选择性必修四 Unit 1语法：语法精讲精练
被动语态复习
一、被动语态语法图解
I.被动语态常用于以下两种情况：
1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。
Rice is grown in the south of China.
中国南方种植水稻。
2. 强调动作的承受者。
The tree was broken by that boy.
这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。
II.将主动语态变为被动语态应注意的四种情况
1. 含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：
(1)间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变；
(2)直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。
He told us a story.
他给我们讲故事。
→We were told a story by him.
我们听(他讲)故事。
→A story was told to us by him.
故事由他给我们讲。
2. 动词短语视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省略。
She will take good care of the children.
她将会好好照顾孩子们。
→The children will be taken good care of by her.
孩子们将由她来好好照顾。
3. 复合句通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号to必须补上。
Someone saw him swim in the lake yesterday.
昨天有人看见他在湖里游泳。
→He was seen to swim in the lake yesterday.
昨天他被看见在湖里游泳。
4. 特殊疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：一般用“By＋疑问词”开头。
Who has broken the cup
谁打碎了杯子？
→By whom has the cup been broken
杯子被谁打碎了？
【即学即练1】
完成句子
①My English name is Walter. It was given by my English professor when I was at the university.
我的英文名是沃尔特，是我上大学时我的英语教授给取的。
②Her money has been run out of and her patience is also running out.
她的钱已经用完了，她的耐心也要耗尽了。
③I was made to cry by the moving movie.
我被这部感人的电影弄哭了。
III. 被动语态和过去分词作表语的差别
1. 意义差别：被动语态强调动作；过去分词作表语描写人或事物的特征及状态。
The window is broken by him.
窗子被他打破了。
The window is broken.
窗子破了。
2. 用法差别：过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征，可以被so, very, too等程度副词修饰；而被动语态则不能用so, very, too等修饰，需用much, very much, so much, too much等修饰。
He was very interested in science.
他对科学有极大的兴趣。(系表结构)
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn’t know what to do.
我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊, 不知所措。(被动语态)
【即学即练2】
判断下列句子是被动语态还是系表结构
①I was pleased to hear you’ve been promoted.系表结构
②He was pleased by his teacher’s praise.被动语态
③I was quite surprised with the significance of the findings.系表结构
④Everyone was surprised by the speed with which the dispute was settled.被动语态
IV.常见主动表被动的情况
1. 有些动词(cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等)常用主动形式表被动。
This pen writes smoothly.
这支钢笔写起来很流畅。
This car sells well.
这车很畅销。
2. 在某些形容词(hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible, convenient, cheap, expensive等)后的不定式用主动形式表被动。
English is easy to learn.
英语很容易学。
The box is heavy to carry.
这箱子重得搬不动。
3. 在“半系动词＋形容词”结构中，如look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等，常用主动形式表被动。
The food in this restaurant tastes good.
这家餐馆的饭菜味道很好。
The news turned out (to be) true.
这消息原来是真的。
4. need, want, require, deserve, be worth后面接动词ing形式时，主动表被动。
The novel is worth reading.
这本小说值得一读。
The old house requires repairing.
这所旧房子需要修理。
【即学即练3】
单句语法填空
①This kind of knife cuts(cut) well.
②Your writing is really difficult to read(read).
③They are all masterpieces worth reading(read).
V.有些及物动词或短语不用于被动语态
如：fit, have, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, belong to, date from/back to等。
Do you agree with the deal
你同意这个交易吗？
It is true that we may suffer from failure from time to time. However, it is important that we never lose the enthusiasm to keep on trying.
的确，我们有时会遭受失败。然而，重要的是我们永远不要失去继续努力的热情。
【即学即练4】
完成句子
①Dad told me that it belonged to me.
爸爸告诉我那是我的。
②The tradition of drinking tea dates back to/from 3000 BCE in China.
在中国，喝茶的传统能追溯到公元前3000年。
二、单句语法填空：
1. The little home __________ (paint) white. It was sweet and fresh.
2. It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in metres squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 __________ (consider) healthy.
3. People tend to focus on the first factor. However, greater attention should __________ (place) on longevity (长寿).
4. The artist was sure he would __________ (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.
5. On the last day of our weeklong stay, we __________ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars.
6. It __________ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
7. It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, __________ (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
8. Many a way __________ (use) to prevent the pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
9. They are novels, plays and poems that __________ (write) a long time ago and were so well written that people still read them nowadays.
10. I have been informed that the exhibition __________ (hold) next week.
11. They are going __________ (send) to work in Tibet for two years.
12. —Do you have any problems if you __________ (offer) this job
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary.
13. Though we don’t know what is being discussed, yet we can feel the topic __________ (change).
14. Much progress __________ (make) in China with the help of the people’s hard work.
15. Nowadays, more new technologies __________ (apply) in the field of IT.
16. The shop assistant was dismissed as she __________ (accuse) of cheating customers.
17. You are not allowed to go into the meeting room. A secret plan __________ (discuss) there.
18. The surface of this table feels so smooth. I think it is well worth __________ (buy).
19. The manager was happy to learn that fourfifths of the tickets __________ (book).
20. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the students, but it remains __________ (see) whether they will enjoy it.
21. Many a student __________ (send) to plant trees so far.
22. If you are caught smoking in this area, you __________ (fine) by the police.
23. What will you do if you __________ (bite) by mosquitoes at this very moment
24. In recent years, stress __________ (regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness.
25. Steam engines __________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
26. Single-use plastic bags are used at most a few times before they __________ (throw) away.
27. Up to 30 percent of food loss was found during farmers’ storage in some areas in Africa, and 21 percent of food in the United States __________ (waste) during daily consumption, Wu told Economic Daily.
28. When I finally stepped out of the trees, the view was breathtaking. An eagle flew over the snow-capped mountains, which __________ (reflect) in the still lake below.
29. The taoray Spring Summer 2020 __________ (show) for the first time on the world stage of New York Fashion Week where tradition met modernity.
30. Humans are explorers since the dawn of civilization. We __________ (attract) over the horizon to find food or more space, or just to see what beyond those trees or mountains or oceans.
31. Gabriela worked for a multinational company as a successful project manager in Brazil and __________ (choose) to manage a team in Sweden.
32. Animals __________ (kill) for their fur and feathers, especially in the past few decades simply because they were in the way.
33. Some experts, who show disapproval of the project, argue that there could be damage to the sea life and that the marine ecosystem may __________ (replace) by dry land.
34. In the traditional Chinese Lunar Year, each year________(give) a name of 12 kinds of animals.
35. The city __________ (recognize) as the musical capital of Europe since the 16th century, home to the likes of Mozart and Beethoven.
36. At present, a lot of new equipment __________ (develop) by this company to meet new needs.
37. It is not the first time that immense amounts of state-of-art teaching equipment __________ (deliver) to the
poverty-stricken regions.
38. Zhangjiajie __________ (award) the title of “World Geological Park” in 2014.
39. She was caught drunk-driving last year, and therefore she __________ from driving for 5 years. (ban)
40. In recent years, great efforts to reduce air pollution __________ (make), but there are still many things we can do.
41. “On windy days, we had to hold down the paper on the desk, which would otherwise __________ (blow) away,” he said.
42. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a health care system in which patients __________ (treat) with natural plant, animal, and mineral remedies (药物).
43. The students worked hard on their lessons and finally their efforts __________ (reward) with success.
44. By the 11th century, compasses __________ (use) by Chinese to navigate their ships at sea.
45. Why did you throw the bottle out of the window Somebody could __________ (hurt).
46. We are proud that some students of our school __________ (involve) with the making of the amazing video.
47. Many talented writers __________ (honour) at the special ceremony held last week.
48. It __________ (report) that some other wild animals are kept and studied at the research center.
49. The carnival held in our school last week __________ (sponsor) by several famous graduates.
50. We all feel it is Jack as well as his wife that is __________ (blame) for their son’s bad performance at school.
【答案】
1. was painted 2. is considered 3. be placed 4. be chosen 5. were invited 6. was built 7. has proved / proven 8. has been used 9. were written 10. will be held 11. to be sent 12. are offered 13. has been changed 14. is being made 15. are being applied 16. was accused 17. is being discussed 18. buying 19. had been booked 20. to be seen 21. has been sent 22. will be fined 23. are being bitten 24. has been regarded 25. were used 26. are thrown 27. was wasted 28. were reflected 29. was shown 30. have been attracted 31. was chosen 32. have been killed 33. be replaced 34. is given 35. has been recognized 36. is being developed 37. have been delivered 38. was awarded 39. was banned 40. have been made 41. be blown 42. are treated 43. were rewarded 44. had been used 45. have been hurt 46. are involved 47. were honoured 48. is reported 49. was sponsored 50. to blame
三、高考真题回顾：
1. (2023·全国甲卷) Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still
____________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
2. (2022·全国乙卷) Having visited several times over the last 10 years, I ____________ (amaze) by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
3. (2022·全国卷I) The GPNP ____________ (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems ...
4. (2021·全国甲卷) It ____________ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
5. (2020·全国I卷) The parts of a museum open to the public ____________ (call) galleries or rooms.
6. (2019·天津卷) Amy, as well as her brothers, ____________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
7. (2018·浙江卷) I still remember visiting a friend who’d lived here for five years and I ____________ (shock) when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
8. (2017·全国I) When fat and salt ____________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
【答案与解析】
1.【解析】考查语态。句意：卡森证明了一种简单的抒情形式，已经代代相传，今天仍然可以用来吸引人们对重要真理的关注。从句主语a simple lyric form与employ之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。情态动词can后接动词原形。故填be employed。
2.【解析】考查语态。根据空后的by可知，此处用被动形式。另外从后面的时态来看，用一般过去时。故填was amazed。
3.【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语The GPNP之间为被动关系；叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。故设空处应为一般现在时的被动语态，主语单数，谓语应用单数形式。故填is designed。
4.【解析】考查动词时态语态。根据“originally”一词可知此处描述过去的事情；主语“It”和build之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was built。
5.【解析】考查动词时态语态。句意：博物馆向公众开放的部分称为画廊或房间。句子主语是一个表物的复数形式，用被动。而且根据上下文可知，应用现在时。故填are called。
6.【解析】本题考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：艾米和他的兄弟们当上周回到村里时，受到了热烈的欢迎。由时间状语 last week可知应用一般过去时；as well as连接并列主语，谓语动词就前原则，即这句话真正的主语是Amy，故用单数；由句意可知用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was given。
7.【解析】考查谓语动词的时态和语态。此处表示我被震惊了。shock的主语是I，两者关系是被动，动作发生在过去。故填was shocked。
8.【解析】考查谓语动词的时态和语态。根据语境可知此处用一般现在时，由于主语fat and salt 是复数概念，且与remove是被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态结构 are removed。
四、语篇语法填空：
(1)
In much of Asia, especially the socalled “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, food 1 (eat) with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 2 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine (组合) various hardwoods and metal 3 (create) special designs.
The Chinese have used chopsticks for 5,000 years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 4 (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, 5 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 6 (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7 lived from roughly 551—479 BCE, influenced the 8 (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 9 (be) too violent to use at the table.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 10 their hands.
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了亚洲一些国家使用的吃饭工具——筷子。
1. is eaten 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。用筷子吃食物是客观事实，应用一般现在时；food和eat之间为被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态；主语food为不可数名词，be动词用is。故填is eaten。
2. be made 考查动词的语态。sth be made of ...意为“某物由……制成”，且本空位于情态动词后，be动词应用原形。故填be made。
3. to create 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词combine，此处应为非谓语动词，作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to create。
4. using 考查非谓语动词。use的逻辑主语是People，二者之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语，表
伴随。故填using。
5. as/when 考查时间状语从句。这里是时间状语从句，as/when意为“当……时候”。故填as/when。
6. gradually 考查副词。空处修饰动词短语turned into，在句中作状语，应用副词。故填gradually。
7. who 考查定语从句。句中有逗号，说明是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Confucius，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who。故填who。
8. development 考查名词。the＋名词＋of ...意为“……的……”，这里指“筷子的发展”，应用名词。故填development。
9. were 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。believed后跟一个宾语从句，and连接两个并列的谓语，根据would可知，应用一般过去时；主语knives是复数，根据主谓一致的原则可知，此处应用were。故填were。
10. with 考查介词。“with＋表示具体工具的名词”，表示“用……”。故填with。
(2)
COVID19 has killed nearly 18,000 people in Italy and nearly 90,000 people worldwide. 1 (surprise), the 103yearold woman from Italy, Ada Zanusso, has survived COVID19. She lived through the pandemic of 1918 2 (kill) 50 million people worldwide.
“I’m well; I’m well,” Zanusso said. She spoke with the reporters over video from a home 3 older people in the Northern Italian town of Lessona live. “I watch TV and read newspapers,” she added. When 4 (ask) about her fight against COVID19, Zanusso simply said, “I had some fever.” COVID19 can cause minor (轻微) or moderate (中度) 5 (sick). Most of those who are infected recover. But those with existing health problems and older people like Zanusso are 6 higher risk of more serious illness or even death.
Carla Furno Marchese 7 (be) Zanusso’s family doctor for 35 years. She said Zanusso was sick for one week. “We thought she wasn’t going to make it because she was always 8 (sleep) and not reacting,” Furno Marchese said. “One day she opened her eyes again and 9 (continue) doing what she used to do before,” the doctor added. What helped her get through 10 illness “Courage, strength and faith,” Zanusso said.
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了103岁的意大利老人新冠康复。
1. Surprisingly 考查副词。此处修饰整个句子，应用副词，表示“令人惊讶地是”；位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Surprisingly。
2. killing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，kill在此处应为非谓语动词，作后置定语，修饰the pandemic of 1918，两者之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词。故填killing。
3. where 考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为a home，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where。故填where。
4. asked 考查非谓语动词。此处是时间状语从句，当从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句的谓语中含有be动词时，可以省略从句的主语和be动词。补充完整为：When (she was) asked about her ...。故填asked。
5. sickness 考查名词。此处作动词cause的宾语，被形容词minor和moderate修饰，应用名词。故填sickness。
6. at 考查介词。at risk意为“在风险中”，为固定短语。故填at。
7. has been 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中的时间状语for 35 years可知，此处应用现在完成时；主语Carla Furno Marchese为第三人称单数，助动词应用has。故填has been。
8. sleepy 考查形容词。此处作从句的表语，应用形容词。故填sleepy。
9. continued 考查动词的时态。根据句中的并列连词and和谓语opened可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填continued。
10. the 考查冠词。此处illness特指上文提到的COVID19，应用定冠词。故填the。
(3)
The winners of the 2023 Hugo Awards, the world’s top prizes for science fiction literature, 1 (announce) on Saturday night, with Chinese author Hai Ya 2 (take) home the Best Novelette award for “The Space-Time Painter.” He became the third Chinese writer to win a Hugo award 3 Liu Cixin in 2015 and Hao Jingfang in 2016.
Hai Ya found much 4 (inspire) from a painting masterpiece, Qianli Jiangshan Tu, or A Panorama of Rivers and Mountains, by Wang Ximeng from the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Hai Ya has woven the story of Wang’s life into a thriller that 5 (combine) the elements of traditional Chinese culture and history with sci-fi and detective genres.
6 (model) on the life of Wang, Hai Ya has created the character of painting prodigy (奇才) Zhao Ximeng, who painted for 7 emperor more than 1,000 years ago. After much misery and suffering, the painter’s mind abandons his physical body and enters a space where a modern police officer 8 (look) into a case about an ancient painting at the time. The story reveals the political changes of the period 9 the painting was created.
The Hugo Awards, first presented in 1953 and presented 10 (annual) since 1955, are science fiction’s most prestigious awards. The Hugo Awards are voted on by members of the World Science Fiction Convention, which is also responsible for administering them.
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。主要说明了2023年世界科幻文学最高奖项“雨果奖”的获奖者于周六晚公布，中国作家海漄以《时空画师》获得最佳中篇小说奖，他也是继刘慈欣、郝景芳之后，第三位获得雨果奖的中国科幻作家。
1. 考查时态语态。句意：2023年世界科幻文学最高奖项“雨果奖”的获奖者于周六晚公布，中国作家海漄以《时空画师》获得最佳中篇小说奖。空处为句子谓语，主语The winners与谓语announce构成被动关系，根据后文on Saturday night可知为一般过去时的被动语态，主语为The winners，谓语用复数。故填were announced。
2. 考查非谓语动词。句意：2023年世界科幻文学最高奖项“雨果奖”的获奖者于周六晚公布，中国作家海漄以《时空画师》获得最佳中篇小说奖。此处为with的复合结构，Chinese author Hai Ya与take构成主动关系，故用现在分词作宾补。故填taking。
3. 考查介词。句意：他成为继2015年刘慈欣和2016年郝景芳之后第三位获得雨果奖的中国作家。表示“……之后”应用介词after。故填after。
4. 考查名词。句意：海漄从宋朝（960-1279）王希孟的名画《千里江山图》中获得了很多灵感。作宾语，应用名词inspiration，抽象概念，不可数。故填inspiration。
5. 考查主谓一致。句意：海漄将王的生平故事编织成一部惊悚片，将中国传统文化和历史元素与科幻和侦探类型相结合。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，从句主语that指代先行词a thriller，为单数意义，且陈述客观事实用一般现在时，谓语用三单形式。故填combines。
6. 考查非谓语动词。句意：海漄以王的生平为蓝本，塑造了1000多年前为皇帝作画的绘画神童赵希孟这个人物。短语be modeled on表示“以……为蓝本，仿照……而制作或设计”，此处省略be动词，用过去分词作状语，首字母大写。故填Modeled。
7. 考查冠词。句意：海漄以王的生平为蓝本，塑造了1000多年前为皇帝作画的绘画神童赵希孟这个人物。emperor为可数名词，此处为泛指，且是发音以元音音素开头的单词，故填an。
8. 考查时态。句意：在经历了苦难和痛苦之后，画家的思想抛弃了他的身体，进入了一个现代警察正在调查古代绘画案件的空间。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，此处陈述故事情节，表示动作正在发生，应用现在进行时，主语为police officer，谓语用单数。故填is looking。
9. 考查定语从句。句意：这个故事揭示了这幅画创作期间的政治变化。此处为介词+关系代词结构定语从句修饰先行词period，表示“在……期间”应用介词during，先行词是period，关系代词应用which。故填during which。
10. 考查副词。句意：雨果奖于1953年首次颁发，自1955年起每年颁发一次，是科幻小说领域最负盛名的奖项。修饰动词present应用副词annually，作状语。故填annually。
(4)
Head of this year’s London Book Fair in March, media reported a rise in interest in translated works among British readers. For translator Anna Holmwood, this signals the 1 (arrive) of a new era.
“This is a big moment for Chinese fiction abroad,” says Holmwood, 2 has translated Chinese literature for almost a decade.
Her translation work, Legends of the Condor Heroes, a fantasy novel written by Jin Yong, and Liu Cixin’s science-fiction book, The Three Body Problem, are shown in a Nielsen report 3 examples of two of the most popular Chinese fiction works in Britain in 2018.
“Languages in growing demand include Chinese and Arabic.” according to the Nielsen report. It found that, against the commonly 4 (see) “not more than 3 percent rule” of translated literature’s presence in the English-language book markets, the number for 2018 was 5.63 percent in Britain 5 the total annual sales was worth $27.1 million.
Charlotte Collins, translator and co-chair of the British Translators Association, says: “As we can see, this proportion (比率) 6 (double) in recent years. This is 7 (true) exciting news.”
The Guardian quotes (引用) Fiammetta Rocco, administrator of the Man Booker International Prize, “ 8 (read) fiction is one of the 9 (good) ways of putting ourselves in other people’s shoes. The rise in sales of translated fiction 10 (show) how hungry British readers are for terrific writing from other countries.”
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。通过对英语图书市场的调查发现，在英国翻译小说的销量明显增长，这表明英国读者对其他国家的优秀作品是多么渴望。
1. 考查名词。句意：对于翻译Anna Holmwood来说，这标志着一个新时代的到来。设空处作动词signals的宾语，根据the可知此处应该用arrive的名词形式arrival，arrival“到来”为不可数名词，符合句意。故填arrival。
2. 考查定语从句。句意：“这是中国小说在海外的一个重要时刻，”翻译中国文学近十年的Holmwood说。句子结构分析可知，“__2__ has translated Chinese literature for almost a decade”为非限制性定语从句，设空处引导从句，指代先行词Holmwood在定语从句中作主语，先行词Holmwood指人，此从句用关系代词who引导。故填who。
3. 考查介词。句意：她的翻译作品金庸的奇幻小说《射雕英雄传》和刘慈欣的科幻小说《三体》在Nielsen报告中被列为2018年英国最受欢迎的两本中国小说。设空处后跟名词作宾语，介词as“作为”符合句意。故填as。
4. 考查过去分词。句意：调查发现，与英语图书市场中常见的“不超过3%的规则”相反，2018年英国的这一数字为5.63%，并且年度总销售额为2710万美元。分析句子结构可知，设空处作前置定语修饰名词短语“not more than 3 percent rule”，see与not more than 3 percent rule构成逻辑上的动宾关系，设空处应用see的过去分词seen作定语表被动。故填seen。
5. 考查并列连词。句意：调查发现，与英语图书市场中常见的“不超过3%的规则”相反，2018年英国的这
一数字为5.63%，并且年度总销售额为2710万美元。句子结构与句意分析可知，“the number for 2018 was 5.63 percent in Britain”与“the total annual sales was worth $27.1 million”之间为并列递进关系，设空处应填连词and构成并列句，作动词found的宾语。故填and。
6. 考查时态。句意：英国翻译协会联合主席兼翻译Charlotte Collins说：“正如我们所看到的，这一比例近年来翻了一番。”设空处在句中作谓语动词，根据时间状语“in recent years”可知句子用现在完成时态，且主语是proportion，助动词用第三人称单数has。故填has doubled。
7. 考查副词。句意：这真是个令人兴奋的消息。设空处修饰形容词exciting作状语，应填true的副词truly。故填truly。
8. 考查非谓语动词。句意：读小说是设身处地为别人着想的最好方法之一。设空处在句中作主语，应填动词read的动名词形式reading；设空处置于直接引语的句首，首字母要写。故填Reading。
9. 考查形容词最高级。句意：读小说是设身处地为别人着想的最好方法之一。根据空前的“one of the”以及空后名词“ways”可知设空处应填形容词good最高级best修饰名词ways，表示“最好的方式之一”。故填best。
10. 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：翻译小说销量的增长表明，英国读者对来自其他国家的优秀作品有多么渴望。设空处在主句中作谓语动词，结合空后宾语从句“how hungry British readers are for terrific writing from other countries”可知句子陈述目前现状，用一般现在时态，且主语是The rise，谓语用第三人称单数形式。故填shows。
(5)
In the Spring Festival holiday, The Wandering Earth II, a science-fiction movie that includes some rather new concepts such as nuclear fusion (核聚变) technology and the sun’s life cycle, had a rocket-fueled box office of 2.3 billion yuan within seven days of being put on the big screen. The figure has reached 3.65 billion yuan, 1 (make) it the 10th biggest earner in Chinese box-office history.
The film 2 (arouse) hot debate among scientists and science-fiction writers since it came out. La Zi, editor-in-chief of Science Fiction World, a 43-year-old magazine, says, “Only when people are familiar 3 astronautic technologies will science fiction gain 4 (popular).”
5 (compare) to past works, both episodes of The Wandering Earth include quite a few imagined technologies that need basic scientific knowledge to understand. In the latest one, There is a “space elevator” that enables astronauts to complete their trips to space by taking an elevator instead of a rocket. On various platforms, there are discussions about 6 such an elevator is possible. For Zhou, such discussions themselves mean the public has a taste for science.
La Zi points out, too, that while pop science is 7 (main) about existing technologies, science fiction is
about ones that cannot be realized in the near future. “The farther away it is from today, the 8 (wild) the writer’s imagination can be,” he says.
China is one of the leading countries for scientific research and 9 (technology) development, 10 inspires more and more young people in China in the future.
【解析】本文是新闻报道。主要介绍了科幻电影《流浪地球2》的成绩和影响。
1. 考查非谓语动词。句意：这一数字达到了36.5亿元，使其成为中国票房史上第10大票房。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词has reached，所以make用非谓语形式，它的逻辑主语是前文提到的事，为主动关系，描述的是客观事实，所以应该用现在分词形式作结果状语。故填making。
2. 考查动词时态。句意：这部电影自上映以来就在科学家和科幻作家中引起了激烈的争论。分析句子结构可知，本句缺少谓语动词，所以arouse作本句谓语，主语是film，为第三人称单数，两者是主动关系，根据标志词since可知，应该用现在完成时。故填has aroused。
3. 考查介词。句意：有43年历史的《科幻世界》杂志主编喇子说:“只有当人们熟悉航天技术时，科幻小说才会流行起来。”分析句子结构可知，此处考查固定搭配：be familiar with意为“熟悉”。故填with。
4. 考查名词。句意：有43年历史的《科幻世界》杂志主编喇子说:“只有当人们熟悉航天技术时，科幻小说才会流行起来。”分析句子结构可知，本句是only开头的倒装句，gain是主句谓语，所以空处应填名词作宾语，popular的名词形式是popularity。故填popularity。
5. 考查非谓语动词。句意：与过去的作品相比，《流浪地球》和《流浪地球2》都包含了相当多需要基本科学知识才能理解的想象技术。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词include，所以compare用非谓语形式，它的逻辑主语是both episodes of The Wandering Earth，两者是被动关系，应该用过去分词表被动，位于句首，首字母应大写。故填Compared。
6. 考查宾语从句连接词。句意：在各个平台上，人们都在讨论这样的电梯是否可行。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，根据句意，此处表达“是否”之意，应用whether引导。故填whether。
7. 考查副词。句意：喇子还指出，流行科学主要是关于现有的技术，而科幻小说则是关于在不久的将来无法实现的技术。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰整个句子应该用副词修饰，main的副词形式是mainly。故填mainly。
8. 考查形容词。句意：离今天越远，作家的想象力就越丰富。分析句子结构可知，此处是固定句型：the+比较级，the+比较级，意为“越……，就越……”。故填wilder。
9. 考查形容词。句意：中国是科学研究和技术发展的领先国家之一，这在未来激励着越来越多的中国年轻人。分析句子结构可知，空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词作定语，technology的形容词形式是technological。故填technological。
10. 考查形容词。句意：中国是科学研究和技术发展的领先国家之一，这在未来激励着越来越多的中国年轻人。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是空前的整句话，用which引导。故填which。选择性必修四 Unit 1语法：语法精讲精练
被动语态复习
一、被动语态语法图解
I.被动语态常用于以下两种情况：
1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。
Rice is grown in the south of China.
中国南方种植水稻。
2. 强调动作的承受者。
The tree was broken by that boy.
这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。
II.将主动语态变为被动语态应注意的四种情况
1. 含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：
(1)间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变；
(2)直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。
He told us a story.
他给我们讲故事。
→We were told a story by him.
我们听(他讲)故事。
→A story was told to us by him.
故事由他给我们讲。
2. 动词短语视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省略。
She will take good care of the children.
她将会好好照顾孩子们。
→The children will be taken good care of by her.
孩子们将由她来好好照顾。
3. 复合句通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号to必须补上。
Someone saw him swim in the lake yesterday.
昨天有人看见他在湖里游泳。
→He was seen to swim in the lake yesterday.
昨天他被看见在湖里游泳。
4. 特殊疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：一般用“By＋疑问词”开头。
Who has broken the cup
谁打碎了杯子？
→By whom has the cup been broken
杯子被谁打碎了？
【即学即练1】
完成句子
①My English name is Walter. It __________________________________ when I was at the university.
我的英文名是沃尔特，是我上大学时我的英语教授给取的。
②Her money _______________________ and her patience is also running out.
她的钱已经用完了，她的耐心也要耗尽了。
③ _______________________ by the moving movie.
我被这部感人的电影弄哭了。
III. 被动语态和过去分词作表语的差别
1. 意义差别：被动语态强调动作；过去分词作表语描写人或事物的特征及状态。
The window is broken by him.
窗子被他打破了。
The window is broken.
窗子破了。
2. 用法差别：过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征，可以被so, very, too等程度副词修饰；而被动语态则不能用so, very, too等修饰，需用much, very much, so much, too much等修饰。
He was very interested in science.
他对科学有极大的兴趣。(系表结构)
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn’t know what to do.
我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊, 不知所措。(被动语态)
【即学即练2】
判断下列句子是被动语态还是系表结构
①I was pleased to hear you’ve been promoted._______________
②He was pleased by his teacher’s praise._______________
③I was quite surprised with the significance of the findings._______________
④Everyone was surprised by the speed with which the dispute was settled.________________
IV.常见主动表被动的情况
1. 有些动词(cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等)常用主动形式表被动。
This pen writes smoothly.
这支钢笔写起来很流畅。
This car sells well.
这车很畅销。
2. 在某些形容词(hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible, convenient, cheap, expensive等)后的不定式用主动形式表被动。
English is easy to learn.
英语很容易学。
The box is heavy to carry.
这箱子重得搬不动。
3. 在“半系动词＋形容词”结构中，如look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等，常用主动形式表被动。
The food in this restaurant tastes good.
这家餐馆的饭菜味道很好。
The news turned out (to be) true.
这消息原来是真的。
4. need, want, require, deserve, be worth后面接动词ing形式时，主动表被动。
The novel is worth reading.
这本小说值得一读。
The old house requires repairing.
这所旧房子需要修理。
【即学即练3】
单句语法填空
①This kind of knife ________ (cut) well.
②Your writing is really difficult ________ (read).
③They are all masterpieces worth ________ (read).
V.有些及物动词或短语不用于被动语态
如：fit, have, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, belong to, date from/back to等。
Do you agree with the deal
你同意这个交易吗？
It is true that we may suffer from failure from time to time. However, it is important that we never lose the enthusiasm to keep on trying.
的确，我们有时会遭受失败。然而，重要的是我们永远不要失去继续努力的热情。
【即学即练4】
完成句子
①Dad told me that ________________.
爸爸告诉我那是我的。
②The tradition of drinking tea ________________________________.
在中国，喝茶的传统能追溯到公元前3000年。
二、单句语法填空：
1. The little home __________ (paint) white. It was sweet and fresh.
2. It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in metres squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 __________ (consider) healthy.
3. People tend to focus on the first factor. However, greater attention should __________ (place) on longevity (长寿).
4. The artist was sure he would __________ (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.
5. On the last day of our weeklong stay, we __________ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars.
6. It __________ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
7. It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, __________ (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
8. Many a way __________ (use) to prevent the pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
9. They are novels, plays and poems that __________ (write) a long time ago and were so well written that people still read them nowadays.
10. I have been informed that the exhibition __________ (hold) next week.
11. They are going __________ (send) to work in Tibet for two years.
12. —Do you have any problems if you __________ (offer) this job
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary.
13. Though we don’t know what is being discussed, yet we can feel the topic __________ (change).
14. Much progress __________ (make) in China with the help of the people’s hard work.
15. Nowadays, more new technologies __________ (apply) in the field of IT.
16. The shop assistant was dismissed as she __________ (accuse) of cheating customers.
17. You are not allowed to go into the meeting room. A secret plan __________ (discuss) there.
18. The surface of this table feels so smooth. I think it is well worth __________ (buy).
19. The manager was happy to learn that fourfifths of the tickets __________ (book).
20. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the students, but it remains __________ (see) whether they will enjoy it.
21. Many a student __________ (send) to plant trees so far.
22. If you are caught smoking in this area, you __________ (fine) by the police.
23. What will you do if you __________ (bite) by mosquitoes at this very moment
24. In recent years, stress __________ (regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness.
25. Steam engines __________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
26. Single-use plastic bags are used at most a few times before they __________ (throw) away.
27. Up to 30 percent of food loss was found during farmers’ storage in some areas in Africa, and 21 percent of food in the United States __________ (waste) during daily consumption, Wu told Economic Daily.
28. When I finally stepped out of the trees, the view was breathtaking. An eagle flew over the snow-capped mountains, which __________ (reflect) in the still lake below.
29. The taoray Spring Summer 2020 __________ (show) for the first time on the world stage of New York Fashion Week where tradition met modernity.
30. Humans are explorers since the dawn of civilization. We __________ (attract) over the horizon to find food or more space, or just to see what beyond those trees or mountains or oceans.
31. Gabriela worked for a multinational company as a successful project manager in Brazil and __________ (choose) to manage a team in Sweden.
32. Animals __________ (kill) for their fur and feathers, especially in the past few decades simply because they were in the way.
33. Some experts, who show disapproval of the project, argue that there could be damage to the sea life and that the marine ecosystem may __________ (replace) by dry land.
34. In the traditional Chinese Lunar Year, each year________(give) a name of 12 kinds of animals.
35. The city __________ (recognize) as the musical capital of Europe since the 16th century, home to the likes of Mozart and Beethoven.
36. At present, a lot of new equipment __________ (develop) by this company to meet new needs.
37. It is not the first time that immense amounts of state-of-art teaching equipment __________ (deliver) to the
poverty-stricken regions.
38. Zhangjiajie __________ (award) the title of “World Geological Park” in 2014.
39. She was caught drunk-driving last year, and therefore she __________ from driving for 5 years. (ban)
40. In recent years, great efforts to reduce air pollution __________ (make), but there are still many things we can do.
41. “On windy days, we had to hold down the paper on the desk, which would otherwise __________ (blow) away,” he said.
42. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a health care system in which patients __________ (treat) with natural plant, animal, and mineral remedies (药物).
43. The students worked hard on their lessons and finally their efforts __________ (reward) with success.
44. By the 11th century, compasses __________ (use) by Chinese to navigate their ships at sea.
45. Why did you throw the bottle out of the window Somebody could __________ (hurt).
46. We are proud that some students of our school __________ (involve) with the making of the amazing video.
47. Many talented writers __________ (honour) at the special ceremony held last week.
48. It __________ (report) that some other wild animals are kept and studied at the research center.
49. The carnival held in our school last week __________ (sponsor) by several famous graduates.
50. We all feel it is Jack as well as his wife that is __________ (blame) for their son’s bad performance at school.
三、高考真题回顾：
1. (2023·全国甲卷) Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still ____________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
2. (2022·全国乙卷) Having visited several times over the last 10 years, I ____________ (amaze) by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
3. (2022·全国卷I) The GPNP ____________ (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems ...
4. (2021·全国甲卷) It ____________ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
5. (2020·全国I卷) The parts of a museum open to the public ____________ (call) galleries or rooms.
6. (2019·天津卷) Amy, as well as her brothers, ____________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
7. (2018·浙江卷) I still remember visiting a friend who’d lived here for five years and I ____________ (shock) when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
8. (2017·全国I) When fat and salt ____________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
四、语篇语法填空：
(1)
In much of Asia, especially the socalled “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, food 1 (eat) with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 2 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine (组合) various hardwoods and metal 3 (create) special designs.
The Chinese have used chopsticks for 5,000 years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 4 (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, 5 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 6 (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7 lived from roughly 551—479 BCE, influenced the 8 (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 9 (be) too violent to use at the table.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 10 their hands.
(2)
COVID19 has killed nearly 18,000 people in Italy and nearly 90,000 people worldwide. 1 (surprise), the 103yearold woman from Italy, Ada Zanusso, has survived COVID19. She lived through the pandemic of 1918 2 (kill) 50 million people worldwide.
“I’m well; I’m well,” Zanusso said. She spoke with the reporters over video from a home 3 older people in the Northern Italian town of Lessona live. “I watch TV and read newspapers,” she added. When 4 (ask) about her fight against COVID19, Zanusso simply said, “I had some fever.” COVID19 can cause minor (轻微) or moderate (中度) 5 (sick). Most of those who are infected recover. But those with existing health problems
and older people like Zanusso are 6 higher risk of more serious illness or even death.
Carla Furno Marchese 7 (be) Zanusso’s family doctor for 35 years. She said Zanusso was sick for one week. “We thought she wasn’t going to make it because she was always 8 (sleep) and not reacting,” Furno Marchese said. “One day she opened her eyes again and 9 (continue) doing what she used to do before,” the doctor added. What helped her get through 10 illness “Courage, strength and faith,” Zanusso said.
(3)
The winners of the 2023 Hugo Awards, the world’s top prizes for science fiction literature, 1 (announce) on Saturday night, with Chinese author Hai Ya 2 (take) home the Best Novelette award for “The Space-Time Painter.” He became the third Chinese writer to win a Hugo award 3 Liu Cixin in 2015 and Hao Jingfang in 2016.
Hai Ya found much 4 (inspire) from a painting masterpiece, Qianli Jiangshan Tu, or A Panorama of Rivers and Mountains, by Wang Ximeng from the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Hai Ya has woven the story of Wang’s life into a thriller that 5 (combine) the elements of traditional Chinese culture and history with sci-fi and detective genres.
6 (model) on the life of Wang, Hai Ya has created the character of painting prodigy (奇才) Zhao Ximeng, who painted for 7 emperor more than 1,000 years ago. After much misery and suffering, the painter’s mind abandons his physical body and enters a space where a modern police officer 8 (look) into a case about an ancient painting at the time. The story reveals the political changes of the period 9 the painting was created.
The Hugo Awards, first presented in 1953 and presented 10 (annual) since 1955, are science fiction’s most prestigious awards. The Hugo Awards are voted on by members of the World Science Fiction Convention, which is also responsible for administering them.
(4)
Head of this year’s London Book Fair in March, media reported a rise in interest in translated works among British readers. For translator Anna Holmwood, this signals the 1 (arrive) of a new era.
“This is a big moment for Chinese fiction abroad,” says Holmwood, 2 has translated Chinese literature for almost a decade.
Her translation work, Legends of the Condor Heroes, a fantasy novel written by Jin Yong, and Liu Cixin’s science-fiction book, The Three Body Problem, are shown in a Nielsen report 3 examples of two of the most popular Chinese fiction works in Britain in 2018.
“Languages in growing demand include Chinese and Arabic.” according to the Nielsen report. It found that,
against the commonly 4 (see) “not more than 3 percent rule” of translated literature’s presence in the English-language book markets, the number for 2018 was 5.63 percent in Britain 5 the total annual sales was worth $27.1 million.
Charlotte Collins, translator and co-chair of the British Translators Association, says: “As we can see, this proportion (比率) 6 (double) in recent years. This is 7 (true) exciting news.”
The Guardian quotes (引用) Fiammetta Rocco, administrator of the Man Booker International Prize, “ 8 (read) fiction is one of the 9 (good) ways of putting ourselves in other people’s shoes. The rise in sales of translated fiction 10 (show) how hungry British readers are for terrific writing from other countries.”
(5)
In the Spring Festival holiday, The Wandering Earth II, a science-fiction movie that includes some rather new concepts such as nuclear fusion (核聚变) technology and the sun’s life cycle, had a rocket-fueled box office of 2.3 billion yuan within seven days of being put on the big screen. The figure has reached 3.65 billion yuan, 1 (make) it the 10th biggest earner in Chinese box-office history.
The film 2 (arouse) hot debate among scientists and science-fiction writers since it came out. La Zi, editor-in-chief of Science Fiction World, a 43-year-old magazine, says, “Only when people are familiar 3 astronautic technologies will science fiction gain 4 (popular).”
5 (compare) to past works, both episodes of The Wandering Earth include quite a few imagined technologies that need basic scientific knowledge to understand. In the latest one, There is a “space elevator” that enables astronauts to complete their trips to space by taking an elevator instead of a rocket. On various platforms, there are discussions about 6 such an elevator is possible. For Zhou, such discussions themselves mean the public has a taste for science.
La Zi points out, too, that while pop science is 7 (main) about existing technologies, science fiction is about ones that cannot be realized in the near future. “The farther away it is from today, the 8 (wild) the writer’s imagination can be,” he says.
China is one of the leading countries for scientific research and 9 (technology) development, 10 inspires more and more young people in China in the future.
