effective measures to help them get rid of it.
=Responding to teenagers’ abuse of tobacco，we must take some effective measures to help them get rid of it.
in response to 回答，答复
enthusiastic response 热情的回应
written response 书面回应
总结
Language Points:
2. These bad habits，if left unchecked，could lead to more serious ones when they become adults.
Note: 在if引导的条件状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，同时从句谓语动词含有 be 动词，则可省略从句的主语和 be动词。
if left unchecked=if it is left unchecked
if省略的固定结构：
if necessary / possible 如果必要的话 / 如果可能的话
if not 不然 if so 如果是这样的话
Language Points:
3. There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle：“We are what we repeatedly do.”
Note: 过去分词短语作定语，与被修饰词之间为被动关系,相当于定语从句的省略
There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle
=There is a famous saying which is based on the philosophy of Aristotle
All of the students think highly of the after-class activity held last Saturday.
=All of the students think highly of the after-class activity which was held last Saturday.
Language Points:
4. The reward makes us much more likely to continue the cycle，and the bad habit of relying on unhealthy snacks is formed.
Note: in reward for作为......的回报、奖赏
rely on sb. to do/doing sth. 依靠/指望某人做某事
例：我想做点什么来报答她的好意。
I would like to do something in reward for her kindness.
我保证你可以依靠他帮助你摆脱困难。
I guarantee that you can rely on him to help you out of difficulty.
reward n. 回报；奖励；报酬 vt. 奖励，奖赏，给以报酬
If the monkeys touch the left side of the screen, they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice. (2019全国卷Ⅲ)
如果猴子触摸屏幕的左边，它们将得到七滴水或果汁作为奖励。
举例
总结
deserve a reward 值得奖励
reward sb. for sth. /doing sth. 因某事而奖励某人
be rewarded with sth. 得到某物作为回报
rely on 依赖；依靠；信赖
rely heavily on...很大程度上依赖......
rely on doing 期望做某事，指望做某事
总结
Language Points:
5. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “ A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.”
Note: 写作中引用格言的表达方式：
(1) As an old saying goes like this, ...
(2) Just as ... highly puts it, ...
(3) There goes a saying that..., which is put by ...
(4)According to..., a renowned philosopher in ancient ..., ...
(5)... once said, the quote ...
Language Points:
6. Many of us try to change bad habits quickly，and if we are not successful straight away，we often become pessimistic and give up.
Note: straight away=right away=right now=at once=in no time=immediately立即；马上
be pessimistic about对……悲观
例如：我看到成绩后非常悲观，弟弟立即跑过来安慰我。
Being pessimistic about my results, my brother came to my assistance straight away/right away/right now/at once/in no time/immediately.
Language Points:
7. After all，it is not easy to break bad habits.
Note: after all毕竟，终究
all的短语：
all in all总而言之
above all最重要的是
first of all=first and foremost首先
in all总共
not...at all 根本不,一点也不
Language Points:
8. You have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes.
Note: decide on sth=decide to do sth=make a decision to do sth 决定做某事
arrive at/come to/reach a decision做出决定
例如：你们定好婚礼日期了吗？
Have you decided on/decide to make/make a decision to make a date for the wedding
他们花了很长时间才做出了一个艰难的决定。
It took them a long time to arrive at/come to/reach a decision.
Language Points:
1. I feel like I’m in control of my own life.
Note: A be in control of=A take control of B A控制B
=B be in the control of A=B be under the control of A
例：这位有影响力但谦逊的经理已经控制烟草公司五年了。
The influential but humble manager took control of/has been in control of the tobacco company five years ago.
＝The tobacco company has been in the control of/has been under the control of the influential but humble manager for five years.
Language Points:
2.I got so absorbed that I played the games day and night.
Note: be absorbed in＝absorb oneself in全神贯注于……
例：既然你已经意识到你的时间有限，你应该专心学习。
Now that you have realized your time is limited，you should be absorbed in your study.
＝Now that you have realized your time is limited，you should absorb yourself in your study.
Language Points:
3. Whenever I went out with friends，I brought snacks from home.
Note:(1)-ever “无论……；不管……”
(2)“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，而“-ever”不仅可以引导让步状语从句，还可以引导名词性从句。
例：无论我们去哪里，我们都应该欣赏、尊重并传播中国传统文化。
Wherever we go, we should appreciate, respect and spread traditional Chinese culture.
无论你是谁，请绝不要替我做任何决定。
Whoever/No matter who you are，please never make any decisions for me.
Grammar Focus
Observe and Thinking
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
To get up early is necessary. 早起是必要的。
To learn a skill is very important for everyone in society.
学习一项技能对社会上的每个人都很重要。
To finish the building in a day is difficult.
要在一天内完成这座建筑是困难的。
谓语前，
位于句首
后接谓语动词
to do
具体动作
单 数
________ (read) English novels is really interesting.
________ (read) English novels this evening will take most of my time.
Observe and sum up
不定式作主语表示一次性的、具体的或将来的动作，强调的是动作本身；动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的或者已经完成的动作，强调的是事情本身。
Reading
To read
_________ (climb) mountains is interesting.
_________ (drive) a car during the rush hour must be tiring.
_________ (teach) English is my job.
_________ (teach) you English this term is my job.
总结：语法填空中， (v.)放在主语位置，如果后面强调（短暂）时间，那么填to do，如果后面没有出现强调时间的词，填doing
Practice
Climbing
To drive
Teaching
To teach
Pay attention to the to do form. Discuss their functions.
When to hold the sports meeting is still unknown.
什么时候举办运动会现在还仍旧不知道。
How to learn English well bothers us.
如何学好英语困扰着我们。
Wh-词后加动词不定式，可在句中做主语。
How to use the VR glasses is the question.
如何使用VR眼镜是个问题。
Where to go has not been decided.
去哪儿还没有定下来。
Observe and sum up
动词不定式与疑问词who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how等连用构成不定式短语，也可作主语。
Look at the differences
It is necessary for young students to learn English.
对年轻的学生来说，学习英语是必要的。
It is necessary for you to change your job.
你有必要换工作。
It was impossible for them to complete the task in such a short time.
他们不可能在这么短的时间内完成这项任务。
It is +adj. + for sb. to do sth. 形容词常用于表示事物的特征，用于此句型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。
It 句型
It was foolish of you to give up such a good opportunity!
你放弃这么好的一个机会，真傻！
It’s very kind of you to help my father.
你这样帮我的父亲真是太好了。
It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house.
这家人对我很友好，使我在他们家里感到宾至如归。
It is +adj. + of sb. to do sth.
形容词用来表示不定式的逻辑主语：人的性质、特征或品德
常见的此类形容词有： kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。
当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it作形式主语放在句首,而将真正的主语不定式放到谓语的后面。
It's not easy __________ (work) out the problem.
解决出这个问题不容易。
It is interesting for me __________ (play) with water in summer.
夏季里玩水于我而言是很有趣的。
It is terrible for her __________ (see) the ship sinking into the sea. 她目睹轮船沉入大海，真是太可怕了。
to work
Observe and sum up
to play
to see
It 句型
It must be great fun to fly to the Mars in a spaceship.
乘宇宙飞船飞往火星一定很有趣。
It is a pity for you to miss such a wonderful play.
你错过了这么好的话剧，真可惜。
接名词作表语：It is +n.+ to do sth.
常见的名词有：pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。
It 其他句型
It took me more than an hour to do my homework yesterday .
昨天我做作业用了一个多小时。
It will take us a lot of money to buy that flat.
买那套公寓要花费我们很多钱。
it作形式主语时，还常用于：
It takes sb. some time/money to do sth.
做某事花费某人多长时间(钱)
[2019·全国I卷] It is difficult ________ (figure) out a global population of polar bears.
[2020·江苏卷] The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise ________ (skip) eating first.
总结：语法填空中，只要看到it在主语位置，后面是 (v.)，那么填to do
Practice
to figure
to skip
Writing
以2023届山西省朔州市怀仁市第一中学高三下学期第四次模拟考试
________ 为中心拓展写作主题，深挖写作拓展内容
(2023届山西省朔州市怀仁市第一中学高三下学期第四次模拟考试)假定
你是李华，你的英国朋友Jeff来信说他痴迷于刷短视频，对学习失去了
兴趣，很苦恼。请你给他写一封邮件，内容包括：
1.肯定短视频在某些方面的好处；
2.你的建议；
3.表达祝愿。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
应用文
① 首段：
a.介绍自己，不要罗嗦；
b. 说明目的，注意语气。
② 主体：
a. 提出具体建议；
b. 首先肯定优点，再写改进内容，否则会变成投诉信；
c. 经常进行交流，注意对方感受，时时提到你和我，否则容易跑题写成议论文。
③尾段：总结建议，注意礼貌，使对方易于接受
【高级备用单词和词组】
1. Advantages of Short Videos:
- Enhance cognitive abilities: 增强认知能力
- Foster creativity: 培养创造力
- Provide instant gratification: 提供即时满足感
- Stimulate visual learning: 刺激视觉学习
- Facilitate information retention: 促进信息保留
- Offer diverse perspectives: 提供多元视角
- Spark curiosity: 激发好奇心
2. Solutions/Recommendations:
- Strike a balance: 平衡
- Set time limits: 设定时间限制
- Prioritize tasks: 优先处理任务
- Incorporate learning into leisure: 将学习融入休闲生活
- Try new hobbies: 尝试新的爱好
- Practice mindfulness: 实践正念
3. Expressing Good Wishes:
- Best wishes for your endeavors: 祝愿你的努力一切顺利
- May success accompany you: 愿成功与你同行
- Wishing you fulfillment and joy: 祝你充实和快乐
- Here's to your growth and happiness: 祝你成长和幸福
- Hoping for a bright future ahead: 希望前途光明
【参考范文1】
Dear Jeff,
I trust this letter finds you in good spirits. Your confession about
being captivated by short videos and experiencing a decline in
academic motivation has prompted me to offer some advice.
Undoubtedly, short videos serve as a source of entertainment and,
at times, enlightenment. They offer a quick escape from the demands
of daily life and can provide valuable insights. However, excessive
indulgence can overshadow more meaningful pursuits, such as studying
and personal growth.
My recommendation is to adopt a proactive approach to time
management. Set clear goals for your studies and allocate specific
time slots for focused learning. Integrate short breaks for leisure
activities, including watching short videos, but ensure they do not
encroach upon your study time.
Jeff, remember that success is the result of disciplined habits and
balanced choices. By prioritizing your academic goals and practicing
moderation, you can regain control over your time and reignite your
passion for learning.
Wishing you resilience and determination as you navigate this
challenge.
Best regards,
Li Hua
选修三 Unit 3
Environmental Protection
Words and Expressions
重点词汇：　
1．emit v．散发；发出→ n．排放物；散发物；排放
2．starve vi.& vt.(使)挨饿；饿死→ n．饥饿；挨饿；饿死
3．sustain vt.维持；遭受；承受住→ adj.持续的；持久的→__________adj.可持续的；合理利用的
emission
starvation
sustained
sustainable
4．frequent adj.经常的；频繁的→ adv.频繁地；经常→ _________n．频繁
5．restrict vt.限制；限定；束缚→ n．限制规定；限制法规；约束→ adj.受限制的；保密的→ adj.限制性的；约束的
6．harmony n．融洽；和谐；协调→ adj.和谐的
frequently
frequency
restriction
restricted
restrictive
harmonious
7．submit vt.& vi.提交；呈递；屈服→ n．提交；呈递；屈服→__________ adj.顺从的
8．annual adj.每年的；一年的n.年刊；年鉴→ adv.每年；一年一次地
9．sense n．感觉；理解力→ adj.明智的；合理的→ adj.无意义的；失去知觉的→ adj.敏感的；善解人意的；灵敏的
submission
submissive
annually
sensible
senseless
sensitive
10．origin n．起源；开端→ vi.& vt.起源；发源；创立→________adj.原先的；最早的 n．原件；原作
11．conserve vt.保护→ n．(对环境、文物等)保护；保持→___________ adj.保守的→ adv.保守地
12．regulate vt.调整；校准；管理→ n．章程；规章制度→_______ adj.定期的；有规律的
originate
original
conservation
conservative
conservatively
regulation
regular
13．inspect vt.检查；视察→ n．检查；查看；视察→ ________ n．检查员；视察员
14．tolerate vt.忍受；包容；容许→ n．容忍；宽容→_________ adj.可容忍的→ adj.容忍的；宽容的
inspection
inspector
tolerance
tolerable
tolerant
重点短语：
1． 　　　 对……有影响
2． 考；涉及；指的是
3． 被困于
4． 导致
5． 采取行动
6． 寻找
have an impact on
refer to
be trapped in
lead to
take action
in search of
7． 导致；造成
8． 灭绝；消亡
9． 代表(代替)某人
10． 导致；促进
11． 最终；结果
12． 许多；很多
bring about
die out
on behalf of
contribute to
end up
dozens of
Language Points
Language Points
1. The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface as short-wave radiation.
refer to指的是；提到，说起；参考；涉及
reference n.提及；谈到；参考
in/with reference to关于
Language Points
1. The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface as short-wave radiation.
例如：关于英语学习方法，我有如下建议分享给你。
In reference to English study methods，I have the following practical suggestions to share with you.
Language Points
2. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
doubt的常见句型：
There is some doubt whether... ……有些疑问。
There is no doubt that... ……是毫无疑问的。
I doubt whether/if.../I have some doubt whether... 我怀疑……
I don’t doubt that.../I have no doubt that... 我毫不怀疑……
Language Points
2. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
①There is some doubt he will be elected president.
②I never doubt special classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner.
③毫无疑问，当你筋疲力尽时，一杯茶可以使你精力充沛。
a cup of tea can make you dynamic when you are worn out.
whether
that
There is no doubt that
Language Points
3. It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming，along with its causes and impacts，because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.
seize sb. by the＋身体部位 抓住某人的……
seize a chance/an opportunity 抓住机会
例如：我们应该抓住机会努力工作来实现我们的目标。
We should seize the opportunity to work hard to achieve our goal
Language Points
4. ...the bear appeared to have starved and died.
starve for 渴望；极想得到 starve to death饿死
starvation n.饥饿；饿死 die of/from starvation饿死
starving adj.极想的；渴望的 be starving for渴望得到
例如：我渴望得到一个机会学习如何包饺子。
I starve for/am starving for a chance to learn how to make dumpling.
Language Points
5. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce.
restrict...to...把……限制在……
例如：俱乐部成员的数量被限制在10人以内。
The number of the club members is restricted to ten.
Language Points
1. Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river.
结构：with＋宾语＋宾补，宾补修饰宾语，根据宾语与宾补关系判断主被动关系。
例如：随着高考的临近，我不知道上了大学选择什么专业。
With the College Entrance Examination approaching，I am at a loss about the major I will take up at university.
Language Points
2. These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, causing a decrease in the number of fish species.
语法点：现在分词短语作结果状语，相当于定语从句的省略
=These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, which caused a decrease in the number of fish species
Language Points
2. These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, causing a decrease in the number of fish species.
语法点：现在分词短语作状语，相当于定语从句的省略
例如：我将英语很流利，这使得我能够和游客自由交流。
I speak English fluently, allowing me to communicate freely with visitors.=I speak English fluently, which allows me to communicate freely with visitors.
Language Points
3. At the same time，they started to carry out inspections regularly and fine tourist organisations for abuses.
短语：carry out执行
carry on (with/doing) sth. 继续(做)某事
carry through达成；贯彻；使渡过难关
Language Points
例如：①In my opinion，we should the task straight away .
在我看来，我们应该立即执行这项任务。
②We must in spite of various challenges and difficulties.
尽管有各种各样的挑战和困难，我们必须坚持下去。
③His courage and determination .
他的勇气和决心使他渡过了难关。
carry on
carried him through
carry out
Language Points
1. bring about引起；导致
短语：bring up教育，抚养(孩子)；提出(议题等)；呕吐
bring down降低；减少
练习：
①Born into a family with three brothers，David was
to value the sense of sharing.
②I tried to get them to the price，but they declined.
bring down
brought up
Language Points
2. According to the report submitted by researchers，between 20 and 25 percent of all annual carbon dioxide emissions are caused by the destruction of tropical forests.
短语：submit sth. to sb. 将某物提交给某人
submit (oneself) to服从于；屈服于
Language Points
2. According to the report submitted by researchers，between 20 and 25 percent of all annual carbon dioxide emissions are caused by the destruction of tropical forests.
例如：尽管他经常威胁我，我也决不向他屈服。
Although he often threatens me，I will never submit myself to him.
1. The villagers could no longer tolerate the situation.
Language Points
短语：tolerate doing sth. 忍耐做某事
be tolerant of 容忍……
例如：无辜的外科医生不能容忍被称为骗子。
The innocent surgeon can’t tolerate being called a liar.
= The innocent surgeon can’t be tolerant of being called a liar.
Writing
倡议信之题型解读
倡议信是个人或集体提议某种做法、倡议某种活动的开展，
并希望能够得到广泛响应，有更多的人来参与和支持的应用
文。
倡议书必须将语言建立在客观事实的基础上，讲究可信性和
劝说性。
倡议书的格式较为固定，依次为标题、称呼、正文、结尾、
署名和日期。
篇首句：夺人眼球开头句--发出倡议的原因和目的
1. I’m appealing to you to pay attention to proper and frequent hand washing.
我呼吁大家正确而且经常洗手。
2. Our handwriting is not as good as it was in the past. To solve the problem, we should do as
follow. 我们的书写不如过去好。为解决这个问题, 我们应采取如下做法。
3. In order to ease the present serious situation, all students had better do as follows.
为缓解目前的严重情况, 所有学生最好做以下事情。
4. It develops rapidly and now has become one of the hottest topics. But still, problems
cannot be overlooked. 它发展迅速, 现在已成为最热门的话题之一。但问题仍然不容忽视。
5. Recently, there exists(=is) a problem that…(问题内容), leading to(=causing) many bad
effects. Therefore, we call on(号召) people to do…
最近，存在一个关于……的问题，导致了不良后果，因此，我们号召人们……
6. We are now faced with(=facing) the problem that…(问题内容), so on behalf of …, I call
on you to do… 目前，我们面临……问题，代表…, 我号召大家…..
7. Due to (=because of) sth, … is/are now under threat. =句子，leaving(使得)… under threat
/in danger. 因为……原因， ……正受到威胁/处在危险中
篇中句：亮点出彩篇中句---所倡议的具体内容和要求
1. Never does it produce pollution, contributing to a low- carbon lifestyle.
它从不产生污染, 有助于低碳的生活方式。
2. It’s everyone’s responsibility to protect the environment. If we can change our way of life, we
can make a big difference to the earth.
保护环境是每个人的责任。如果我们能改变我们的生活方式,我们就能使地球大为改观。
3. Our environment can benefit from such a sport, which can make our world a better place to
live in. 这样的运动有益环境,它能使世界成为一个更宜居住的地方。
4. Everyone ought to have a positive attitude to the campaign against the disease.
人人都应对抗击疫情持积极的态度。
5. In order to do…, we are encouraged/supposed/required/expected to… 为了达成…….目的，我
们被鼓励做……。
6. It is suggested that we do… 倡议我们做……
7. It would be better if we could do… 如果我们做…, 结果会更好。
8. It is highly recommended that …, which aims to do(旨在)/enables us to do (使我们能)…
强烈推荐……, 目的是为了让我们能够……。
篇尾句：韵味无穷结尾句---再次呼吁, 表达信念
1. Let’s work hand in hand to overcome anxiety and do our bits.
让我们一起努力克服焦虑,尽好我们的一份力。
2. Hoping to see you participate in the activity! Take action now and you won’t
regret it!
希望看到你参加活动!现在就采取行动,你不会后悔的!
3. Let’s take action right now! I’m convinced our efforts will eventually pay off.
让我们现在就采取行动吧! 我相信我们的努力最终会有回报的。
4. Please keep in mind that a small action can make a huge difference.
请记住, 一个小小的行动可以产生巨大的影响。
5. Let’s make joint efforts to create a green and harmonious environment.
让我们共同努力, 创造一个绿色和谐的环境。
6. Immediate measures should be taken to do… 要立即采取措施来……。
7. Let’s work together to do … 让我们共同努力来……。
8. If everyone spares no efforts to do sth/With joint efforts, we will …
假如人人努力去做……/ 在共同努力下，我们会…….
9. We have faith in sth 我们对……有信心
10. We are bound to succeed (in…) 我们一定会成功（……）
11. I strongly believe that a better world owes to （归功于）the commitment
(=devotion) and dedication (=devotion) of everyone.
我坚信美好的世界归功于每个人的付出与奉献。
篇尾句：韵味无穷结尾句---再次呼吁, 表达信念
倡议信模板-1
① Dear　　, （被呼吁的对象）
②（写信目的）I am writing this letter to call on 　　.③（描述目前现状）As some of you may know,　　 . In fact, 　　　.④（呼吁大家行动起来的必要性）It is necessary for us to 　　. On the one hand,　　. On the other hand,　　. ⑤（具体采取的行动）Hence, it is high time 　　. Firstly, we should 　　. Secondly,　　. ⑥（再次呼吁大家）Please contact us via　　. Please join us in the effort to　　. ⑦（表示感谢）Thank you for your participation!
Yours,
倡议信题型训练-4【倡议垃圾分类, 从我做起】
Writing 5 (浙江金华外国语月考)
为配合学校开展的垃圾分类工作,学生会向全校学生发出了“垃圾分类, 从我做起”的倡议。请你代表学生会, 用英语写一封倡议书, 内容包括:
1. 垃圾分类的做法;
2. 垃圾分类的益处;
3. 呼吁全体学生一起参加。
注意:
1. 词数在80左右;
2. 开头已给出, 不计入总词数。
参考词汇:垃圾分类: garbage classification;厨余垃圾: leftovers废旧电池:used batteries
写作提示
【Possible version 1】
Dear fellow students,
Our school has started a program of garbage classification. Different kinds of garbage are required to be sorted out and placed in different dustbins. Paper can be recycled, while leftovers can be collected as food for pigs or processed as fertilizer for plants. Above all, harmful things such as plastics and used batteries should not be mixed with other wastes. ①垃圾分类的做法。
The program is of great benefit. We will be able to save resources by
making use of recyclable garbage and harmful things which will not pollute our environment after special treatment. ② 垃圾分类的益处。
Let’s work together for a better campus! ③呼吁全体学生一起参加。
参考范文
选修三 Unit 4
Adversity and Courage
Words and Expressions
重点词汇：　
1．endure v．忍耐；持续→ n．忍耐力；耐久力
2．qualify vt.(使)合格；(使)具备资格→ adj.符合资格；具备……的知识(或技能、学历等)→ n．资格；资历
3．enthusiasm n．热情；热心→ adj.热情的；热心的→______________ adv.热情地→ n．热衷者；爱好者
endurance
qualified
qualification
enthusiastic
enthusiastically
enthusiast
4．assign vt.分派；布置；分配→ n．(工作等的)分派；布置
5．envy n．& vt.羡慕；妒忌→ adj.嫉妒的
6．abandon vt.舍弃；放弃；抛弃→ adj.被遗弃的；放纵的
7．belong vi.适应；属于→ n．[pl.]财物；动产
assignment
envious
abandoned
belongings
8．persevere vi.坚持；孜孜以求→ n．毅力；韧性；不屈不挠的精神
9．resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难) n．决心；坚定的信念→ __________n．决议；解决；坚定
10． adj.残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的→ n．残忍→ adv.残酷地
perseverance
resolution
cruel
cruelty
cruelly
11．fortune n．[U]机会；运气；[C]大笔的钱→ adj.幸运的→__________ adv.幸运地→ adj.不幸的→____________ adv.不幸地；遗憾地
12．guide vt.指导 n．向导；指南→ n．指导；引导；导航
13．advertise vt. & vi. 公布；宣传；做广告→ n．广告活动；广告业→ n. 广告
fortunate
fortunately
unfortunate
unfortunately
guidance
advertising
advertisement
14．loyal adj. 忠诚的；忠实的→ n．忠诚；忠实
15．commit v．犯(罪)；承诺；委托→ adj.坚信的；坚定的→___________ n．承诺；保证；奉献
16．motivate vt.成为……的动机；激发；激励→ n．动机；原因；目的→ n．积极性；动机
loyalty
committed
commitment
motive
motivation
重点短语：
1． 　　　　　 在……的年纪
2． 拒绝(某人)
3． 热衷于
4． 出发
5． 扔掉；浪费掉
at the age of
turn sb.down
be enthusiastic about
set off
throw away
6． 振作精神
7． 每况愈下
8． 获得成功
9． 坚持；稍等
10． 由……组成
keep one's spirits up
from bad to worse
make it
hold on
consist of
11． 使某人振作起来
12． 处理；对付
13． 生火
14． 　　　 放出(热、 光、气味或气体)
cheer sb.up
deal with
make fire
give off
Language Points
Language Points
1. However，when I applied to join the expedition，Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasn’t qualified.
注意：turn sb down拒绝某人，turn sth down把......调低（反义：turn up sth把......调高）
turn的相关短语：
turn out to be结果是……（表示出乎意料的结果）
turn to求助于；转向
turn down 拒绝；*调低(音量)
归纳
turn from...to… 从......向……翻转
turn...into… 把......变成
turn up 出现；露面；开大
turn down 调低，拒绝
turn up down 沿着顺而下翻转
turn in 上交；归还
turn on/ off 打开/关上
turn against 与…...为敌
turn back 往回走
turn around 转过身
Language Points
1. However，when I applied to join the expedition，Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasn’t qualified.
短语：be qualified for sth. 有资格获得某物
be qualified to do sth. 有资格做某事
例如：王明能胜任这份工作。他优秀表达能力使他有资格成为教师。Wang Ming is qualified for the job. His excellent oral expression qualifies him to be a teacher.
Language Points
2.Before we abandoned the ship，Shackleton calmly called us together...
短语：abandon oneself to doing sth.沉溺于做某事
abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事
例如：为了拓宽她的视野，乘务员在业余时间专心阅读各种书籍。
To broaden her horizons，the steward abandons herself to reading all kinds of books in her spare time.
Language Points
3.This was no time to panic.
动词变形：panic-panicked-panicked
短语：panic over/about 因……而恐慌
get into a panic陷入恐慌
panic sb. into doing sth. 使某人惊慌地做某事
例如：在南瓜里呆了五六分钟后，我陷入了恐慌。
Having been stuck in the pumpkin for five or six minutes，I got into a panic.
Language Points
4. Endurance became stuck in the ice as we approached Antarctica.
注意：本句中的as用作连词，引导时间状语从句，相当于when。
例如：当工匠走进教室时，我们热烈欢迎他，两个男孩帮他拿工具箱。
As/When the craftsman came into the classroom，we gave him a warm welcome and two boys helped him with the tool box.
Language Points
5.But I was so enthusiastic about the idea of going along with them that I secretly went aboard his ship，the Endurance，and hid in a small cupboard.
短语：aboard a/the train/bus/plane 上火车/公交车/飞机
例如：许多乘客已经登机了。
Dozens of passengers were already aboard the plane the plane.
Language Points
6. He assigned me to be a steward，and I now serve meals for twenty-eight men，three times a day.
短语：assign sb. sth. /assign sth. to sb. 分配某人做某事
例如：我被派去挖坑，我同桌被派去往坑里填土。
I was assigned to dig the pits while my deskmate was assigned to put soil into the pits.
Language Points
7. How everyone will envy me
短语：envy sb. sth. 嫉妒某人的……=envy sth
例如：他一直嫉妒我过的舒适生活。
He has been envying the cosy life that I am living.
＝He has been envying me the cosy life that I am living.
Language Points
8. We were not allowed to take most of our personal belongings.
短语：a sense of belonging一种归属感
belong to属于……；是……的成员
例如：他加入俱乐部时，感觉到了一种归属感。
When he joined the club，he felt a sense of belongings.
属于我姨妈的房子位于市中心。
The house which belongs to my aunt is located in the center of the city.
Language Points
9. Their genuine concern for others，their perseverance，and their resolve fill me with hope.
短语：resolve to do sth. 决定做某事
resolve on决定/决心……
例如：我已经决定把这项最具有挑战性的任务分配给汤姆。
I have resolved to assign the most challenging task to Tom.
Language Points
1.This gave off oily，black smoke，but it stayed burning even in strong winds.
短语：give off 放出(热、光、气味或气体)
例如：自行车是生态友好的，因为它们不会排放废气。
Bicycles are ecologically friendly because they won’t give off waste gas.
The sun gives light and heat.
This particular rose gives an incredible (不可思议的，浓烈的) fragrance.
巩固
give off 放出（热、光、气味或气体）
give way 让路；让步；屈服
归纳
give away 泄露；赠送；分发
give back 归还；恢复
give up 放弃
give off 放出；释放；散发出
give out 分发；发出；放出
give in 屈服，让步；交上
off
off
Language Points
2. And he paid us back by his commitment to save us from a slow but painful death.
短语：make a commitment (to do/doing sth. ) 做出承诺
commit a crime/mistake犯罪/错误
例如：我已承诺彻底帮助你学习英语。
I have made a commitment to thoroughly help you with your English study.
Language Points
3. But how could we make fire
短语：make fire生火
be on fire 着火了 catch fire 着火
例如：每年在那一天人们哀悼屈原，吃冷食，这就避免了生火。
Every year on that day folks mourned for Qu Yuan and ate cold meals，which avoided making fire.
Language Points
Unfortunately，his application was turned down because he was too young and not qualified enough.
词性变化：
unfortunate adj.不幸的 fortunate adj.幸运的 fortune n.机遇；运气
短语：
be fortunate to do sth. 有幸做某事
make a fortune发财
seek/try one’s fortune找出路；碰运气
Language Points
Unfortunately，his application was turned down because he was too young and not qualified enough.
练习：
① (fortune)，the manager has promoted the reputation of the corporation through various promotion campaigns.
② (fortune)，his nephew died of a cancer last week.
Unfortunately
Fortunately
Grammar Focus
Summarize the rules on your own.
现在完成进行时的结构
肯定式：have/has been doing
否定式：have/has + not + been doing
一般疑问式：Have/Has + 主语 + been doing...
现在完成进行时的用法
表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，可能刚刚停止，也可能仍在继续。
经常与现在完成进行时连用的时间状语
for +时间段/since+时间点
this week/this month
all day/all the morning/all the time
recently/these few days/over/in the past five years,
等表示一段时间的时间状语
What is the function of the present perfect continuous tense
He has been watching TV for 3 hours, but he is still watching
now.
动作发生在过去，还将继续下去。
Present
Past
Future
Where have you been I have been waiting for you for
a long time.
Present
Past
Future
动作发生在过去，刚终止，不再继续下去。
Jack has been phoning Jane every night for the last week.
Tom has always been working hard. (赞许）
What have you been doing to my dictionary （不满）
表示动作并不是一直不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
带有感彩，使语言表达更加生动。
补充
以下几类动词不能用于现在完成进行时：
表示感官、感觉：see，hear，smell 等；
表示爱憎：love，prefer，mind 等；
表示希望、意愿：wish，want，desire 等；
表示相信、猜想：believe，think，suppose 等；
非延续性动词。
Practice
For the whole morning, the board of directors ___________ ___________(discuss) the resolution to increase wages in the coming year.
Jason’s only recreation is painting. He ______________ (learn) how to paint for over five years.
Even though we lost the game, we should be proud of ourselves because we ______ (try) our best and _______ (work) as a team.
has been
discussing
has been learning
tried
worked
Complete the sentences below using the correct tenses of the verbs in brackets. Then explain your reasons to your partner.
Practice
Complete the sentences below using the correct tenses of the verbs in brackets. Then explain your reasons to your partner.
He finally ________ (finish) the research paper under his tutor’s guidance.
My nephew Sam _________________ (collect) comic books since he was five. Now he has more than two hundred of them.
The company ________________________________ (launch) an advertising campaign to promote its corporate image.
finished
has been collecting
is launching / has launched / launched
选修三 Unit 5 Poems
Words and Expressions
重点词汇：
1．drama n．戏；剧；戏剧艺术→ adj.戏剧性的；引人注目的；戏剧的；巨大的→ adv.戏剧性地；戏剧地；显著地
2．sorrow n．悲伤；悲痛；伤心事 vi.感到悲伤→ adj.悲伤的
3．literature n．文学→ adj.文学的；爱好文学的；有文学作品特征的
dramatic
dramatically
sorrowful
literary
4．recite vt.背诵；吟诵；列举→ n．背诵
5．respect n．& vt.尊敬；敬重→ adj.值得尊敬的→_________ adj.恭敬的→ adj.分别的；各自的→ adv.分别；各自；依次为
6．comprehend v．理解→ n．理解力；领悟力；理解练习→ adj.全部的；所有的
recitation
respectable
respectful
respective
respectively
comprehension
comprehensive
7．sympathy n．同情；赞同→ adj.同情的；有同情心的；赞同的→ adv.同情地；怜悯地
8．innocence n．天真；单纯；无罪→ adj.天真无邪的；无辜的；无恶意的→ adv.无罪地
9．correspond vi.相一致；符合；相当于；通信→ n．来往信件；通信联系→ adj.相应的；相关的→_____________ n．通讯员；记者
sympathetic
sympathetically
innocent
innocently
correspondence
corresponding
correspondent
10．dominate v．支配；控制；高耸于；俯视→ adj.首要的；占支配地位的；显著的→ n．支配；控制
11．complicate vt.使复杂化→ adj.复杂的；难懂的→____________ n．复杂
12．race n．人种；民族；种族；赛跑v.参加比赛；快速运转→ adj.种族的；人种的
dominant
dominance
complicated
complication
racial
重点短语：
1． 　　　　　 中肯；扼要；切题
2． 讲得通；有意义
3． 由……组成(构成)
4． 组成
5． 受……欢迎
to the point
make sense
be made up of
consist of
be popular with
6． 特别；尤其
7． 翻译成
8． 偶然遇到
9． 熟悉
10． 期待；盼望
in particular
translate into
come across
be familiar with
look forward to
Language Points
Language Points:
1. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory，but they are easy to learn and recite.
短语：make sense讲得通，有意义
make no sense讲不通；没意义
make sense of...了解……的意义；懂得……
common sense常识
例如：杰克通过制作爆米花帮助琳达摆脱困境的想法很有道理。
Jack’s idea to help Linda out by making popcorn makes sense.
Language Points:
2. Another simple form of poem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain，which is made up of five lines.
短语:be made up of由......组成=consist of(无被动)=be composed of
make up构成；组成；占；铺床；化妆；弥补；和解；编造
make up for弥补
例如：这个班级由50名学生组成。
The class is made up/consists of/is composed of 50 students.
Language Points:
3. There are various reasons why people compose poetry.
语言点：why引导的定语从句
I don’t know the reason for which he said these words.
We stayed at home for it was raining outside just now.
练习：判断下面哪个是定语从句？
第一个是定语从句，第二个是原因状语从句。
Language Points:
3. There are various reasons why people compose poetry.
语言点：why引导的定语从句
当先行词是reasons、factors或者表原因的词时候，用关系副词why引导定语从句，此时相当于for which
注意：如果why前面不是表示原因的词时候，则why引导句子为原因状语从句。
Language Points:
4. Others try to convey certain feelings such as joy and sorrow.
短语:to one’s sorrow让某人悲伤的是
词性变化：sorrowful adj.悲伤的
例如：令我悲伤的是，我没有考进理想的大学。
To my sorrow, I failed to enter my ideal university.
事实上，他不敢抬头看这位乘务员悲伤的眼睛。
As a matter of fact, he daren’t look up to see the steward’s
sorrowful eyes.
Language Points:
5. With these，you can convey a strong picture or a certain mood in just a few words.
短语：in a good mood心情好
in a bad mood心情不好
be/feel in the/no mood for sth. /to do sth. 有/没有做某事的心情
例如：我心情非常不好以至于我最终崩溃了，用手捂着脸呜咽起来。
I was in a bad mood that I finally broke down,sobbing into my palms.
Language Points:
1. And then when I found it，wherever it blew，I should know that the wind had been going there too.
注意：疑问词+ever引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter +疑问词。
疑问词+ever可以引导名词性从句，但no matter+疑问词不能引导名词性从句。
例如：无论他学习多么努力，他仍然在这次重要的考试中失败了。
However hard he studied, he still failed in the important exam.
Language Points:
2. Read aloud your poem to the class or put it up in the classroom.
put的相关短语：
put up张贴 put off推迟，延期 put on穿上，戴上；上演
put out熄灭，扑灭；伸出
例如：由于一些意想不到的事情，我们别无选择只能把航行推迟到下个月。
Due to some unexpected events，we had no choice but to put off
the voyage to next month.
Language Points:
3. I couldn’t keep up with it ...
up的相关短语：
catch up with 跟上 end up with 以......结束 come up with 提出
例如：我们会继续努力，争取达到世界一流水平。
We will keep working hard to catch up with the advanced level in the world.
Language Points:
4. I learnt a new phrase, “hold fast”，which means to hold onto something.
hold的相关短语：
hold onto 握住；抓紧；保住（优势）
hold on （电话用语）等一下；坚持
hold up 支持住，承受住
例如：抓住绳子，否则你会滑倒。
Hold onto the rope or you’ll fail to the ground.
Language Points:
1. Dream Variation，for example.
词性变化：vary v.不同 various adj.各种各样的
variation n.变化；变体；变奏曲 variety n.多样性
短语：vary from A to B 从A到B不等
a variety of/varieties of各种各样的
例如：我喜欢阅读，从中国文学到西方文学。
I like reading very much, varying from Chinese literature to western ones.
Grammar Focus
什么是定语从句？
定语：修饰名词的成分
定语从句：修饰名词的从句
It was written by the Indian poet Tagore __________was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
引导词
who/ that
指代先行词
在定语从句中充当成分
引导从句
先行词Tagore
who/that
定语从句
who was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
定语从句第一定律
This is the farm ____________ we worked together.
This is the farm ____________ we visited yesterday.
I’ll never forget the days ____________ we spent together.
I’ll never forget the days ____________ we worked together.
This is the reason ____________ he was late.
This is the reason ____________ he gave for his being late.
第一定律：
定语从句中若缺主语、宾语或表语，就由关系代词引导；若不缺，则由关系副词引导。
检验标准：把先行词带入定语从句，若通顺，就用关系代词；若不通顺，则用关系副词。
where
（that/which）
（that/which）
when
why
（that/which）
定语从句第二定律
The girl (who/whom/that) he talked with just now is very beautiful.
China is no longer the country (that/which) it used to be.
第二定律：
当定语从句引导词在定语从句中充当宾语或表语时，可以省略。
定语从句第三定律
This is the reason for _______ he was late today.
These trees, _______ were planted last year, have grown up.
That was the best film _________ I have ever seen.
Is there anything ________ I can do for you
第三定律：
当指代事物时, 介词后面或非限定性定语从句中使用which, 其余情况使用that。
which
that
that
which
Summary
The restrictive attributive clause
The non-restrictive attributive clause
The Crescent Moon is perhaps the most famous collection of children’s poems which is known to people in China.
It was written by the Indian poet Tagore who was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
The English version of the book contains nearly 50 poems, the focus of which is on the parent-child relationship.
Summary
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
Summary：语篇填空中定语从句做题技巧
1. 找到先行词代入到从句中，试图使从句变得正确完整
2. 对于定语从句，高考中只可能出现以下三种情况：
（1）若不需要增减词即可实现，用that/which/who/whom
who人，whom人（宾），which 物，that人或人（除介词后或逗号后）
（2）若加’s 才能实现，用whose
（3）若加介词才能实现，用相应介词+which/whom 或
when, where, why
（2019·江苏卷）We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
（2021·天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands _______ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
（2020·天津卷）Dr. Rowan, _______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
（2020·江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from _______ students can choose for free.
when
where
whose
which
链接高考
链接高考
（2020·海南卷）The Digital World is a set of volumes ________ aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
（2020·海南卷）Each volume in the set explores a wide range of material, explains the basic concepts of major applications of digital system, _________ discusses the influence they have on everyday life.
that/which
and
并列关系
（2019·浙江卷）In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier _________ that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.
（2019·浙江卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool _________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
链接高考
and
that/which
并列关系
链接高考
（2021·八省联考）It can be easy to let a particular school become a front-runner early on in your decision-making process, and it may even become the winning choice-but be sure to carefully evaluate every school ________ has accepted you, since you had particular reasons for applying to each school.
that
Thanks