选择性必修四 Unit 1-Unit 2 重点词汇及短语拓展
I. Unit 1-Unit 2重点词汇及拓展
1. dignity n. 庄重；庄严；尊严→dignify v. 使有尊严；使崇高；使增辉→dignified adj. 庄重的；庄严的；有尊严的
2. appointment n. 预约；约会；委任→appoint v. 任命；委任；安排，确定(时间、地点等)→appointed adj.约定的；指定的
3. saleswoman n. 女售货员；女推销员→salesman n. 销售员；推销员
4. guilty adj. 内疚的；有罪的；有过失的→guilt n. 内疚；犯罪；有罪→guiltily adv. 有罪地；内疚地
5. suspend vt. 悬；挂；暂停；暂缓→suspender n. 吊带裤；吊杆；悬挂物
6. dismiss vt. 让(某人)离开；解散；解雇；消除→dismissal n. 解雇；开除；不予理会
7. declare vt. 表明；宣称；公布→declaration n. 公告；宣告；宣言
8. presume vt.& vi. 假设；假定→presumption n. 假设；假定
9. calculate vt. 计算；核算；预测→calculation n. 计算；估计；预测
10. blurred adj. 模糊不清的；难以区分的→blur v. (使)变得模糊不清
11. superior adj. 更好的；占优势的；(在级别或重要性上)更高的→superiority n. 优越(性)；优势
12. divide vt.分割；分配；除以→division n. 分开；分隔；差异；除(法)
13. urge n. 强烈的欲望；冲动 vt. 催促；力劝；大力推荐→urgency n. 紧迫；急迫；急事→urgent adj. 急迫的，紧急的
14. random adj.随机的；不可思议的→randomly adv. 随便地，任意地；随机地
15. explode vi.& vt. 爆炸；爆破→explosion n. 爆炸；爆破；爆裂(声)→explosive adj. 易爆炸的；可能引起爆炸的→explosively adv. 爆发地；爆炸性地；迅猛地
16. mud n. 泥；泥浆→muddy adj.泥泞的
17. found vt.成立；建立→founder n. 创建者；缔造者→foundation n. 创建；基础；地基
18. locate vi.& vt.位于→located adj.位于→location n. 地点；位置
19. politics n. 政治；政治学→political adj.政治的→politician n. 政治家；政客
20. herb n. 药草；香草；草本→herbal adj.药草的；香草的
21. vibrate vt.& vi.(使)振动→vibration n. 震动
22. biology n. 生理；生物学→biological adj.生物学的→biologist n. 生物学家
23. capable adj.有能力的；有才干的→capacity n. 能力；容量
24. distribute vt.分发；分配→distribution n. 分布；分配；分发→distributor n. 经销商；分销商
25. frequency n. 发生率；重复率；(声波或电磁波振动的)频率→frequent adj.频繁的；常见的→frequently adv.常常；频繁地
26. license vt.批准；许可 n. (＝licence)许可证；执照→licensed adj.得到正式许可的
27. violence n. 暴力；暴行→violent adj.暴力的；猛烈的→violently adv.粗暴地；强烈地
II.Unit 1-Unit 2重点短语和句型
一、重点短语
1. more like 更像是；更接近 2. test out 检验；测试
3. after all 毕竟 4. on a business trip 出差
5. turn around 转身 6. as a favour 作为一次恩惠；帮个忙
7. or rather 更确切地说 8. conflict with 与……冲突或抵触
9. have an urge to 有强烈的欲望做某事 10. superior to 比……更好；更胜一筹
11. take over 占上风；取而代之；接管；接手 12. turn out 关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是
13. fall away (逐渐)减少；消失 14. look around 四处看看
15. rise up 上升；升起 16. on a ... basis 根据；以……的方式(基准)
17. pros and cons 事物的利与弊；支持与反对 18. do some research 做研究
19. be located to 坐落于；位于 20. refer to ... as 把……称为
21. on the other hand 另一方面 22. lead to 导致；通向
23. be native to 原产于……；源于……的 24. be in contact with 与……保持联系；和……接触
25. play a part in 参与；起作用；扮演角色 26. make an impression on 给……留下印象
27. major in 主修 28. breathe in 吸气
29. make up 组成；编造；弥补；化妆；和好；铺床 30. feel at home 感到宾至如归
31. a handful of 少数人(或物)；一把(的量) 32. as well as 也；和……一样
33. pick up 捡起；获得；收拾；乘车，搭载；不费力地学会
二、重点句型
1. 句型公式：名词短语作同位语
教材原句：She wasn’t like Gladys Claffern, one of the richest and most powerful women around.
翻译：她与格拉迪丝·克拉芬不同，后者是当地最有钱有势的女性之一。
【分析点拨】
one of the richest ... 在句中作同位语，对Gladys Claffern做进一步的解释和说明。同位语的用法如下：
(1)名词(短语)、代词作同位语；
(2)不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)作同位语；
(3)从句作同位语，通常跟在某些抽象名词，如fact, plan, view, idea, belief, opinion, possibility, thought等后，用来说明所修饰词的内容。
e.g. ① I am Li Hua, a student from China.
我是李华，一名来自中国的学生。
② In the meantime, those volunteers hold the opposite view that they are fed up with the earth life and eager for living on the Mars.
同时，那些持相反观点的志愿者认为，他们已经厌倦了地球上的生活，渴望到火星上居住。
③We need to get rid of the idea that we must be liked all the time in order to be worthwhile.
我们需要摆脱那种必须一直受人爱戴才有价值的观念。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①On the one hand, I have strong belief (believe) that I will do well in the exam; on the other hand, I feel a bit nervous, though it’s not difficult.
(2)完成句子
②Shanghai, one of the biggest cities in China, is most developed.
上海，中国最大的城市之一，是最发达的。
③The young man tried to achieve his aim—entering the key university.
这个年轻人想实现自己的目标——进入重点大学。
2. 句型公式：make＋宾语＋宾语补足语
教材原句：As a favour, Tony promised to help Claire make herself more beautiful and her home more elegant.
翻译：作为一项恩惠，托尼答应帮助克莱尔，把她变得更漂亮些，也把她的家变得更雅致些。
【分析点拨】
make复合结构的主要用法如下：
make＋宾语＋宾语补足语Error!
e.g. ①Experiences will make him a man.
经历会使他成为一个堂堂正正的男子汉。
②He turned me down, which made me at a loss.
他拒绝了我，这让我不知所措。
③There is no doubt that you are supposed to know about the history of Tang Dynasty in advance, which will make the class go smoothly.
毫无疑问，你应该提前了解唐朝的历史，这样课程就能够顺利进行。
【名师点津】make后接名词作宾补时，若作宾补的名词是独一无二的职位，如president, chairman, monitor,
headmaster, manager, head, captain等，则该名词前不用加任何冠词。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①My parents would like to make me study(study) 24 hours a day.
②The teacher raised his voice so that he could make himself heard(hear).
(2)完成句子
③We’re all delighted to make Li Jin monitor of our class.
选李津作为我们班的班长大家都很高兴。
3. 句型公式：完全倒装句型
教材原句：As she turned around, there stood Gladys Claffern.
翻译：当她转过身来，却看到格拉迪丝·克拉芬正站在那里。
【分析点拨】
本句中there stood Gladys Claffern为完全倒装句型。使用完全倒装句的几种情况：
(1)当here, there, now, then, in, out, off, away等表示地点或时间的副词及介词短语置于句首，谓语动词是be, come, go, remain, lie, run等，且主语为名词时，句子用完全倒装；
(2)在主系表结构中，作表语的形容词、分词置于句首时，用完全倒装；
(3)such作表语置于句首时，用完全倒装。
e.g. ①There stood chairs, with such high backs, and with arms on both sides.
那里摆着许多高背靠椅，而且椅子两边都有扶手。
②—Is everyone here
—Not yet. Look, there come the rest of our guests!
——每个人都在这儿吗？
——还没有。看，我们其余的客人来了！
③Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
这就是阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦，一个简朴的人，20世纪最伟大的科学家。
【多维运用】
(1)句型转换
①In the dark corner of the room, the cat jumped up and caught the mouse.
→In the dark corner of the room, up jumped the cat and caught the mouse.(全部倒装)
②Wild flowers were growing over the mountain, whose names he didn’t know.
→Growing over the mountain were wild flowers, whose names he didn’t know. (全部倒装)
(2)完成句子
③Such is our chairwoman, who is full of integrity, wisdom, dignity and positive energy.
这就是我们的女主席，她充满了正直、智慧、尊严和正能量。
4. 句型公式：suggest＋宾语从句（(should) + v.）
教材原句：He suggested that she invite Gladys and her friends to the house the night before he was to leave and Larry was to return.
翻译：他还建议在他离开，也就是拉里回家的前一天晚上，克莱尔邀请格拉迪丝和她的朋友们到家里来。
【分析点拨】
(1)suggest表示“建议”时，后面的宾语从句的谓语用了虚拟语气，其结构是：should do或do，否定形式为：should not do或not do。suggest当“表明；暗示”讲时，后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
(2)suggest 可接sth. 或 doing sth.（不能接不定式）
e.g. ①That is why I suggest you (should) apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China.
这就是为什么我建议你申请北京大学，中国最好的大学之一。
②I suggested that Li Ming (should) be sent to the south.
我建议把李明派往南方。
③His silence suggested that he didn’t agree with us.
沉默不语表明他不同意我们的意见。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①He suggested going (go) for a swim in the river after lunch.
②The smile on her face suggested she was (be) very happy.
(2)完成句子
I suggested that he (should) not do it today.
我建议他今天先不要做。
5. 句型公式：It was ...... that ......强调句型
教材原句：It was at ten o’clock today that the first of all Time Machines began its career.
翻译：上午十点，所有时间机器中的第一台启动了其运转之旅。
【分析点拨】
英语表达中，要强调句子的某一成分，一般可用强调句型“It is (was) +that (who) +句子的其余部分”。It在句中无意义，只起引出被强调部分的作用。被强调的部分指人时，除可用that外，还可换用who(强调宾语指人时也可用whom)。一般而言，强调结构几乎可以强调除谓语动词及形容词作表语之外的任何句子成分。
e.g. ① (2021·全国乙卷)It’s not the new method itself but the people who use it that really matters.
真正重要的不是新方法本身，而是使用它的人。
②It was he who (that) read three books in the library yesterday.
昨天是他在图书馆读了三本书。
③It is a new boke that his brother wants to buy.
他的弟弟就想买一个新博客。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
① In which play is it that your brother appear
② It was for this reason that her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village.
③ It is the ability to do the job that matters, not where you come from or what you are.
(2)完成句子
克里斯托弗·哥伦布到达新大陆是在1492年。
It was in 1492 that Christoph Columbus arrived in the New World.
6. 句型公式：as if引导方式状语从句或表语从句
教材原句：Night came as if a lamp was being turned out, and in another moment came the day.
翻译：夜幕降临了，仿佛一盏灯正在熄灭，转眼间，白昼就来临了。
【分析点拨】
as if/though所引导的从句中的语气及时态：
as if / as though
陈述语气（真实的或极有可能发生的情况） 根据具体情况判断时态
虚拟语气（不真实的或不可能发生的情况） 虚拟现在 did
虚拟过去 had done
虚拟将来 would / might / could do
e.g. ①He talks as if he knew all about it.
他谈起来好像全知道似的。(与现在事实不符)
②He kept working as if nothing had happened.
他继续工作，好像什么都没有发生过。(与过去事实不符)
③It looks as if it might rain.
看上去好像要下雨。(与将来事实不符)
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if they had happened (happen) yesterday.
②It’s very warm today. It seems as if it were (be) spring already.
(2)完成句子
③Hurry up! It looks as if/though the train is going to move.
快点！看起来火车要开了。
7. 句型公式：it作形式主语
教材原句：It is hard to explain the strange and unpleasant feeling of time travelling.
翻译：时间旅行带来的陌生感和不适感是难以解释的。
【分析点拨】
it用作形式主语，可以代替不定式、动名词、从句等，而把真正的主语放在句子末尾，避免头重脚轻。
e.g. ①(2021·浙江1月卷)It is a great privilege for me to be here to extend a warm welcome to you on behalf of our school.
在这里我很荣幸地代表学校向你们表示热烈的欢迎。
②Is it necessary to tell his father everything
有必要把这一切都告诉他父亲吗
③It is uncertain whether he can come to Jenny’s birthday party or not.
他是否能来参加珍妮的生日聚会还不确定。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①You can release the chute with either hand, but it is easier to do (do) it with the left.
②It is necessary to do (do) further study and development on the pine cone.
(2)完成句子
③克里斯是如此雄心勃勃，如此坚决地要把它做完。
Chris is so ambitious, so determined to do it all.
8. 句型公式：can’t/couldn’t wait to do sth“迫不及待做某事”
教材原句：I can’t wait to see all of them!
翻译：我迫不及待想见到所有这一切！
e.g. ①The book was so interesting that he could not wait to read it.
这本书非常有趣，以至于他迫不及待地想看。
②I can’t wait to get it written.
我已经迫不及待想要把它写成书了。
③I found a great new bar and I can’t wait to introduce you to it.
我发现了一个新的非常好的酒吧，我迫不及待得像介绍你去。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①You say something like, “I can hardly wait to tell (tell) you about my trip to the Grand Canyon.”
②After reading a good book, maybe you can’t wait to share (share) it with your friends.
(2)完成句子
I can’t wait to travel in China to enjoy the wonderful culture.
我已经等不及要去中国旅游，感受中国的精彩文化了。
9. 句型公式：状语从句的省略
教材原句：To play the didgeridoo, you put your mouth on one end and blow while vibrating your lips.
翻译：吹奏迪吉里杜管时，把嘴巴靠在一端，一边吹气，一边振动嘴唇。
【分析点拨】
状语从句的省略是指使语言的精炼将状语从句进行简化。需满足两个条件: 1.主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；2. 从句主要动词是be的某种形式。
状语从句的"简化"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:
①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;
②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;
③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;
④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;
⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。
e.g. ①You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.
除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。
②(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The twins cheered up and did as told.
双胞胎高兴起来，按照他们被告知的做了。
③Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.
尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①When completed (complete), the museum will be open to the public next year.
②He wouldn’t solve the problem even if to take (take) charge.
③After finishing (finish) his homework, he went home happily.
(2)完成句子
④Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university.
虽然缺钱，他父母没法让他上大学了。
⑤When asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
当被问及对自己教学工作的看法时，菲利普说，他觉得这份工作非常有趣，而且收获颇丰。
10. 句型公式：It is time for sb. to do sth.意为“是(某人)应该做某事的时候了”
教材原句：It’s almost time for me to say goodbye to Australia.
翻译：差不多是我跟澳大利亚说再见的时候了。
【分析点拨】
(1)It’s (high/about) time ＋ that sb did/should do ... 到了某人做……的时间了
It’s (high/about) time ＋ (for sb) to do ... 到了(某人)做……的时间了
(2)“这是……第一/二次……”的表达有：
①It/This was the first/second time that ..., that从句的时态用过去完成时；
②It/This is the first/second time that ..., that从句的时态用现在完成时。
e.g. ① It’s time for us to take immediate measures to protect our Earth from being polluted.
该是我们立即采取措施保护地球不受污染的时候了。
②This is the first time that I have been away from my home for such a long time.
这是我第一次离开家这么长时间。
③It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development.
为了促进经济发展到该解决问题的时候了。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①It is high time for him to refresh (refresh) himself at once.
②It is the third time that she has won (win) the race, which has surprised us all.
③It was the second time that he had joined (join) in the discussion about how to deal with the problem.
(2)句型转换
④It is high time that he should refresh/refreshed himself at once. (将句①改写为复合句)
11. 句型公式：It is said that ...“据说……”
教材原句：It is said that now nearly half of all Australian citizens were either born overseas or have parents who were born overseas.
翻译：据说现在近一半的澳大利亚公民要么自己出生于海外，要么父母出生于海外。
【分析点拨】
it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。该句型具有以下特点：
It is said that ... ＝Sb /Sth is said to do sth，意为“据说……”。其中，不定式根据情况可用一般式、进行式或完成式。
e.g. ①It is said that papercutting was used as a decoration as early as the Han Dynasty in our country.
据说剪纸早在我国汉代时就被用来作为装饰品。
②It is said that he has written a new book about symphony.
＝He is said to have written a new book about symphony.
据说他写了一本有关交响乐的新书。
③It is believed that the couple have left the country.
据信那对夫妇已经离开了这个国家。
【名师点津】
(1)下列句型可以转换为“Sb＋be＋动词过去分词＋to do ...”结构：
It is thought that ... 人们认为……
It is believed that ... 人们相信……
It is reported that ... 据报道……
It is considered that ... 人们认为……
It is supposed that ... 据推测……
(2)It is hoped that ...不能转换成Sb is hoped to do ...结构。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①John is said to be (be) one of the best teachers in the school.
②She is believed to have told (tell) a lie because her words don’t agree with her action.
③The fire is reported to be expanding (expand) at present, for the wind is quite strong.
(2)句型转换
④It is said that John is one of the best teachers in the school. (将句①改写为复合句)
12. 句型公式：with复合结构
教材原句：Our topic today is “Creatures Unique to Australia”, with questions answered by wildlife expert, Dr Jim Smith.
翻译：我们今天的话题是“澳大利亚特有的生物”，由野生动物专家吉姆·史密斯博士回答问题。
【分析点拨】
with＋宾语＋Error!
e.g. ①She came into the room, with her nose red because of cold.
她走进房间，鼻子被冻得通红。
②With many unexpected problems emerging, he was like a cat on a hot brick.
由于出现了许多意想不到的问题，他像一只热锅上的蚂蚁。
③The teacher came into the classroom, with a student followed her.
老师走进教室，一个学生跟在她后面。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①With a lot of difficult problems to settle (settle), the new manager works far into the night every day.
②With his mother helping (help) him, he is getting along well with his work.
③With the key lost (lose), he had to wait for his mother outside the door.
(2)完成句子
④With the beautiful moon up in the sky, we sat together and ate mooncakes and fruits, sharing our stories.
美丽的月亮高高挂在天空，我们坐在一起吃着月饼和水果，一块分享我们的故事。
⑤With all the things bought, she went home happily.
买了所有东西后，她高兴地回家了。
13. 句型公式：until / till ..在句中引导时间状语从句
教材原句：They sleep and drink milk in that temporary, protected environment until they are about seven or eight months old.
翻译：大约七八个月大之前，它们一直待在那个暂时受保护的环境里睡觉和吃奶。
【分析点拨】
(1)肯定句＋until/till ...
直到……(主句中使用延续性谓语动词)
(2)not ... until/till ...
直到……才(主句中使用非延续性谓语动词)
【名师点津】不能够使用till的两种情况：
(1)强调句：it was not until ... that ...
(2)倒装句：not until置于句首
e.g. ①I went on with my work until I finished washing all the clothes.
我继续工作，直到把所有的衣服洗完。
②We stayed at the spot until the rescue team came.
我们一直待在现场，直到救援队来。
③Not until they heard that she was safe and sound were their minds set at rest.
听到她平安无事的消息，大家心里才一块石头落地。
【多维运用】
(1)完成句子
①I didn’t go to bed until / till my father came back.
直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
②I’m sorry about it. Can I suggest that we put it off until early August
对此我很抱歉。我能建议我们推迟到八月初吗？
(2)句型转换
③The sports meet will not be held until next week.
→It is not until next week that the sports meet will be held.(强调句)
→Not until next week will the sports meet be held.(倒装句)
14. 句型公式：it作形式主语
教材原句：But in many places in Australia, it is against the law to even touch them.
翻译：但是在澳大利亚的许多地方，即便触摸它们都是违法的。
【分析点拨】
It用作形式主语：替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
e.g. ①It would be a valuable experience to exchange ideas with some judges and excellent English learners.
和一些评委及优秀的英语学习者交换想法将会是一次珍贵的经历。
②It is necessary for the young people to learn two foreign languages.
年轻人学两门外语是非常必要的。
③It was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that.
他这样做使我很吃惊。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①Is it necessary to tell (tell) his father everything
②It is my pleasure to answer (answer) your question.
(2)完成句子
③It takes him five hours to do the homework.
他花了五个小时做作业。
15. 句型公式：while引导让步状语从句
教材原句：While it may lay eggs in a nest like a bird, it’s really a primitive mammal, with a unique biology.
翻译：虽然鸭嘴兽可以像鸟一样在巢中产卵，但它实际上是一种原始的哺乳动物，具有罕见的生物特性。
【分析点拨】
while可以引导时间状语从句，在句中的意思是“当...时候，在...期间”，此时与when的用法相似。但是，
while在引导时间状语时，从句的谓语动词只能是表示延续性的动词。while还可以引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然，尽管”。while引导的让步状语从句通常放在主句之前。还可以引导条件状语从句，相当于as long as，译作“只要”。引导原因状语从句相当于since，有“既然”的意思。
e.g. ①While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
②While he was ill, he went there.
虽然他有病，但他还是去那里了。
③When/While we were having a meeting, our teacher came in.
我们正在开会时，老师走了进来。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①While he was tired, he went on working.
②The bus had left (leave) when we arrived at the bus stop.
③While the teacher was speaking (speak), the students were listening.
(2)完成句子
④When/While we were having a meeting, our teacher came in.
我们正在开会时，老师走了进来。
III.知识点精讲：考点精析
1. test out检验；测试
It was going to be tested out by Larry’s wife, Claire. (教材P2)
机器人将由拉里的妻子克莱尔进行试用。
★情境探究
e.g.①The university students will test out the computer programme for any bugs.
大学生将对电脑程序进行检验，看有没有漏洞。
②His work is to test out new designs of cars before they are put on the market.
他的工作是在新设计的汽车投入市场之前对它们进行检验。
③But the Moon offers a great local to test out human missions to Mars.
但对于人类的火星使命来说，月球是个伟大的试验场。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
come out 出来；显露
work out (＝figure out) 计算出；锻炼身体
set out 动身；开始
wear out 穿破；耗尽；使厌烦
★学以致用
【写出下列句中黑体部分的含义】
①He wished to test out the item before selling it.测试
②The long climb tested out our power of endurance.检验
(2)完成句子
③He has achieved what he set out to do three years ago.
他已经实现了自己3年前的奋斗目标。
④What do you do with your shoes after you wear them out
当你把鞋子穿破后，你是怎么做的？
ridiculous adj.愚蠢的；荒谬的；荒唐的
Claire thought it was ridiculous that she was being offered sympathy by a robot, ... (教材P2)
克莱尔觉得一个机器人对她表示同情十分荒谬，……
★情境探究
e.g.①She thought that it was ridiculous that the sculpture was brought to life and fell in love with the hero.
她认为这件雕塑复活并爱上了主人公是很可笑的。
②It is ridiculous to become angry about such an insignificant matter.
为这样一件无关紧要的事情生气，真是可笑。
③They think it is ridiculous that a person should get paid without working.
他们认为这是荒谬的，一个人应该获得报酬不工作。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
a ridiculous idea 荒唐的主意
look ridiculous 看上去可笑
sound ridiculous 听起来荒谬
It is ridiculous that ... ……是荒谬的
★学以致用
【补全句子】
①It is ridiculous that(是荒谬的) they are short of water in a country where it is always raining.
②She looked ridiculous(看上去很可笑) in this hat while she was fond of the style.
【翻译句子】
③It sounded like a ridiculous idea. However, it was the idea that led to this invention.
这听起来像是个荒谬的想法。然而，正是这个想法导致了这项发明。
3. dignity n. 庄重；庄严；尊严
He always treated her with dignity. (教材P2)
他一直对她彬彬有礼。
★情境探究
e.g.①We do this because we believe in the dignity and value of every person.
我们这样做是因为我们相信每个人的尊严和价值。
②He conducted himself with grace and dignity throughout the trial.
在整个审讯过程中他表现得文雅而有尊严。
③He is a practical humanist, who believes in the dignity of mankind.
他是个真正的人道主义者，信奉人类的尊严。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
with dignity 有尊严地；体面地
preserve one’s dignity 保持某人的尊严
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①She accepted the criticism with dignity.
【完成句子】
②It’s difficult to preserve your dignity when you have no job and no home.
一个无家无业的人难以保持自己的尊严。
4. appointment n. 预约；约会；委任
She had an appointment to paint her nails, then she went into an expensive clothes shop. (教材P2)
她按预约去美甲后，走进了一家高档时装店。
★情境探究
e.g.①If you fail to keep the dentist’s appointment, you’ll have to pay for it.
如果你和牙医约好时间但到时不去，你得付钱。
②In some cases people have had to wait several weeks for an appointment.
在某些情况下，人们必须等上好几周才能得到约见。
③Her appointment was seen as a consolation prize after she lost the election.
她的任命被认为是对她落选的安慰。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)make/have an appointment with sb 和某人有约
keep/break an appointment 守约/失约
(2)appoint v. 任命；委派；安排；约定
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①She has an appointment with the science fiction writer to meet at the café.
②I was appointed(appoint) to take charge of arranging all the activities on that day.
(2)完成句子
③A punctual person is in the habit of doing a thing at the proper time and never breaks an appointment.
一个守时的人有在适当的时候做一件事的习惯，且从不违约。
5. guilty adj.内疚的；有罪的；有过失的
Although it was completely innocent, Claire felt guilty. (教材P2)
虽然完全无辜，克莱尔还是感到内疚。
★情境探究
e.g.①John had a guilty look on his face, leaving all the tasks to me.
约翰脸上带着愧疚的表情，把所有的任务都交给了我。
②We’ve all been guilty of selfishness at some time in our lives.
我们每个人一生中都有过自私自利的过失。
③Mr. Li feels guilty at not being in a position to meet his traditional obligations.
李先生对自己没有尽到传统的义务而感到内疚。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)be guilty of 犯有……罪
be/feel guilty at/about 对/为……感到内疚/有愧
(2)guilt n. 内疚；悔恨；犯罪；罪行
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①It was ridiculous that the corrupt official was declared not guilty of corruption.
②She had feelings of guilt(guilty) about leaving her children and going to work.
【完成句子】
③I felt guilty about/at abandoning such a golden chance.
放弃了这么好的机会，我感到内疚。
6. dismiss vt.让(某人)离开；解散；解雇；消除
The guests would be arriving soon, so Claire dismissed Tony for the rest of the night. (教材P3)
客人们很快就要来了，于是克莱尔让托尼结束了当晚的工作，说当夜不再需要他了。
★情境探究
e.g.①I think we can safely dismiss their objections.
我认为我们对他们的异议完全可以不予理会。
②They constantly dismiss others’ proposals while taking no responsibility for tackling the problem.
他们总是忽视其他人的建议，却没有承担任何解决问题的责任。
③Under the statutes of the university they had no power to dismiss him.
按大学的规章制度，校方无权开除他。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
dismiss sb for sth 因……而解雇/开除某人
dismiss sb from sth 解雇/开除某人
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①The servant was dismissed(dismiss) for being lazy and dishonest.
②She claimed she was unfairly dismissed from her post.
【完成句子】
③Friends and family had suggested we get another dog, but Alan and I dismissed the idea.
朋友和家人建议我们再养一条狗，但我和艾伦拒绝了这个想法。
7. declare vt.表明；宣称；公布
She heard him declare that he did not want to leave her the next day, and that he felt more than just the desire to please her. (教材P3)
克莱尔听着托尼宣布说他次日并不想离开她，而且他心里的愿望不只是让她开心而已。
★情境探究
e.g.①When the teacher declared me to be the winner of the English Speech Contest, I was surprised and pleased.
当老师宣布我是这次英语演讲比赛的得胜者时，我又惊又喜。
②The government is ready to declare a permanent ceasefire.
政府已经准备好宣布永久停火。
③You can use “make sure” to declare that you want something or something needs to be done.
你可以用“make sure”来声明想要某东西或某事必须做到。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
declare sb/sth to be 宣布某人或某事是……
declare for/against 赞成/反对……
declare war (on ...) (向……)宣战
declare sth open/closed 宣布某事开始/结束
declare that ... 宣布……
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①They declared against building a new bridge because it would cost a lot of money.
②The competition was declared(declare) open yesterday.
【完成句子】
③There being no further business, the chairman declared the meeting closed.
由于没有其他事情，主席宣布散会。
8. on a ... basis 根据；以……的方式(基准)
money paid for work or services, typically on a daily or weekly basis (教材P4)
为工作或服务支付的钱，通常是每天或每周
★情境探究
e.g.①Remember, even world champion athletes practise their skills on a consistent basis.
记住，即使是世界冠军，运动员们也要始终如一地练习他们的技能。
②Billions of people use social media on a daily basis to create, share, and exchange ideas, messages, and information.
数十亿人每天都在使用社交媒体来创造、分享和交流想法、消息以及信息。
③A good parent-children relationship should be set up on the basis of mutual understanding and respect.
良好的亲子关系应该建立在相互理解和尊重的基础上。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)base vt.以……为根据/基础；基于
n. 基部；基地；基础
base ... on ... 以……为……的基础
be based on/upon 以……为基础/依据
(2)basic adj. 基本的；基础的
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①He drew a safe conclusion on a reasoning basis.
②With our knowledge based(base) on practice, we can make great contributions to our society.
【完成句子】
③First, he showed us the basic steps and skills of making dough figurines.
首先，他向我们展示了捏面人的基本步骤和技巧。
9. calculate vt.计算；核算；预测
They believe if AI can handle tasks like calculating and driving for us, ... (教材P4)
他们认为，如果人工智能能够为我们处理像计算和驾驶之类的任务……
★情境探究
e.g.①We calculate on having fine weather for the sports meeting.
我们指望有好天气来开运动会。
②You’ll need to calculate how much time the assignment will take.
你需要算一算要花多少时间才能完成分配的任务。
③One recent study attempted to calculate the extent of this "ecological overshoot of the human economy".
最近的一项研究试图对这种“人类经济对生态透支”的程度进行计算。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)calculate on 指望；期待
be calculated to do sth 旨在做某事
(2)calculator n. 计算器
calculation n. 计算；估算
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①You should be able to calculate on your family to support you.
②Laboratory work needs not only accurate measurements but also correct calculation(calculate).
【完成句子】
③The lecture is calculated to stimulate those who are interested in fine art.
这次讲座是为了激发那些对美术感兴趣的人。
10. superior adj.更好的；占优势的；(在级别或重要性上)更高的
In scifi stories, robot often become superior and take over. (教材P6)
在科幻小说中，机器人往往会变得更优秀并占据主导地位。
★情境探究
e.g.①Helen was chosen for the job because she was superior to any other candidate.
海伦被选中做这项工作是因为她比任何其他候选人都优秀。
②People make cutting remarks to help themselves feel superior or powerful.
人们说尖刻的话来帮自己感觉优越或强势。
③Like other outsiders, I was continually impressed by their superior understanding of the ecology we shared.
像其他局外人一样，他们对我们共有的生态环境的卓越理解不断给我留下深刻印象。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
“adj.＋to”构成的短语：
(1)senior to ... 比……年长的
(2)junior to ... 比……年轻的
(3)prior to ... 在……前面
(4)inferior to ... 比……差的
(5)superior to ... 比……好的
【名师点津】superior没有比较级，也不与than连用。
A is superior to B. ( √ )
A is more superior to B. ( × )
A is superior than B. ( × )
★学以致用
【写出下列句中黑体词的含义】
①Please let me introduce Tim to you, who is my superior officer.更高的
②This computer is superior in many aspects to that one.更好的
③You can stand there and feel superior as you point and laugh at them.占优势的
【句型转换】
④Recycled bags are better than plastic bags in environment protecting.
→Recycled bags are superior to plastic bags in environment protecting.
11. take over占上风；取而代之；接管；接手
In scifi stories, robot often become superior and take over. (教材P6)
在科幻小说中，机器人往往会变得更优秀并占据主导地位。
★情境探究
e.g.①Though technology is used to help us, we should not allow it to take over our lives.
虽然科技是用来帮助我们的，但我们不应该让它来控制我们的生活。
②In recent years, there have been many films about robots trying to take over the world.
近年来，有很多讲述机器人试图接管世界的电影。
③There are now more than 20 big companies waiting in the wings to take over some of its business.
现在有二十多家大公司正等着随时接手它的一些业务。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
take off (飞机)起飞；开始成功；脱去(衣服等)；摘掉
take away 拿走；夺走
take back 收回；带回；使回忆起
take down 写下；记下；拆卸
take in 吸收；理解；欺骗；收留
take on 具有；呈现；担任；承担；雇用
take up 举(拿、捡、拔)起；占据；从事
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
⑤After his third film, his career of film performance took off.
⑥It is not difficult to take up a new career in midlife.
⑦The firm was taken over by a multinational consulting firm.
【完成句子】
⑧I know I was completely a fool to trust him, but he is a real charmer who totally takes me in.
我知道我是个十足的傻瓜才相信他，但他是一个真正的魅力四射的人，他完全欺骗了我。
12. conflict with 与……冲突或抵触
A ROBOT MUST OBEY THE ORDERS GIVEN IT BY HUMAN BEINGS EXCEPT WHERE SUCH ORDERS WOULD CONFLICT WITH THE FIRST LAW. (教材P7)
机器人必须服从人类的命令，除非这些命令与第一定律相冲突。
★情境探究
e.g.①The changes are sure to conflict with the old traditions, so we must give it a second thought.
变化一定与旧的传统相冲突，所以我们一定要三思。
②She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.
她发现自己在将来择业的问题上与父母存在着分歧。
③The boy pulled the boat’s head round in order to avoid the conflict with the boat in front of him.
这个男孩为了避免同前面的小船相撞而掉转了船头。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
in conflict with 与……有冲突
come into conflict with 与……产生冲突
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.
②Coming into conflict with others are common in everyday life.
【完成句子】
③Putting ourselves in their shoes is of great importance when we conflict with friends.
当我们和朋友发生冲突的时候，换位思考是十分重要的。
13. turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是
Night came as if a lamp was being turned out, and in another moment came the day. (教材P8)
夜幕降临了，仿佛一盏灯正在熄灭，转眼间，白昼就来临了。
★情境探究
e.g.①The campaign, launched for bettering the environment, turned out to be a success.
这场为改善环境而发起的运动结果是很成功的。
②The new blog may turn out to be no more than a clever public-relations stunt.
新的博客可能只不过是一个聪明的公关噱头。
③Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned.
尽管全力以赴，但是有时候我们的绘画作品仍然很难呈现出最初构想的效果。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
turn down 调低；拒绝
turn up 开大；调大；出现
turn to 求助于；翻到(某页)；致力于
turn away 拒绝……入内；把……打发走
turn over 打翻；翻身；移交
turn around 转身；翻转
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①Tom had to turn down the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
②Don’t worry. I’m sure your missing glasses will turn up sooner or later.
③Some compromises were unavoidable, but the video turned out perfect.
【完成句子】
④When it is something beyond my competence, I turn to my teachers and classmates for help.
当事情超出了我的能力时，我向老师和同学们寻求帮助。
14. fall away (逐渐)减少；消失
As my pace grew faster, the walls of the laboratory fell away, and I was left in the open air. (教材P8)
我的速度越来越快，实验室的墙壁随之坍塌，我置身野外。
★情境探究
e.g.①His supporters fell away as his reputation declined.
随着他的名望下降，他的支持者渐渐离他而去。
②Today, recognise yourself as a star, and allow anything that stops you from shining to fall away.
今天，确认自己是一颗明星，让那些障碍着你去发光的东西给抹去。
③Nothing stops when you relinquish a control you never had to start with. Only stress and suffering fall away.
当放弃从来不需要的控制时没有任何事物停止，只有压力和痛苦会消散。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
fall apart 破碎；破裂；崩溃
fall behind (sb/sth) 落后；落在……后面
fall in love with 爱上……
fall over sb/sth 被……绊倒；几乎被……绊倒
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①On the other side of the hill, the land fell away sharply.
②She is devoted to her class; if any pupil falls behind, she will ask him/her why.
【完成句子】
③Once you get to the Old Town of Lijiang, you will fall in love with it immediately.
一旦你去了丽江古城，你就会立刻爱上它。
15. urge n. 强烈的欲望；冲动 vt.催促；力劝；大力推荐
I had a strong urge to look at the random things that were being flashed before my eyes!(教材P8)
我有一种强烈的欲望，想看看眼前那些随机闪现的东西！
★情境探究
e.g.①It is urged that all the lamps (should) be turned out during the night.
要求夜间把所有的灯都关掉。
②Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever.
忧心忡忡的父母督促他们的孩子比以往申请更多的学校。
③The other day I wrote a piece about living a Should Free Lifestyle, but now I have the urge to confess something.
某天我写了一篇关于自由自在生活方式的文章，但现在我真切的想坦诚一些事情。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)have an urge to do sth 有强烈的欲望做某事
(2)urge sth/sb on 催促某物/某人前进
urge sb to do sth 催促某人做某事
urge that ...(should) do sth 极力主张/强调……做某事
It is urged that ... (should) do sth 坚决要求……做某事
(3)urgency n. 紧急；紧急情况
(4)urgent adj. 紧急的；迫切的
(5)urgently adv. 紧急地；迫切地
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①The student has an urge to study (study) harder and get good grades.
②I make an urgent (urge) appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation.
③Parents urge their children to take (take) advantage of the opportunity.
【句型转换】
④Parents urge that their children (should) take advantage of the opportunity. (将句③改写为复合句)
16. located adj.位于
Located to the south of the equator, below many other countries on the globe, it's often informally referred to as “down under”.
(澳大利亚)位于赤道以南，并在地球上很多国家的下方，它常被非正式地称为“down under”。
★情境探究
e.g.①The analysis suggested that they were mostly located in forests that were at least 100 years old.
分析表明，它们主要分布在至少有100年历史的森林中。
②Located in southern Italy, Etna is the highest active volcano in Europe.
埃特纳火山位于意大利南部，是欧洲最高的活火山。
③Yunnan Province is located in southwest China, enjoying geographical proximity to Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.
云南省地处中国西南部，地理上邻近缅甸、老挝和越南。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)be located in/at/to 位于……
(2)locate vt. 位于；找出……的准确位置
【名师点津】located为过去分词转化来的形容词，侧重于表示主语的状态，常见的还有：be dressed in“穿着……的”、be lost in“迷路的；迷惘的”、be faced with“面对”等。
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Trick or Treat is a modern Halloween custom where children go from house to house dressed(dress) in costume, asking for treats like candy or toys.
②Lost(lose) in the forest, we had to remain where we were, waiting for help.
(2)完成句子
③The Great Wall, with a history of more than two thousand years, is located in northern China.
长城位于中国北方，有两千多年的历史。
17. be in contact with与……保持联系
To survive in this vast land on the ocean, the Aborigines had to be in close contact with nature.
为了在大洋中这片辽阔的土地上生存，澳大利亚土著人得和大自然保持密切的联系。
★情境探究
e.g.①Have you been in contact with your classmates after graduation
你毕业后和同学们还保持联系吗？
②They compared how these organisms behaved when left in contact with different materials.
他们比较了这些有机物在接触不同材料时如何表现。
③I’ll be in contact with you once I have some more information.
一旦有了更多的信息我就会与你联系。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
make/get in contact with sb 与某人取得联系
keep/be in contact with sb 与某人保持联系
lose/be out of contact with sb 与某人失去联系
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Eventually, we got in contact with them and were told many updates.
②I met him at a meeting, and then we lost(lose) contact with each other.
(2)完成句子
③We have been/kept in contact with each other for more than ten years.
我们保持联系已有十多年了。
18. breathe in 吸气
He does this by continually breathing in through his nose while breathing out through his mouth and into the didgeridoo.
演奏者可以不停地用鼻子吸气，同时通过嘴巴吐气，吹入迪吉里杜管中。
★情境探究
e.g.①It is impossible for him to breathe in because of sinking in the water.
他因沉入水中而无法吸入空气。
②The way to overcome nervousness is to breathe in deep and breathe out slowly for some times.
克服紧张的办法是调匀呼吸，深吸气，慢呼出。
③These muscles contract when we breathe in, expanding the lungs and drawing in air.
当我们吸气的时候，这些肌肉就收缩，扩大肺部并吸入空气。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)breathe out 呼气
(2)breath n. 呼吸；气息
hold one’s breath 屏息；屏气
out of breath 上气不接下气；喘不过气来
lose one’s breath 喘不过气来
catch one’s breath 屏住呼吸；倒吸一口气
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Pay attention to your breath(breathe) as it comes in and goes out.
(2)完成句子
②The beauty of the scene made him catch his breath.
风景之美令他愕然止息。
③The weak girl was out of breath only after five minutes' running.
这个体弱的女孩仅仅跑了5分钟就气喘吁吁了。
④How long can you hold your breath underwater
你可以在水下屏气多久？
19. make up组成；构成；化妆；编造；和好；占据
After being here for a while, my biggest impression is the complicated mix of peoples and cultures that make up the nation.
在这里住了一段时间之后，我最深刻的印象就是不同种族和文化的交融构成了这个国家。
★情境探究
e.g.①We are lucky that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are effected by flooding.
我们很幸运，只有低洼地受到洪水的影响，而低洼地在我们农场中只占很小的比例。
②The Chinese make up the largest single ethnic group in the city’s public classrooms.
华人在该市公立学校的课堂中构成最大的一个族群。
③She tried to make up for her shabby treatment of him.
她先前待他不好，这时候想弥补一下。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
make up one’s mind 下决心；决定
make up for 弥补；补偿
make out 理解；辨认出
make for 朝……行进；导致；促成；有助于
★学以致用
(1)写出下列句中黑体部分的含义
①The imaginative child made up fairy stories.编造
②Each link that makes up a chain is equally important.组成；构成
③Did they make up with each other 和好
(2)完成句子
④The fog was so heavy in the morning that I couldn’t make out the division line clearly.
早晨的雾太大，以至于我不能清晰地辨认出分界线。
⑤At the same time, I made up my mind to study harder rather than waste precious time on those useless things.
同时，我下定决心更加努力学习，而不是把宝贵的时间浪费在那些无用的事情上。
20. entitle vt.给……命名(或题名)；使享有权利
Ethnic minority groups in China are often entitled to special funds from the government to help protect their cultural heritage.
在中国，少数民族经常有权从政府获得特别基金，来帮助保护文化遗产。
★情境探究
e.g.①He calculated that he would finish reading the novel entitled The Story of the Stone the next week.
他估计下星期会读完那本名为《红楼梦》的小说。
②Golden parachutes entitle them to a full year’s salary if they get booted out of the company.
黄金降落伞使他们一旦被公司解雇将有权获得一整年的薪水。
③It is widely known that full-time employees are entitled to receive medical insurance.
众所周知，全职员工有权获得医疗保险。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
entitle sb to sth 使某人有权利(或资格)享有……
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①The novel entitled (entitle) The Journey to the West is so attractive that he can't tear himself away from it.
②It is well known that everyone is entitled (entitle) to their own opinion.
(2)完成句子
③Your qualifications entitle you to a higher salary.
你的资历使你有资格获得更高的薪水。
21. distribution n. 分布；分配；分发
It has to be the kangaroo, as it has a wide distribution throughout the country.
毫无疑问是袋鼠，因为这种动物广泛分布于全国。
★情境探究
e.g.①The map shows the distribution of this species across the world.
地图上标明了这一物种在全世界的分布情况。
②Some of the victims are complaining loudly about the uneven distribution of emergency aid.
一些受害者正大声地抱怨紧急援助的不均衡分配。
③The authorities have abandoned any attempt to distribute food in an orderly fashion.
当局中途放弃了任何有序地分发食品的尝试。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
distribute vt. 分配；分发；分布；分散
distribute sth to/among ... 把某物分配/分发给……
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Then we distributed some presents such as books and schoolbags to/among them.
②Who will take charge of the distribution(distribute) of food and clothing to the flood victims
(2)完成句子
③I told those international students that tea is widely distributed all over the country.
我告诉那些国际学生，茶在全国各地广泛分布。
22. as well as也；和
Because of this, the government began to make laws against touching koalas, in the interest of animal protection, as well as public safety.
因此，政府开始立法禁止触摸考拉，也是出于对保护动物和公共安全的考虑。
★情境探究
e.g.①For another, I have a good command of English as well as rich experience in being a volunteer.
另一方面，我的英语很好，也有丰富的志愿者经验。
②Flowers are chosen for their scent as well as their look.
花儿不仅凭外观也凭香味而被选中。
③Few guitarists can sing as well as they can play; Eddie, however, is an exception.
很少有吉他手唱歌能唱得跟弹得一样好，而艾迪是个例外。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
as well 也；又；还(常放在句子末尾，作为副词短语使用)
may/might as well do sth
最好做某事；不妨做某事
【名师点津】
当“A as well as B”结构作主语时，谓语动词应与A在人称和数方面保持一致。
★学以致用
(1)选词填空(as well as/as well/might as well)
①Acidity (酸) is a special flavour that not only affects the tongue but the nose as well.
②Chang’an, as the starting point of the Silk Road, as well as the capital of the dynasty, developed into one of the largest cities of the time.
③I hadn’t got any urgent business waiting for me, so I thought I might as well stay on for a bit and leave at the middle of the month.
(2)完成句子
④Email as well as mobile phones plays a more and more important part in our daily life.
电子邮件和手机在我们的日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
23. capacity n. 能力；容量
It has a capacity to find food in the water by using electrical sensors in its bill.
它拥有一种能用嘴里的电传感器在水中找到食物的能力。
★情境探究
e.g.①She has an enormous capacity for hard work.
她特别能吃苦耐劳。
②Limited resources are restricting our capacity for developing new products.
有限的资源正制约着我们开发新产品的能力。
③He had no natural authority and no capacity for imposing his will on others.
他天生没有威信，也没有将其意志强加于他人的能力。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
have a capacity for sth/to do ... 有……(做某事)的能力
a capacity of ... 容纳……
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Limited resources are restricting our capacity for developing new products.
②With that in mind, do you have the capacity to do(do) the remaining items on the list in the near future
(2)单句写作
③那座剧院能容纳2,000名观众。
The theatre has a capacity of 2,000 audience.
24. a handful of少数人(或物)；一把(的量)
There are only a small handful of animals in the world that can do that!
世界上只有很少的动物可以那样做！
★情境探究
e.g.①Tom grabbed up a handful of snow and shoved it down his sister's collar.
汤姆抓起一把雪往妹妹的衣领里塞。
②I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon.
我买了一把熟透了的小草莓和一个小甜瓜。
③She stopped at one vendor, flashed her badge, and picked a handful of mushrooms.
她在一个小贩跟前停住了，亮了亮徽章，然后抓起一把蘑菇。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
常见“a＋量词＋of”的短语：
a flock of 一群(羊或鸟)
a mouthful of 满嘴的……
a bagful of 满满的一袋……
★学以致用
(1)用适当的量词短语填空
①A bagful of gold coins appeared, and the greedy man exploded with laughter.
②A flock of sheep are ranging over the grassland.
③And in a handful of places, they’ve succeeded.
(2)单句写作
④满嘴食物的时候和别人说话是不礼貌的。
It is impolite to speak to others with a mouthful of food.
IV、练习提升
(I)阅读理解
A
Welcome to the breathtaking land of New Zealand, where nature’s wonders and adventure await at every turn. Prepare to start an unforgettable journey as we introduce you to some of the country’s most iconic attractions.
Fiordland National Park
Located in the South Island, Fiordland National Park will leave you awe-inspired. Marvel at the majestic fiords (峡湾), such as Milford Sound and Doubtful Sound, where towering cliffs meet unspoiled waters. Cruise along these dramatic fiords and witness grand waterfalls and an abundance of wildlife. Don’t forget to explore the world-famous Milford Track, for an up-close encounter with the region’s unparalleled natural beauty.
Aoraki/Mount Cook
Rising majestically in the heart of the Southern Alps, Aoraki/Mount Cook is New Zealand’s highest peak and a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts. Hiking along the Hooker Valley Track offers breathtaking views of the iconic Mueller Glacier. For an exciting experience, take a scenic flight and witness the awe-inspiring landscape from above. The clear night skies also make Aoraki/Mount Cook a haven for stargazers and astrophotographers.
Abel Tasman National Park
Escape to the coastal paradise of Abel Tasman National Park, renowned for its golden sandy beaches and crystal-clear waters. Hop aboard a kayak and paddle along the stunning coastline, exploring hidden coves (海湾)
and observing the abundant marine life. Embark on the Abel Tasman Coast Track, a multi-day hiking trail that winds through lush forests, revealing breathtaking views of the Tasman Sea.
Rotorua
Discover Rotorua, the geothermal wonderland of New Zealand’s North Island. Immerse yourself in the fascinating geothermal activity, from boiling mud pools to geysers (间歇泉). Hike along Pohaturoa Track to command a fine view of the Lake Rotorua and the Whakarewarewa Geothermal Reserve. Experience the unique Maori culture through traditional performances and a traditional hangi feast. Indulge (沉迷) in a relaxing bath in one of the natural geysers or treat yourself to a refreshing mud bath.
1. Which is the best attraction for astronomy enthusiasts
A. Fiordland National Park. B. Aoraki/Mount Cook.
C. Abel Tasman National Park. D. Rotorua.
2. What may visitors enjoy in Rotorua
A. A bath in hot springs. B. A view from the mountain top.
C. A visit to the Maori village. D. An interaction with wildlife.
3. What do the four attractions have in common
A. Visitors can experience diverse cultures. B. Visitors can observe abundant wildlife.
C. Visitors can hike to enjoy the natural beauty. D. Visitors can witness grand waterfalls.
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了新西兰一些最具标志性的景点。
1. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The clear night skies also make Aoraki/Mount Cook a haven for stargazers and astrophotographers.(晴朗的夜空也使奥拉基/库克山成为观星者和天文摄影师的天堂)”可知，对于天文爱好者而言，最好的旅游景点是Aoraki/Mount Cook。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Immerse yourself in the fascinating geothermal activity, from boiling mud pools to geysers (间歇泉).(让自己沉浸在迷人的地热活动中，从沸腾的泥池到间歇泉)”以及“Indulge (沉迷) in a relaxing bath in one of the natural geysers or treat yourself to a refreshing mud bath.(在一个天然间歇泉中享受一个放松的澡，或者给自己洗一个清爽的泥浴)”可推断，在Rotorua，游客们可以在天然间歇泉中洗个澡。故选A。
3. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Don’t forget to explore the world-famous Milford Track, for an up-close encounter with the region’s unparalleled natural beauty. (不要忘记探索世界著名的米尔福德轨道，近距离接触该地区无与伦比的自然美景)”、第三段“For an exciting experience, take a scenic flight and witness the awe-inspiring landscape from above. (想要体验一次激动人心的体验，可以乘坐风景优美的飞机，从上面见证令人敬畏的风景)”、第
四段“Embark on the Abel Tasman Coast Track, a multi-day hiking trail that winds through lush forests, revealing breathtaking views of the Tasman Sea. (踏上亚伯塔斯曼海岸小径，这是一条为期数天的徒步小径，蜿蜒穿过茂密的森林，揭示了塔斯曼海的壮丽景色)”以及最后一段“Hike along Pohaturoa Track to command a fine view of the Lake Rotorua and the Whakarewarewa Geothermal Reserve. (沿着波哈托鲁瓦轨道徒步旅行，可以欣赏到罗托鲁瓦湖和瓦卡雷瓦瓦地热保护区的美景)”可知，在这四个景点，我们都可以欣赏到美丽的自然风景。故选C。
B
Writers of science fiction often feel more prescient (预知的) than others. Whether it’s the architectural and social dystopias of J.G. Ballard’s novels, or the world of E.M. Forster’s The Machine Stops, the genre is full of prescient writers dealing with ever more familiar issues.
Out of all such writers, few seem more likely to predict our times than author Philip K. Dick, who died 42 years ago. In a remarkably 30-year period of work, Dick authored 44 novels and countless short stories, adaptations of which redefined science fiction on screen — in particular Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner, based on Dick’s story Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep and Paul Verhoeven’s Total Recall, which took his 1966 short story We Can Remember It for You Wholesale as its source material.
Dick had a astonishing ability to predict what would happen in modern world. Celebrated science-fiction and fantasy author Stan Nicholls suggested Dick’s work was prescient because it explored the future through the then-present. “His stories foresaw the availability of the Internet, virtual reality, facial recognition software, driverless cars and 3D printing,” Nicholls said — while also pointing out that “it’s a misinterpretation that prediction is the primary purpose of science fiction.” The genre’s hit rate is actually not very good in that respect. Like all the best science fiction, his stories weren’t really about the future; they were about the here and now.”
Putting aside Dick’s ability to foresee the future we now take for granted, his most disturbing vision was of the world itself ultimately being a simulation (模拟). Dick’s reality was already a delicate and complex one. In many of his later books, the idea of reality being a fa ade (假象) grew as a dominant theme. “Dick argued we were existing in a simulation,” Nicholls suggested.
Whether his visions were true, as he believed, a product of small problems in the simulation or his fading mental health, one thing is for certain: the world in which the work of Philip K. Dick is celebrated today feels ever closer to the ones imagined by this most unique and exceptional of writer.
4. How does the author explain the topic in Paragraph 1
A. By listing examples. B. By using metaphors.
C. By making a comparison. D. By introducing an concept.
5. What could be inferred from Paragraph 2
A. Dick can predict the future precisely.
B. Some directors like to adapt Dick’s novels into movies.
C. Dick’s novels redefined what science fiction was about.
D. No one wrote more science fiction novels of our times than Dick.
6. A universal feature of all the best science fiction stories is that they _______.
A. have a high hit rate B. are good at predicting
C. focus on the present D. explore the distant future
7. What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph
A. Philip K. Dick had a great impact on science.
B. Philip K. Dick had traveled into the future then.
C. People don’t agree to Philip K. Dick’s prediction.
D. The world in Philip K. Dick’s works is similar to today’s world.
【答案】4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科幻小说作家菲利普·K·迪克的作品预见了未来的许多事物，他的作品中的世界与今天的世界越来越接近。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Whether it’s the architectural and social dystopias of J. G. Ballard’s novels, or the world of E.M. Forster’s The Machine Stops, the genre is full of prescient writers dealing with ever more familiar issues.(无论是J.G. Ballard的小说中的建筑和社会的反乌托邦，还是E.M. Forster的《机器停止》的世界，这个类型充满了预见越来越熟悉问题的作家)”可推知，作者通过列举例子来解释主题，故选A。
5. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Dick authored 44 novels and countless short stories, adaptations of which redefined science fiction on screen(迪克写了44部小说和无数的短篇故事，这些作品的改编在屏幕上重新定义了科幻小说)”可推知，有些导演喜欢把迪克的小说改编成电影。故选B。
6. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Like all the best science fiction, his stories weren’t really about the future; they were about the here and now.(像所有最好的科幻小说一样，他的故事并不真的关于未来；它们关于现在)”可知，所有最好的科幻小说的一个普遍特征是它们关注现在。故选C。
7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Whether his visions were, as he believed, a product of small problems in the simulation or his fading mental health, one thing is for certain — the world in which the work of Philip K. Dick is well known today feels ever closer to the ones imagined by this most unique and exceptional writer.(无论他认为自
己的想象是模拟中的小问题的产物还是他日渐衰弱的心理健康的产物，有一点是肯定的，菲利普·K·迪克的作品如今所处的世界，与这位最独特、最杰出的作家所想象的世界越来越接近)”可知，菲利普·K·迪克的作品如今所处的世界，与他书中所想象的世界越来越接近。由此推知，作者在最后一段中想表达菲利普·K·迪克作品中想象的世界与今天的世界相似。故选D。
(II)语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Space-Time Painter, written by Chinese writer Hai Ya, won the Hugo Award for Best Novelette at the 81st World Science Fiction Convention (World Con) 1 (hold) in the southwestern Chinese city of Chengdu.
Hai became the third Chinese 2 (win) of the Hugo Award, following sci-fi writers Liu Cixin and Hao Jingfang. The Space-Time Painter was published in 2022. It 3 (inspire) by the life experience of the 4 (talent) Chinese painter Wang Ximeng during the Northern Song period (960-1127), who created the 12-meter-long landscape painting“One Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains.”
In this story, Hai did his best 5 (balance) the relationship between story,characters and history, hoping to bring readers a mature work. He said that 6 not a big category, historical sci-fi has always been there.
Hai, also a financial worker, thinks himself more 7 a sci-fi enthusiast than a writer. “I write while doing my job, so I have very little time to write every day,” he said. “But I think as long as I love it and am willing to put efforts in it, I will see hopes and 8 dawn”.
The Hugo Awards are the most prestigious awards of science fictions. It was first presented in 1953 and presented 9 (annual) since 1955. The Hugo Awards are voted on by members of the World Science Fiction Convention, 10 is also responsible for administering them.
【答案】1. held 2. winner 3. was inspired 4. talented 5. to balance 6. although/though 7. of 8. the 9. annually 10. which
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。由中国作家海涯创作的《时空画师》在中国西南城市成都举行的第81届世界科幻大会上获得雨果奖最佳短中篇小说奖，他成为继科幻作家刘慈欣和郝景芳之后第三位获得雨果奖的中国作家。
1. 考查非谓语动词。句意：由中国作家海涯创作的《时空画师》在中国西南城市成都举行的第81届世界科幻大会上获得雨果奖最佳短中篇小说奖。句中有谓语won，前后无连词，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰the 81st World Science Fiction Convention (World Con)，且二者之间是被动关系，应用过去分词形式，故填held。
2. 考查名词。句意：海成为继科幻作家刘慈欣和郝景芳之后第三位获得雨果奖的中国作家。此处应用名词winner作表语，由the third可知，此处表示第三位中国作家，应用单数，故填winner。
3. 考查时态和语态。句意：它的灵感来自于中国天才画家王希孟在北宋时期(960-1127)的生活经历，他创作了12米长的山水画《千里江山图》。此处在句中作谓语，描述过去发生的事，且主语it和动词inspire是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was inspired。
4. 考查形容词。句意：它的灵感来自于中国天才画家王希孟在北宋时期(960-1127)的生活经历，他创作了12米长的山水画《千里江山图》。此处应用形容词talented作定语，修饰名词painter，故填talented。
5. 考查非谓语动词。句意：在这个故事中，海尽力平衡故事、人物和历史之间的关系，希望给读者带来一部成熟的作品。do one’s best to do sth.固定搭配，意为“尽力做某事”，故填to balance。
6. 考查状语从句。句意：他说，尽管历史科幻小说不是一个很大的类别，但它一直存在。此处表示“尽管”，应用although/though引导让步状语从句，although/though not a big category是状语从句的省略，省略了同主句相同的主语historical sci-fi 以及be动词is，故填although/though。
7. 考查固定搭配。句意：海，也是一名金融工作者，他认为自己更是一个科幻爱好者而不是作家。think oneself of固定搭配，意为“认为自己是……”。故填of。
8. 考查冠词。句意：但是我认为只要我热爱它并且愿意付出努力，我就会看到希望和曙光。see the dawn固定搭配，意为“看到曙光”，此处表示特指，应用定冠词，故填the。
9. 考查副词。句意：它于1953年首次亮相，自1955年起每年亮相一次。此处应用副词annually作状语，修饰动词presented，故填annually。
10. 考查定语从句。句意：雨果奖由世界科幻大会的成员投票选出，该大会也负责管理这些奖项。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the World Science Fiction Convention，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用which引导定语从句，故填which。选择性必修四 Unit 1-Unit 2 重点词汇及短语拓展
I. Unit 1-Unit 2重点词汇及拓展
1. __________ n. 庄重；庄严；尊严→__________ v. 使有尊严；使崇高；使增辉→__________ adj. 庄重的；庄严的；有尊严的
2. __________ n. 预约；约会；委任→__________ v. 任命；委任；安排，确定(时间、地点等)→__________ adj.约定的；指定的
3. __________ n. 女售货员；女推销员→__________ n. 销售员；推销员
4. __________ adj. 内疚的；有罪的；有过失的→__________ n. 内疚；犯罪；有罪→__________ adv. 有罪地；内疚地
5. __________ vt. 悬；挂；暂停；暂缓→__________ n. 吊带裤；吊杆；悬挂物
6. __________ vt. 让(某人)离开；解散；解雇；消除→__________ n. 解雇；开除；不予理会
7. __________ vt. 表明；宣称；公布→__________ n. 公告；宣告；宣言
8. __________ vt.& vi. 假设；假定→__________ n. 假设；假定
9. __________ vt. 计算；核算；预测→__________ n. 计算；估计；预测
10. __________ adj. 模糊不清的；难以区分的→__________ v. (使)变得模糊不清
11. __________ adj. 更好的；占优势的；(在级别或重要性上)更高的→__________ n. 优越(性)；优势
12. __________ vt.分割；分配；除以→__________ n. 分开；分隔；差异；除(法)
13. __________ n. 强烈的欲望；冲动 vt. 催促；力劝；大力推荐→__________ n. 紧迫；急迫；急事→__________ adj. 急迫的，紧急的
14. __________ adj.随机的；不可思议的→__________ adv. 随便地，任意地；随机地
15. __________ vi.& vt. 爆炸；爆破→__________ n. 爆炸；爆破；爆裂(声)→__________ adj. 易爆炸的；可能引起爆炸的→____________________ adv. 爆发地；爆炸性地；迅猛地
16. __________ n. 泥；泥浆→__________ adj.泥泞的
17. __________ vt.成立；建立→__________ n. 创建者；缔造者→__________ n. 创建；基础；地基
18. __________ vi.& vt.位于→__________ adj.位于→__________ n. 地点；位置
19. __________ n. 政治；政治学→__________ adj.政治的→__________ n. 政治家；政客
20. __________ n. 药草；香草；草本→__________ adj.药草的；香草的
21. __________ vt.& vi.(使)振动→__________ n. 震动
22. __________ n. 生理；生物学→__________ adj.生物学的→__________ n. 生物学家
23. __________ adj.有能力的；有才干的→__________ n. 能力；容量
24. __________ vt.分发；分配→__________ n. 分布；分配；分发→__________ n. 经销商；分销商
25. __________ n. 发生率；重复率；(声波或电磁波振动的)频率→__________ adj.频繁的；常见的→__________ adv.常常；频繁地
26. __________vt.批准；许可 n. (＝__________)许可证；执照→__________ adj.得到正式许可的
27. __________ n. 暴力；暴行→__________ adj.暴力的；猛烈的→__________ adv.粗暴地；强烈地
II.Unit 1-Unit 2重点短语和句型
一、重点短语
1. more like ____________________ 2. test out ____________________
3. after all ____________________ 4. on a business trip ____________________
5. turn around ____________________ 6. as a favour ____________________
7. or rather ____________________ 8. conflict with ____________________
9. have an urge to ____________________ 10. superior to ____________________
11. take over ____________________ 12. turn out ____________________
13. fall away ____________________ 14. look around ____________________
15. rise up ____________________ 16. on a ... basis ____________________
17. pros and cons ____________________ 18. do some research ____________________
19. be located to ____________________ 20. refer to ... as ____________________
21. on the other hand ____________________ 22. lead to ____________________
23. be native to ____________________ 24. be in contact with ____________________
25. play a part in ____________________ 26. make an impression on ____________________
27. major in ____________________ 28. breathe in ____________________
29. make up ____________________ 30. feel at home ____________________
31. a handful of ____________________ 32. as well as ____________________
33. pick up ____________________
二、重点句型
1. 句型公式：名词短语作同位语
教材原句：She wasn’t like Gladys Claffern, one of the richest and most powerful women around.
翻译：____________________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
one of the richest ... 在句中作同位语，对Gladys Claffern做进一步的解释和说明。同位语的用法如下：
(1)名词(短语)、代词作同位语；
(2)不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)作同位语；
(3)从句作同位语，通常跟在某些抽象名词，如fact, plan, view, idea, belief, opinion, possibility, thought等后，用来说明所修饰词的内容。
e.g. ① I am Li Hua, a student from China.
我是李华，一名来自中国的学生。
② In the meantime, those volunteers hold the opposite view that they are fed up with the earth life and eager for living on the Mars.
同时，那些持相反观点的志愿者认为，他们已经厌倦了地球上的生活，渴望到火星上居住。
③We need to get rid of the idea that we must be liked all the time in order to be worthwhile.
我们需要摆脱那种必须一直受人爱戴才有价值的观念。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①On the one hand, I have strong __________ (believe) that I will do well in the exam; on the other hand, I feel a bit nervous, though it’s not difficult.
(2)完成句子
②Shanghai, ____________________, is most developed.
上海，中国最大的城市之一，是最发达的。
③The young man tried to achieve his aim—____________________.
这个年轻人想实现自己的目标——进入重点大学。
2. 句型公式：make＋宾语＋宾语补足语
教材原句：As a favour, Tony promised to help Claire make herself more beautiful and her home more elegant.
翻译：____________________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
make复合结构的主要用法如下：
make＋宾语＋宾语补足语Error!
e.g. ①Experiences will make him a man.
经历会使他成为一个堂堂正正的男子汉。
②He turned me down, which made me at a loss.
他拒绝了我，这让我不知所措。
③There is no doubt that you are supposed to know about the history of Tang Dynasty in advance, which will make the class go smoothly.
毫无疑问，你应该提前了解唐朝的历史，这样课程就能够顺利进行。
【名师点津】make后接名词作宾补时，若作宾补的名词是独一无二的职位，如president, chairman, monitor, headmaster, manager, head, captain等，则该名词前不用加任何冠词。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①My parents would like to make me __________ (study) 24 hours a day.
②The teacher raised his voice so that he could make himself __________ (hear).
(2)完成句子
③We’re all delighted to ______________________________.
选李津作为我们班的班长大家都很高兴。
3. 句型公式：完全倒装句型
教材原句：As she turned around, there stood Gladys Claffern.
翻译：________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
本句中there stood Gladys Claffern为完全倒装句型。使用完全倒装句的几种情况：
(1)当here, there, now, then, in, out, off, away等表示地点或时间的副词及介词短语置于句首，谓语动词是be, come, go, remain, lie, run等，且主语为名词时，句子用完全倒装；
(2)在主系表结构中，作表语的形容词、分词置于句首时，用完全倒装；
(3)such作表语置于句首时，用完全倒装。
e.g. ①There stood chairs, with such high backs, and with arms on both sides.
那里摆着许多高背靠椅，而且椅子两边都有扶手。
②—Is everyone here
—Not yet. Look, there come the rest of our guests!
——每个人都在这儿吗？
——还没有。看，我们其余的客人来了！
③Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
这就是阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦，一个简朴的人，20世纪最伟大的科学家。
【多维运用】
(1)句型转换
①In the dark corner of the room, the cat jumped up and caught the mouse.
→In the dark corner of the room, ____________________ and caught the mouse.(全部倒装)
②Wild flowers were growing over the mountain, whose names he didn’t know.
→______________________________, whose names he didn’t know. (全部倒装)
(2)完成句子
③____________________, who is full of integrity, wisdom, dignity and positive energy.
这就是我们的女主席，她充满了正直、智慧、尊严和正能量。
4. 句型公式：suggest＋宾语从句（(should) + v.）
教材原句：He suggested that she invite Gladys and her friends to the house the night before he was to leave and Larry was to return.
翻译：________________________________________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
(1)suggest表示“建议”时，后面的宾语从句的谓语用了虚拟语气，其结构是：should do或do，否定形式为：should not do或not do。suggest当“表明；暗示”讲时，后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
(2)suggest 可接sth. 或 doing sth.（不能接不定式）
e.g. ①That is why I suggest you (should) apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China.
这就是为什么我建议你申请北京大学，中国最好的大学之一。
②I suggested that Li Ming (should) be sent to the south.
我建议把李明派往南方。
③His silence suggested that he didn’t agree with us.
沉默不语表明他不同意我们的意见。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①He suggested __________ (go) for a swim in the river after lunch.
②The smile on her face suggested she __________ (be) very happy.
(2)完成句子
I suggested that ____________________ today.
我建议他今天先不要做。
5. 句型公式：It was ...... that ......强调句型
教材原句：It was at ten o’clock today that the first of all Time Machines began its career.
翻译：__________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
英语表达中，要强调句子的某一成分，一般可用强调句型“It is (was) +that (who) +句子的其余部分”。It在句中无意义，只起引出被强调部分的作用。被强调的部分指人时，除可用that外，还可换用who(强调宾语指人时也可用whom)。一般而言，强调结构几乎可以强调除谓语动词及形容词作表语之外的任何句子成分。
e.g. ① (2021·全国乙卷)It’s not the new method itself but the people who use it that really matters.
真正重要的不是新方法本身，而是使用它的人。
②It was he who (that) read three books in the library yesterday.
昨天是他在图书馆读了三本书。
③It is a new boke that his brother wants to buy.
他的弟弟就想买一个新博客。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
① In which play is it __________ your brother appear
② It was for this reason __________ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village.
③ It is the ability to do the job __________ matters, not where you come from or what you are.
(2)完成句子
克里斯托弗·哥伦布到达新大陆是在1492年。
It was in 1492 that Christoph Columbus ______________________________.
6. 句型公式：as if引导方式状语从句或表语从句
教材原句：Night came as if a lamp was being turned out, and in another moment came the day.
翻译：__________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
as if/though所引导的从句中的语气及时态：
as if / as though
陈述语气（真实的或极有可能发生的情况） 根据具体情况判断时态
虚拟语气（不真实的或不可能发生的情况） 虚拟现在 did
虚拟过去 had done
虚拟将来 would / might / could do
e.g. ①He talks as if he knew all about it.
他谈起来好像全知道似的。(与现在事实不符)
②He kept working as if nothing had happened.
他继续工作，好像什么都没有发生过。(与过去事实不符)
③It looks as if it might rain.
看上去好像要下雨。(与将来事实不符)
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if they __________ (happen) yesterday.
②It’s very warm today. It seems as if it __________ (be) spring already.
(2)完成句子
③Hurry up! It looks ______________________________.
快点！看起来火车要开了。
7. 句型公式：it作形式主语
教材原句：It is hard to explain the strange and unpleasant feeling of time travelling.
翻译：________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
it用作形式主语，可以代替不定式、动名词、从句等，而把真正的主语放在句子末尾，避免头重脚轻。
e.g. ①(2021·浙江1月卷)It is a great privilege for me to be here to extend a warm welcome to you on behalf of our school.
在这里我很荣幸地代表学校向你们表示热烈的欢迎。
②Is it necessary to tell his father everything
有必要把这一切都告诉他父亲吗
③It is uncertain whether he can come to Jenny’s birthday party or not.
他是否能来参加珍妮的生日聚会还不确定。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①You can release the chute with either hand, but it is easier __________ (do) it with the left.
②It is necessary __________ (do) further study and development on the pine cone.
(2)完成句子
③克里斯是如此雄心勃勃，如此坚决地要把它做完。
Chris is so ambitious, ____________________.
8. 句型公式：can’t/couldn’t wait to do sth“迫不及待做某事”
教材原句：I can’t wait to see all of them!
翻译：______________________________！
e.g. ①The book was so interesting that he could not wait to read it.
这本书非常有趣，以至于他迫不及待地想看。
②I can’t wait to get it written.
我已经迫不及待想要把它写成书了。
③I found a great new bar and I can’t wait to introduce you to it.
我发现了一个新的非常好的酒吧，我迫不及待得像介绍你去。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①You say something like, “I can hardly wait __________ (tell) you about my trip to the Grand Canyon.”
②After reading a good book, maybe you can’t wait __________ (share) it with your friends.
(2)完成句子
I ____________________ to enjoy the wonderful culture.
我已经等不及要去中国旅游，感受中国的精彩文化了。
9. 句型公式：状语从句的省略
教材原句：To play the didgeridoo, you put your mouth on one end and blow while vibrating your lips.
翻译：__________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
状语从句的省略是指使语言的精炼将状语从句进行简化。需满足两个条件: 1.主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；2. 从句主要动词是be的某种形式。
状语从句的"简化"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:
①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;
②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;
③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;
④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;
⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。
e.g. ①You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.
除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。
②(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The twins cheered up and did as told.
双胞胎高兴起来，按照他们被告知的做了。
③Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.
尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①When __________ (complete), the museum will be open to the public next year.
②He wouldn’t solve the problem even if __________ (take) charge.
③After __________ (finish) his homework, he went home happily.
(2)完成句子
④____________________, his parents managed to send him to university.
虽然缺钱，他父母没法让他上大学了。
⑤________________________________________, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
当被问及对自己教学工作的看法时，菲利普说，他觉得这份工作非常有趣，而且收获颇丰。
10. 句型公式：It is time for sb. to do sth.意为“是(某人)应该做某事的时候了”
教材原句：It’s almost time for me to say goodbye to Australia.
翻译：________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
(1)It’s (high/about) time ＋ that sb did/should do ... 到了某人做……的时间了
It’s (high/about) time ＋ (for sb) to do ... 到了(某人)做……的时间了
(2)“这是……第一/二次……”的表达有：
①It/This was the first/second time that ..., that从句的时态用过去完成时；
②It/This is the first/second time that ..., that从句的时态用现在完成时。
e.g. ① It’s time for us to take immediate measures to protect our Earth from being polluted.
该是我们立即采取措施保护地球不受污染的时候了。
②This is the first time that I have been away from my home for such a long time.
这是我第一次离开家这么长时间。
③It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development.
为了促进经济发展到该解决问题的时候了。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①It is high time for him __________ (refresh) himself at once.
②It is the third time that she __________ (win) the race, which has surprised us all.
③It was the second time that he __________ (join) in the discussion about how to deal with the problem.
(2)句型转换
④____________________________________________________________. (将句①改写为复合句)
11. 句型公式：It is said that ...“据说……”
教材原句：It is said that now nearly half of all Australian citizens were either born overseas or have parents who were born overseas.
翻译：______________________________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。该句型具有以下特点：
It is said that ... ＝Sb /Sth is said to do sth，意为“据说……”。其中，不定式根据情况可用一般式、进行式或完成式。
e.g. ①It is said that papercutting was used as a decoration as early as the Han Dynasty in our country.
据说剪纸早在我国汉代时就被用来作为装饰品。
②It is said that he has written a new book about symphony.
＝He is said to have written a new book about symphony.
据说他写了一本有关交响乐的新书。
③It is believed that the couple have left the country.
据信那对夫妇已经离开了这个国家。
【名师点津】
(1)下列句型可以转换为“Sb＋be＋动词过去分词＋to do ...”结构：
It is thought that ... 人们认为……
It is believed that ... 人们相信……
It is reported that ... 据报道……
It is considered that ... 人们认为……
It is supposed that ... 据推测……
(2)It is hoped that ...不能转换成Sb is hoped to do ...结构。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①John is said __________ (be) one of the best teachers in the school.
②She is believed __________ (tell) a lie because her words don’t agree with her action.
③The fire is reported __________ (expand) at present, for the wind is quite strong.
(2)句型转换
④____________________________________________________________. (将句①改写为复合句)
12. 句型公式：with复合结构
教材原句：Our topic today is “Creatures Unique to Australia”, with questions answered by wildlife expert, Dr Jim Smith.
翻译：________________________________________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
with＋宾语＋Error!
e.g. ①She came into the room, with her nose red because of cold.
她走进房间，鼻子被冻得通红。
②With many unexpected problems emerging, he was like a cat on a hot brick.
由于出现了许多意想不到的问题，他像一只热锅上的蚂蚁。
③The teacher came into the classroom, with a student followed her.
老师走进教室，一个学生跟在她后面。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①With a lot of difficult problems __________ (settle), the new manager works far into the night every day.
②With his mother __________ (help) him, he is getting along well with his work.
③With the key __________ (lose), he had to wait for his mother outside the door.
(2)完成句子
④______________________________, we sat together and ate mooncakes and fruits, sharing our stories.
美丽的月亮高高挂在天空，我们坐在一起吃着月饼和水果，一块分享我们的故事。
⑤____________________, she went home happily.
买了所有东西后，她高兴地回家了。
13. 句型公式：until / till ..在句中引导时间状语从句
教材原句：They sleep and drink milk in that temporary, protected environment until they are about seven or eight months old.
翻译：______________________________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
(1)肯定句＋until/till ...
直到……(主句中使用延续性谓语动词)
(2)not ... until/till ...
直到……才(主句中使用非延续性谓语动词)
【名师点津】不能够使用till的两种情况：
(1)强调句：it was not until ... that ...
(2)倒装句：not until置于句首
e.g. ①I went on with my work until I finished washing all the clothes.
我继续工作，直到把所有的衣服洗完。
②We stayed at the spot until the rescue team came.
我们一直待在现场，直到救援队来。
③Not until they heard that she was safe and sound were their minds set at rest.
听到她平安无事的消息，大家心里才一块石头落地。
【多维运用】
(1)完成句子
①I didn’t go to bed ______________________________.
直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
②I’m sorry about it. Can I suggest that we ______________________________
对此我很抱歉。我能建议我们推迟到八月初吗？
(2)句型转换
③The sports meet will not be held until next week.
→________________________________________.(强调句)
→________________________________________.(倒装句)
14. 句型公式：it作形式主语
教材原句：But in many places in Australia, it is against the law to even touch them.
翻译：__________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
It用作形式主语：替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
e.g. ①It would be a valuable experience to exchange ideas with some judges and excellent English learners.
和一些评委及优秀的英语学习者交换想法将会是一次珍贵的经历。
②It is necessary for the young people to learn two foreign languages.
年轻人学两门外语是非常必要的。
③It was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that.
他这样做使我很吃惊。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①Is it necessary __________ (tell) his father everything
②It is my pleasure __________ (answer) your question.
(2)完成句子
③______________________________ the homework.
他花了五个小时做作业。
15. 句型公式：while引导让步状语从句
教材原句：While it may lay eggs in a nest like a bird, it’s really a primitive mammal, with a unique biology.
翻译：________________________________________________________________________________。
【分析点拨】
while可以引导时间状语从句，在句中的意思是“当...时候，在...期间”，此时与when的用法相似。但是，while在引导时间状语时，从句的谓语动词只能是表示延续性的动词。while还可以引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然，尽管”。while引导的让步状语从句通常放在主句之前。还可以引导条件状语从句，相当于as long as，译作“只要”。引导原因状语从句相当于since，有“既然”的意思。
e.g. ①While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
②While he was ill, he went there.
虽然他有病，但他还是去那里了。
③When/While we were having a meeting, our teacher came in.
我们正在开会时，老师走了进来。
【多维运用】
(1)单句语法填空
①__________ he was tired, he went on working.
②The bus __________ (leave) when we arrived at the bus stop.
③While the teacher __________ (speak), the students were listening.
(2)完成句子
④When/While ____________________, our teacher came in.
我们正在开会时，老师走了进来。
III.知识点精讲：考点精析
1. test out检验；测试
It was going to be tested out by Larry’s wife, Claire. (教材P2)
机器人将由拉里的妻子克莱尔进行试用。
★情境探究
e.g.①The university students will test out the computer programme for any bugs.
大学生将对电脑程序进行检验，看有没有漏洞。
②His work is to test out new designs of cars before they are put on the market.
他的工作是在新设计的汽车投入市场之前对它们进行检验。
③But the Moon offers a great local to test out human missions to Mars.
但对于人类的火星使命来说，月球是个伟大的试验场。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
come out 出来；显露
work out (＝figure out) 计算出；锻炼身体
set out 动身；开始
wear out 穿破；耗尽；使厌烦
★学以致用
【写出下列句中黑体部分的含义】
①He wished to test out the item before selling it. __________
②The long climb tested out our power of endurance. __________
(2)完成句子
③He has achieved what __________ to do three years ago.
他已经实现了自己3年前的奋斗目标。
④What do you do with your shoes after __________
当你把鞋子穿破后，你是怎么做的？
ridiculous adj.愚蠢的；荒谬的；荒唐的
Claire thought it was ridiculous that she was being offered sympathy by a robot, ... (教材P2)
克莱尔觉得一个机器人对她表示同情十分荒谬，……
★情境探究
e.g.①She thought that it was ridiculous that the sculpture was brought to life and fell in love with the hero.
她认为这件雕塑复活并爱上了主人公是很可笑的。
②It is ridiculous to become angry about such an insignificant matter.
为这样一件无关紧要的事情生气，真是可笑。
③They think it is ridiculous that a person should get paid without working.
他们认为这是荒谬的，一个人应该获得报酬不工作。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
a ridiculous idea 荒唐的主意
look ridiculous 看上去可笑
sound ridiculous 听起来荒谬
It is ridiculous that ... ……是荒谬的
★学以致用
【补全句子】
①____________________(是荒谬的) they are short of water in a country where it is always raining.
②She ____________________ (看上去很可笑) in this hat while she was fond of the style.
【翻译句子】
③It sounded like a ridiculous idea. However, it was the idea that led to this invention.
____________________________________________________________。
3. dignity n. 庄重；庄严；尊严
He always treated her with dignity. (教材P2)
他一直对她彬彬有礼。
★情境探究
e.g.①We do this because we believe in the dignity and value of every person.
我们这样做是因为我们相信每个人的尊严和价值。
②He conducted himself with grace and dignity throughout the trial.
在整个审讯过程中他表现得文雅而有尊严。
③He is a practical humanist, who believes in the dignity of mankind.
他是个真正的人道主义者，信奉人类的尊严。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
with dignity 有尊严地；体面地
preserve one’s dignity 保持某人的尊严
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①She accepted the criticism __________ dignity.
【完成句子】
②It’s difficult ____________________ when you have no job and no home.
一个无家无业的人难以保持自己的尊严。
4. appointment n. 预约；约会；委任
She had an appointment to paint her nails, then she went into an expensive clothes shop. (教材P2)
她按预约去美甲后，走进了一家高档时装店。
★情境探究
e.g.①If you fail to keep the dentist’s appointment, you’ll have to pay for it.
如果你和牙医约好时间但到时不去，你得付钱。
②In some cases people have had to wait several weeks for an appointment.
在某些情况下，人们必须等上好几周才能得到约见。
③Her appointment was seen as a consolation prize after she lost the election.
她的任命被认为是对她落选的安慰。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)make/have an appointment with sb 和某人有约
keep/break an appointment 守约/失约
(2)appoint v. 任命；委派；安排；约定
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①She has an appointment __________ the science fiction writer to meet at the café.
②I ____________________ (appoint) to take charge of arranging all the activities on that day.
(2)完成句子
③A punctual person is in the habit of doing a thing at the proper time and ____________________.
一个守时的人有在适当的时候做一件事的习惯，且从不违约。
5. guilty adj.内疚的；有罪的；有过失的
Although it was completely innocent, Claire felt guilty. (教材P2)
虽然完全无辜，克莱尔还是感到内疚。
★情境探究
e.g.①John had a guilty look on his face, leaving all the tasks to me.
约翰脸上带着愧疚的表情，把所有的任务都交给了我。
②We’ve all been guilty of selfishness at some time in our lives.
我们每个人一生中都有过自私自利的过失。
③Mr. Li feels guilty at not being in a position to meet his traditional obligations.
李先生对自己没有尽到传统的义务而感到内疚。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)be guilty of 犯有……罪
be/feel guilty at/about 对/为……感到内疚/有愧
(2)guilt n. 内疚；悔恨；犯罪；罪行
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①It was ridiculous that the corrupt official was declared not guilty __________ corruption.
②She had feelings of __________ (guilty) about leaving her children and going to work.
【完成句子】
③I ____________________ abandoning such a golden chance.
放弃了这么好的机会，我感到内疚。
6. dismiss vt.让(某人)离开；解散；解雇；消除
The guests would be arriving soon, so Claire dismissed Tony for the rest of the night. (教材P3)
客人们很快就要来了，于是克莱尔让托尼结束了当晚的工作，说当夜不再需要他了。
★情境探究
e.g.①I think we can safely dismiss their objections.
我认为我们对他们的异议完全可以不予理会。
②They constantly dismiss others’ proposals while taking no responsibility for tackling the problem.
他们总是忽视其他人的建议，却没有承担任何解决问题的责任。
③Under the statutes of the university they had no power to dismiss him.
按大学的规章制度，校方无权开除他。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
dismiss sb for sth 因……而解雇/开除某人
dismiss sb from sth 解雇/开除某人
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①The servant __________ (dismiss) for being lazy and dishonest.
②She claimed she was unfairly dismissed __________ her post.
【完成句子】
③Friends and family had suggested we get another dog, but Alan and I ____________________.
朋友和家人建议我们再养一条狗，但我和艾伦拒绝了这个想法。
7. declare vt.表明；宣称；公布
She heard him declare that he did not want to leave her the next day, and that he felt more than just the desire to please her. (教材P3)
克莱尔听着托尼宣布说他次日并不想离开她，而且他心里的愿望不只是让她开心而已。
★情境探究
e.g.①When the teacher declared me to be the winner of the English Speech Contest, I was surprised and pleased.
当老师宣布我是这次英语演讲比赛的得胜者时，我又惊又喜。
②The government is ready to declare a permanent ceasefire.
政府已经准备好宣布永久停火。
③You can use “make sure” to declare that you want something or something needs to be done.
你可以用“make sure”来声明想要某东西或某事必须做到。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
declare sb/sth to be 宣布某人或某事是……
declare for/against 赞成/反对……
declare war (on ...) (向……)宣战
declare sth open/closed 宣布某事开始/结束
declare that ... 宣布……
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①They declared __________ building a new bridge because it would cost a lot of money.
②The competition __________ (declare) open yesterday.
【完成句子】
③There being no further business, the chairman ____________________.
由于没有其他事情，主席宣布散会。
8. on a ... basis 根据；以……的方式(基准)
money paid for work or services, typically on a daily or weekly basis (教材P4)
为工作或服务支付的钱，通常是每天或每周
★情境探究
e.g.①Remember, even world champion athletes practise their skills on a consistent basis.
记住，即使是世界冠军，运动员们也要始终如一地练习他们的技能。
②Billions of people use social media on a daily basis to create, share, and exchange ideas, messages, and information.
数十亿人每天都在使用社交媒体来创造、分享和交流想法、消息以及信息。
③A good parent-children relationship should be set up on the basis of mutual understanding and respect.
良好的亲子关系应该建立在相互理解和尊重的基础上。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)base vt.以……为根据/基础；基于
n. 基部；基地；基础
base ... on ... 以……为……的基础
be based on/upon 以……为基础/依据
(2)basic adj. 基本的；基础的
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①He drew a safe conclusion __________ a reasoning basis.
②With our knowledge __________ (base) on practice, we can make great contributions to our society.
【完成句子】
③First, he ______________________________ of making dough figurines.
首先，他向我们展示了捏面人的基本步骤和技巧。
9. calculate vt.计算；核算；预测
They believe if AI can handle tasks like calculating and driving for us, ... (教材P4)
他们认为，如果人工智能能够为我们处理像计算和驾驶之类的任务……
★情境探究
e.g.①We calculate on having fine weather for the sports meeting.
我们指望有好天气来开运动会。
②You’ll need to calculate how much time the assignment will take.
你需要算一算要花多少时间才能完成分配的任务。
③One recent study attempted to calculate the extent of this "ecological overshoot of the human economy".
最近的一项研究试图对这种“人类经济对生态透支”的程度进行计算。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)calculate on 指望；期待
be calculated to do sth 旨在做某事
(2)calculator n. 计算器
calculation n. 计算；估算
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①You should be able to calculate __________ your family to support you.
②Laboratory work needs not only accurate measurements but also correct __________ (calculate).
【完成句子】
③______________________________ who are interested in fine art.
这次讲座是为了激发那些对美术感兴趣的人。
10. superior adj.更好的；占优势的；(在级别或重要性上)更高的
In scifi stories, robot often become superior and take over. (教材P6)
在科幻小说中，机器人往往会变得更优秀并占据主导地位。
★情境探究
e.g.①Helen was chosen for the job because she was superior to any other candidate.
海伦被选中做这项工作是因为她比任何其他候选人都优秀。
②People make cutting remarks to help themselves feel superior or powerful.
人们说尖刻的话来帮自己感觉优越或强势。
③Like other outsiders, I was continually impressed by their superior understanding of the ecology we shared.
像其他局外人一样，他们对我们共有的生态环境的卓越理解不断给我留下深刻印象。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
“adj.＋to”构成的短语：
(1)senior to ... 比……年长的
(2)junior to ... 比……年轻的
(3)prior to ... 在……前面
(4)inferior to ... 比……差的
(5)superior to ... 比……好的
【名师点津】superior没有比较级，也不与than连用。
A is superior to B. ( √ )
A is more superior to B. ( × )
A is superior than B. ( × )
★学以致用
【写出下列句中黑体词的含义】
①Please let me introduce Tim to you, who is my superior officer.__________
②This computer is superior in many aspects to that one.__________
③You can stand there and feel superior as you point and laugh at them.__________
【句型转换】
④Recycled bags are better than plastic bags in environment protecting.
→Recycled bags are __________ plastic bags in environment protecting.
11. take over占上风；取而代之；接管；接手
In scifi stories, robot often become superior and take over. (教材P6)
在科幻小说中，机器人往往会变得更优秀并占据主导地位。
★情境探究
e.g.①Though technology is used to help us, we should not allow it to take over our lives.
虽然科技是用来帮助我们的，但我们不应该让它来控制我们的生活。
②In recent years, there have been many films about robots trying to take over the world.
近年来，有很多讲述机器人试图接管世界的电影。
③There are now more than 20 big companies waiting in the wings to take over some of its business.
现在有二十多家大公司正等着随时接手它的一些业务。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
take off (飞机)起飞；开始成功；脱去(衣服等)；摘掉
take away 拿走；夺走
take back 收回；带回；使回忆起
take down 写下；记下；拆卸
take in 吸收；理解；欺骗；收留
take on 具有；呈现；担任；承担；雇用
take up 举(拿、捡、拔)起；占据；从事
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
⑤After his third film, his career of film performance took __________.
⑥It is not difficult to take __________ a new career in midlife.
⑦The firm was taken __________ by a multinational consulting firm.
【完成句子】
⑧I know I was completely a fool to trust him, but he is a real charmer ____________________.
我知道我是个十足的傻瓜才相信他，但他是一个真正的魅力四射的人，他完全欺骗了我。
12. conflict with 与……冲突或抵触
A ROBOT MUST OBEY THE ORDERS GIVEN IT BY HUMAN BEINGS EXCEPT WHERE SUCH ORDERS WOULD CONFLICT WITH THE FIRST LAW. (教材P7)
机器人必须服从人类的命令，除非这些命令与第一定律相冲突。
★情境探究
e.g.①The changes are sure to conflict with the old traditions, so we must give it a second thought.
变化一定与旧的传统相冲突，所以我们一定要三思。
②She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.
她发现自己在将来择业的问题上与父母存在着分歧。
③The boy pulled the boat’s head round in order to avoid the conflict with the boat in front of him.
这个男孩为了避免同前面的小船相撞而掉转了船头。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
in conflict with 与……有冲突
come into conflict with 与……产生冲突
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①She found herself in conflict __________h her parents over her future career.
②Coming into conflict __________ others are common in everyday life.
【完成句子】
③Putting ourselves in their shoes is of great importance ____________________.
当我们和朋友发生冲突的时候，换位思考是十分重要的。
13. turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是
Night came as if a lamp was being turned out, and in another moment came the day. (教材P8)
夜幕降临了，仿佛一盏灯正在熄灭，转眼间，白昼就来临了。
★情境探究
e.g.①The campaign, launched for bettering the environment, turned out to be a success.
这场为改善环境而发起的运动结果是很成功的。
②The new blog may turn out to be no more than a clever public-relations stunt.
新的博客可能只不过是一个聪明的公关噱头。
③Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned.
尽管全力以赴，但是有时候我们的绘画作品仍然很难呈现出最初构想的效果。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
turn down 调低；拒绝
turn up 开大；调大；出现
turn to 求助于；翻到(某页)；致力于
turn away 拒绝……入内；把……打发走
turn over 打翻；翻身；移交
turn around 转身；翻转
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①Tom had to turn __________ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
②Don’t worry. I’m sure your missing glasses will turn __________ sooner or later.
③Some compromises were unavoidable, but the video turned __________ perfect.
【完成句子】
④When it is something beyond my competence, ________________________________________.
当事情超出了我的能力时，我向老师和同学们寻求帮助。
14. fall away (逐渐)减少；消失
As my pace grew faster, the walls of the laboratory fell away, and I was left in the open air. (教材P8)
我的速度越来越快，实验室的墙壁随之坍塌，我置身野外。
★情境探究
e.g.①His supporters fell away as his reputation declined.
随着他的名望下降，他的支持者渐渐离他而去。
②Today, recognise yourself as a star, and allow anything that stops you from shining to fall away.
今天，确认自己是一颗明星，让那些障碍着你去发光的东西给抹去。
③Nothing stops when you relinquish a control you never had to start with. Only stress and suffering fall away.
当放弃从来不需要的控制时没有任何事物停止，只有压力和痛苦会消散。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
fall apart 破碎；破裂；崩溃
fall behind (sb/sth) 落后；落在……后面
fall in love with 爱上……
fall over sb/sth 被……绊倒；几乎被……绊倒
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①On the other side of the hill, the land fell __________ sharply.
②She is devoted to her class; if any pupil falls __________, she will ask him/her why.
【完成句子】
③Once you get to the Old Town of Lijiang, ______________________________ immediately.
一旦你去了丽江古城，你就会立刻爱上它。
15. urge n. 强烈的欲望；冲动 vt.催促；力劝；大力推荐
I had a strong urge to look at the random things that were being flashed before my eyes!(教材P8)
我有一种强烈的欲望，想看看眼前那些随机闪现的东西！
★情境探究
e.g.①It is urged that all the lamps (should) be turned out during the night.
要求夜间把所有的灯都关掉。
②Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever.
忧心忡忡的父母督促他们的孩子比以往申请更多的学校。
③The other day I wrote a piece about living a Should Free Lifestyle, but now I have the urge to confess something.
某天我写了一篇关于自由自在生活方式的文章，但现在我真切的想坦诚一些事情。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)have an urge to do sth 有强烈的欲望做某事
(2)urge sth/sb on 催促某物/某人前进
urge sb to do sth 催促某人做某事
urge that ...(should) do sth 极力主张/强调……做某事
It is urged that ... (should) do sth 坚决要求……做某事
(3)urgency n. 紧急；紧急情况
(4)urgent adj. 紧急的；迫切的
(5)urgently adv. 紧急地；迫切地
★学以致用
【单句语法填空】
①The student has an urge __________ (study) harder and get good grades.
②I make an __________ (urge) appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation.
③Parents urge their children __________ (take) advantage of the opportunity.
【句型转换】
④____________________________________________________________. (将句③改写为复合句)
16. located adj.位于
Located to the south of the equator, below many other countries on the globe, it's often informally referred to as “down under”.
(澳大利亚)位于赤道以南，并在地球上很多国家的下方，它常被非正式地称为“down under”。
★情境探究
e.g.①The analysis suggested that they were mostly located in forests that were at least 100 years old.
分析表明，它们主要分布在至少有100年历史的森林中。
②Located in southern Italy, Etna is the highest active volcano in Europe.
埃特纳火山位于意大利南部，是欧洲最高的活火山。
③Yunnan Province is located in southwest China, enjoying geographical proximity to Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.
云南省地处中国西南部，地理上邻近缅甸、老挝和越南。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)be located in/at/to 位于……
(2)locate vt. 位于；找出……的准确位置
【名师点津】located为过去分词转化来的形容词，侧重于表示主语的状态，常见的还有：be dressed in“穿着……的”、be lost in“迷路的；迷惘的”、be faced with“面对”等。
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Trick or Treat is a modern Halloween custom where children go from house to house __________ (dress) in costume, asking for treats like candy or toys.
②__________ (lose) in the forest, we had to remain where we were, waiting for help.
(2)完成句子
③The Great Wall, with a history of more than two thousand years, ______________________________.
长城位于中国北方，有两千多年的历史。
17. be in contact with与……保持联系
To survive in this vast land on the ocean, the Aborigines had to be in close contact with nature.
为了在大洋中这片辽阔的土地上生存，澳大利亚土著人得和大自然保持密切的联系。
★情境探究
e.g.①Have you been in contact with your classmates after graduation
你毕业后和同学们还保持联系吗？
②They compared how these organisms behaved when left in contact with different materials.
他们比较了这些有机物在接触不同材料时如何表现。
③I’ll be in contact with you once I have some more information.
一旦有了更多的信息我就会与你联系。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
make/get in contact with sb 与某人取得联系
keep/be in contact with sb 与某人保持联系
lose/be out of contact with sb 与某人失去联系
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Eventually, we got __________ contact with them and were told many updates.
②I met him at a meeting, and then we __________ (lose) contact with each other.
(2)完成句子
③We ________________________________________ for more than ten years.
我们保持联系已有十多年了。
18. breathe in 吸气
He does this by continually breathing in through his nose while breathing out through his mouth and into the didgeridoo.
演奏者可以不停地用鼻子吸气，同时通过嘴巴吐气，吹入迪吉里杜管中。
★情境探究
e.g.①It is impossible for him to breathe in because of sinking in the water.
他因沉入水中而无法吸入空气。
②The way to overcome nervousness is to breathe in deep and breathe out slowly for some times.
克服紧张的办法是调匀呼吸，深吸气，慢呼出。
③These muscles contract when we breathe in, expanding the lungs and drawing in air.
当我们吸气的时候，这些肌肉就收缩，扩大肺部并吸入空气。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
(1)breathe out 呼气
(2)breath n. 呼吸；气息
hold one’s breath 屏息；屏气
out of breath 上气不接下气；喘不过气来
lose one’s breath 喘不过气来
catch one’s breath 屏住呼吸；倒吸一口气
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Pay attention to your __________ (breathe) as it comes in and goes out.
(2)完成句子
②The beauty of the scene made him ____________________.
风景之美令他愕然止息。
③The weak girl ____________________ only after five minutes' running.
这个体弱的女孩仅仅跑了5分钟就气喘吁吁了。
④How long can you ____________________ underwater
你可以在水下屏气多久？
19. make up组成；构成；化妆；编造；和好；占据
After being here for a while, my biggest impression is the complicated mix of peoples and cultures that make up the nation.
在这里住了一段时间之后，我最深刻的印象就是不同种族和文化的交融构成了这个国家。
★情境探究
e.g.①We are lucky that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are effected by flooding.
我们很幸运，只有低洼地受到洪水的影响，而低洼地在我们农场中只占很小的比例。
②The Chinese make up the largest single ethnic group in the city’s public classrooms.
华人在该市公立学校的课堂中构成最大的一个族群。
③She tried to make up for her shabby treatment of him.
她先前待他不好，这时候想弥补一下。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
make up one’s mind 下决心；决定
make up for 弥补；补偿
make out 理解；辨认出
make for 朝……行进；导致；促成；有助于
★学以致用
(1)写出下列句中黑体部分的含义
①The imaginative child made up fairy stories.__________造
②Each link that makes up a chain is equally important.__________
③Did they make up with each other __________
(2)完成句子
④The fog was so heavy in the morning that I ________________________________________.
早晨的雾太大，以至于我不能清晰地辨认出分界线。
⑤At the same time, I ______________________________ rather than waste precious time on those useless things.
同时，我下定决心更加努力学习，而不是把宝贵的时间浪费在那些无用的事情上。
20. entitle vt.给……命名(或题名)；使享有权利
Ethnic minority groups in China are often entitled to special funds from the government to help protect their cultural heritage.
在中国，少数民族经常有权从政府获得特别基金，来帮助保护文化遗产。
★情境探究
e.g.①He calculated that he would finish reading the novel entitled The Story of the Stone the next week.
他估计下星期会读完那本名为《红楼梦》的小说。
②Golden parachutes entitle them to a full year’s salary if they get booted out of the company.
黄金降落伞使他们一旦被公司解雇将有权获得一整年的薪水。
③It is widely known that full-time employees are entitled to receive medical insurance.
众所周知，全职员工有权获得医疗保险。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
entitle sb to sth 使某人有权利(或资格)享有……
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①The novel __________ (entitle) The Journey to the West is so attractive that he can't tear himself away from it.
②It is well known that everyone __________ (entitle) to their own opinion.
(2)完成句子
③Your qualifications ______________________________.
你的资历使你有资格获得更高的薪水。
21. distribution n. 分布；分配；分发
It has to be the kangaroo, as it has a wide distribution throughout the country.
毫无疑问是袋鼠，因为这种动物广泛分布于全国。
★情境探究
e.g.①The map shows the distribution of this species across the world.
地图上标明了这一物种在全世界的分布情况。
②Some of the victims are complaining loudly about the uneven distribution of emergency aid.
一些受害者正大声地抱怨紧急援助的不均衡分配。
③The authorities have abandoned any attempt to distribute food in an orderly fashion.
当局中途放弃了任何有序地分发食品的尝试。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
distribute vt. 分配；分发；分布；分散
distribute sth to/among ... 把某物分配/分发给……
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Then we distributed some presents such as books and schoolbags __________ them.
②Who will take charge of the __________ (distribute) of food and clothing to the flood victims
(2)完成句子
③I told those international students that ________________________________________.
我告诉那些国际学生，茶在全国各地广泛分布。
22. as well as也；和
Because of this, the government began to make laws against touching koalas, in the interest of animal protection, as well as public safety.
因此，政府开始立法禁止触摸考拉，也是出于对保护动物和公共安全的考虑。
★情境探究
e.g.①For another, I have a good command of English as well as rich experience in being a volunteer.
另一方面，我的英语很好，也有丰富的志愿者经验。
②Flowers are chosen for their scent as well as their look.
花儿不仅凭外观也凭香味而被选中。
③Few guitarists can sing as well as they can play; Eddie, however, is an exception.
很少有吉他手唱歌能唱得跟弹得一样好，而艾迪是个例外。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
as well 也；又；还(常放在句子末尾，作为副词短语使用)
may/might as well do sth
最好做某事；不妨做某事
【名师点津】
当“A as well as B”结构作主语时，谓语动词应与A在人称和数方面保持一致。
★学以致用
(1)选词填空(as well as/as well/might as well)
①Acidity (酸) is a special flavour that not only affects the tongue but the nose __________.
②Chang’an, as the starting point of the Silk Road, __________ the capital of the dynasty, developed into one of the largest cities of the time.
③I hadn’t got any urgent business waiting for me, so I thought I __________ stay on for a bit and leave at the middle of the month.
(2)完成句子
④Email as well as mobile phones __________________________________________________.
电子邮件和手机在我们的日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
23. capacity n. 能力；容量
It has a capacity to find food in the water by using electrical sensors in its bill.
它拥有一种能用嘴里的电传感器在水中找到食物的能力。
★情境探究
e.g.①She has an enormous capacity for hard work.
她特别能吃苦耐劳。
②Limited resources are restricting our capacity for developing new products.
有限的资源正制约着我们开发新产品的能力。
③He had no natural authority and no capacity for imposing his will on others.
他天生没有威信，也没有将其意志强加于他人的能力。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
have a capacity for sth/to do ... 有……(做某事)的能力
a capacity of ... 容纳……
★学以致用
(1)单句语法填空
①Limited resources are restricting our capacity __________ developing new products.
②With that in mind, do you have the capacity __________ (do) the remaining items on the list in the near future
(2)单句写作
③那座剧院能容纳2,000名观众。
__________________________________________________
24. a handful of少数人(或物)；一把(的量)
There are only a small handful of animals in the world that can do that!
世界上只有很少的动物可以那样做！
★情境探究
e.g.①Tom grabbed up a handful of snow and shoved it down his sister's collar.
汤姆抓起一把雪往妹妹的衣领里塞。
②I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon.
我买了一把熟透了的小草莓和一个小甜瓜。
③She stopped at one vendor, flashed her badge, and picked a handful of mushrooms.
她在一个小贩跟前停住了，亮了亮徽章，然后抓起一把蘑菇。
★要点突破
【归纳拓展】
常见“a＋量词＋of”的短语：
a flock of 一群(羊或鸟)
a mouthful of 满嘴的……
a bagful of 满满的一袋……
★学以致用
(1)用适当的量词短语填空
①__________ gold coins appeared, and the greedy man exploded with laughter.
②__________ sheep are ranging over the grassland.
③And in __________ places, they’ve succeeded.
(2)单句写作
④满嘴食物的时候和别人说话是不礼貌的。
__________________________________________________
IV、练习提升
(I)阅读理解
A
Welcome to the breathtaking land of New Zealand, where nature’s wonders and adventure await at every turn. Prepare to start an unforgettable journey as we introduce you to some of the country’s most iconic attractions.
Fiordland National Park
Located in the South Island, Fiordland National Park will leave you awe-inspired. Marvel at the majestic fiords (峡湾), such as Milford Sound and Doubtful Sound, where towering cliffs meet unspoiled waters. Cruise along these dramatic fiords and witness grand waterfalls and an abundance of wildlife. Don’t forget to explore the world-famous Milford Track, for an up-close encounter with the region’s unparalleled natural beauty.
Aoraki/Mount Cook
Rising majestically in the heart of the Southern Alps, Aoraki/Mount Cook is New Zealand’s highest peak and a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts. Hiking along the Hooker Valley Track offers breathtaking views of the iconic Mueller Glacier. For an exciting experience, take a scenic flight and witness the awe-inspiring landscape from above. The clear night skies also make Aoraki/Mount Cook a haven for stargazers and astrophotographers.
Abel Tasman National Park
Escape to the coastal paradise of Abel Tasman National Park, renowned for its golden sandy beaches and crystal-clear waters. Hop aboard a kayak and paddle along the stunning coastline, exploring hidden coves (海湾) and observing the abundant marine life. Embark on the Abel Tasman Coast Track, a multi-day hiking trail that winds through lush forests, revealing breathtaking views of the Tasman Sea.
Rotorua
Discover Rotorua, the geothermal wonderland of New Zealand’s North Island. Immerse yourself in the fascinating geothermal activity, from boiling mud pools to geysers (间歇泉). Hike along Pohaturoa Track to command a fine view of the Lake Rotorua and the Whakarewarewa Geothermal Reserve. Experience the unique Maori culture through traditional performances and a traditional hangi feast. Indulge (沉迷) in a relaxing bath in one of the natural geysers or treat yourself to a refreshing mud bath.
1. Which is the best attraction for astronomy enthusiasts
A. Fiordland National Park. B. Aoraki/Mount Cook.
C. Abel Tasman National Park. D. Rotorua.
2. What may visitors enjoy in Rotorua
A. A bath in hot springs. B. A view from the mountain top.
C. A visit to the Maori village. D. An interaction with wildlife.
3. What do the four attractions have in common
A. Visitors can experience diverse cultures. B. Visitors can observe abundant wildlife.
C. Visitors can hike to enjoy the natural beauty. D. Visitors can witness grand waterfalls.
B
Writers of science fiction often feel more prescient (预知的) than others. Whether it’s the architectural and social dystopias of J.G. Ballard’s novels, or the world of E.M. Forster’s The Machine Stops, the genre is full of prescient writers dealing with ever more familiar issues.
Out of all such writers, few seem more likely to predict our times than author Philip K. Dick, who died 42 years ago. In a remarkably 30-year period of work, Dick authored 44 novels and countless short stories, adaptations of which redefined science fiction on screen — in particular Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner, based on Dick’s story Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep and Paul Verhoeven’s Total Recall, which took his 1966 short story We Can Remember It for You Wholesale as its source material.
Dick had a astonishing ability to predict what would happen in modern world. Celebrated science-fiction and fantasy author Stan Nicholls suggested Dick’s work was prescient because it explored the future through the
then-present. “His stories foresaw the availability of the Internet, virtual reality, facial recognition software, driverless cars and 3D printing,” Nicholls said — while also pointing out that “it’s a misinterpretation that prediction is the primary purpose of science fiction.” The genre’s hit rate is actually not very good in that respect. Like all the best science fiction, his stories weren’t really about the future; they were about the here and now.”
Putting aside Dick’s ability to foresee the future we now take for granted, his most disturbing vision was of the world itself ultimately being a simulation (模拟). Dick’s reality was already a delicate and complex one. In many of his later books, the idea of reality being a fa ade (假象) grew as a dominant theme. “Dick argued we were existing in a simulation,” Nicholls suggested.
Whether his visions were true, as he believed, a product of small problems in the simulation or his fading mental health, one thing is for certain: the world in which the work of Philip K. Dick is celebrated today feels ever closer to the ones imagined by this most unique and exceptional of writer.
4. How does the author explain the topic in Paragraph 1
A. By listing examples. B. By using metaphors.
C. By making a comparison. D. By introducing an concept.
5. What could be inferred from Paragraph 2
A. Dick can predict the future precisely.
B. Some directors like to adapt Dick’s novels into movies.
C. Dick’s novels redefined what science fiction was about.
D. No one wrote more science fiction novels of our times than Dick.
6. A universal feature of all the best science fiction stories is that they _______.
A. have a high hit rate B. are good at predicting
C. focus on the present D. explore the distant future
7. What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph
A. Philip K. Dick had a great impact on science.
B. Philip K. Dick had traveled into the future then.
C. People don’t agree to Philip K. Dick’s prediction.
D. The world in Philip K. Dick’s works is similar to today’s world.
(II)语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Space-Time Painter, written by Chinese writer Hai Ya, won the Hugo Award for Best Novelette at the 81st World Science Fiction Convention (World Con) 1 (hold) in the southwestern Chinese city of Chengdu.
Hai became the third Chinese 2 (win) of the Hugo Award, following sci-fi writers Liu Cixin and Hao Jingfang. The Space-Time Painter was published in 2022. It 3 (inspire) by the life experience of the 4 (talent) Chinese painter Wang Ximeng during the Northern Song period (960-1127), who created the 12-meter-long landscape painting“One Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains.”
In this story, Hai did his best 5 (balance) the relationship between story,characters and history, hoping to bring readers a mature work. He said that 6 not a big category, historical sci-fi has always been there.
Hai, also a financial worker, thinks himself more 7 a sci-fi enthusiast than a writer. “I write while doing my job, so I have very little time to write every day,” he said. “But I think as long as I love it and am willing to put efforts in it, I will see hopes and 8 dawn”.
The Hugo Awards are the most prestigious awards of science fictions. It was first presented in 1953 and presented 9 (annual) since 1955. The Hugo Awards are voted on by members of the World Science Fiction Convention, 10 is also responsible for administering them.
