英语语法专项复习:名词
【考点直击】
1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;
2.名词所有格的构成及用法;
【知识梳理】
名词的含义
名词是表示人、事物、地方、现象或其他抽象概念等的名称的词。从名词所表示的事物的性质看, 可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式 , 不可数名词一般没有复数形式。可数名词的单数形式一般可以用不定冠词a 或an 修饰,但不可数名词一般不能用不定冠词a或an修饰。
名词的分类
英语名词可以分为两大类:普通名词和专有名词。具体的分类如下表:
类别 例词
专有名词 人名、国名、地点等名称 Kate, China, Beijing, the Great Wall, the Fobidden City (紫禁城)
组织、机构等名称 the United Nations(联合国), WTO(世贸组织)
语言、月份、星期、节日、称呼等名称 Chinese, January, Sunday, Christmas, Dad, Mr.
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 指具体的人或物 teacher, boy, worker, apple, desk
集体名词 指由个体组成的集合体 family, people, police, class, group
不可数名词 抽象名词 指表示动作、状态、情况等抽象概念的名称 work, help, pleasure, health, weather, knowledge, news, trouble, love, fun, kindness, happiness
物质名词 指不能分成个体的物质 milk, meat, rice, water, bread, metal, cotton, silk, rain
【可数名词及其单复数】
知识点一:名词的数
可数名词分单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾 “-s” 构成,其主要变法如下:
名词复数形式的规则变化
(1)一般情况 在词尾加-s book- books, girl- girls, pen- pens
(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾 加-es bus- buses, box- boxes, brush- brushes, watch- watches
(3)以辅音母+ y结尾 变“y” 为“i” 再加-es city-cities, factory- factories, lady- ladies
(4)以f或fe结尾 变f或fe为v再加-es wife- wives, knife- knives, wolf- wolves thief- thieves, shelf- shelves, self- selves life- lives, half- halves, leaf- leaves (记忆小窍门:妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌; 躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光)
只加-s belief- beliefs , chef- chefs giraffe- giraffes , roof- roofs
两者皆可 scarf- scarfs / scarves handkerchief- handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
(5)以o结尾 表示有生命的名词,词尾加-es tomato- tomatoes, potato-potatoes hero- heroes, mango- mangoes
表示无生命的名词,词尾加-s photo- photos, piano- pianos, radio- radios 【特别注意】以oo结尾的加-s: zoo- zoos, bamboo- bamoos, kangaroo- kangaroos
名词复数形式的不规则变化
单数 复数 单数 复数
(1)改变名词中的元音字母或部分元音字母 man men woman women
foot feet tooth teeth
goose geese
(2)单复数同形 sheep sheep deer deer
fish fish
表示“某国人” 中日不变英法变 其余s加后面 加-s Indian Indians Australian Australians
Canadian Canadians German Germans
单复数同形 Chinese Chinese Japanese Japanese
以man, woman结尾 Eng1ishman Eng1ishmen Frenchman Frenchmen
(4)合成词 将主体名词变成复数 apple tree apple trees shoe shop shoe shops
无主体名词时,将最后一部分变为复数 policeman policemen policewoman policewomen
以man, woman开头的合成词前后两部分都变复数 woman teacher women teachers
man doctor man doctors
(5)集体名词 总是用作复数 people plice staff
可作单数(整体),也可作复数(成员,个体) class family team group
(6)特殊变化 child children mouse mice
( ) l. Many foreigners came to our school last week, including three and four .
German;American B. Germans;American
C. Germans;Americans D. German;Americans
( ) 2. - Cou1d you give me a few on how to spend the coming summer holiday
- Ok, 1et me see.
A. hobbies B. suggestions C. know1edge D. information
( ) 3 . - Hey, boys. Look at the falling .
- well, it’s te11ing us that autumn is coming.
A. 1eaf B. 1eafs C. 1eafes D. 1eaves
( ) 4. Hurry up! Some and are on sale in the supermarket.
A. tomato;egg B. tomatoes;egg C. tomatoes;eggs D. tomato;eggs
( ) 5. - Look! They are .
- Yes, we are proud of them.
A. man scientist B. women scientists C. woman scientists D. man scientists
【不可数名词】
不可数名词是指不能以数目计算,不可以分成个体的名词,包括物质名词和抽象名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 初中英语中常见的不可数名词主要有:
(1)饮食: drink, water, milk, tea, orange(橙汁),juice, coffee, wine, beer, soup, chocolate, food, meat, beef, pork, mutton, chicken, fish, rice, corn, wheat, bread, porridge, salt, sugar, butter, cheese, fruit等。
(2)材料:metal, wood, cotton, oil, wool, silk, paper, glass, plastic等。
(3)自然:universe, earth (土), fire, light, sand, sunshine, wind, rain, snow, ice, grass, weather等。
(4)其他:advice, time, news, work, homework, housework, money, knowledge, business, medicine, music, help, health, trouble, information, fun, furniture, traffic, progress等。
知识点一:不可数名词的“量”的表示方法
(1)表示具体的量:用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”的结构来表示。
如:一块面包 a piece of bread;
要特别注意当数词大于1时,量词则必须要用复数形式。如:
two pieces of paper 两张纸 three bottles of orange 三瓶橙汁
four glasses of milk 四杯牛奶 five drops of water 五滴水
six bags of rice 六袋大米 seven kilos of sugar 七公斤糖
eight baskets of fruit 八匡水果 nine pieces of news 九条消息
(2)表示不具体的量: 用little, a little, some, any, much, a lot of, lots of, a bit of等词来修饰。
如:很多时间: much/ lots of/ a lot of time
知识点二:既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词
英语中有些名词既可以作可数名词也可以作不可数名词,但意思不同。初中阶段出现的名词如下表:
单词 词义 单词 词义
可数名词 不可数名词 可数名词 不可数名词
chicken 小鸡;鸡 鸡肉 paper 报纸,试卷 纸
exercise 练习;体操 运动;锻炼 Chinese 中国人 汉语
fish 鱼(种类、条数) 鱼肉 Japanese 日本人 日语
fire 火炉,火灾 火 German 德国人 德语
glass 玻璃杯;眼镜(+es) 玻璃 room 房间 空间
life 生命 生活,人生 radio 收音机 无线电话/无线电报
light 灯 光线 time 次数,倍 时间
orange 橘子,橙子 桔汁;橘汁 work 作品 工作
experience 经历 经验 room 房间 空间
( ) l. The broken may cut into your hand if you touch it. You should be careful.
A. glass B. glasses C. candle D. candles
( ) 2 . The three upstairs are too small to have enough for a double bed.
A. room;room B. room;rooms C. rooms;room D. rooms;rooms
( ) 3. The problems are difficult to solve. Please give me .
many advice B. some advice C. an advice D. some advices
( ) 4 . I’m hungry. Please give me to eat.
A.two bread B. two pieces of bread
C. two pieces of breads D. two piece of bread
( ) 5. - Mr Liu will give a lecture on a study abroad in England and share some
of learning English with us.
- It will be a really meaningful lecture.
A. experiences;experience B. experience;experiences
C. experience;experience D. experiences;experiences
【名词所有格】
名词所有格用来表示名词和名词之间的所属关系。所有格分两种: 一种是由名词词尾加’s 构成,另一种是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示没有生命的东西。
知识点一:’s所有格的构成
构成方式 举例
(l)单数名词或不以s结尾的复数名词一般加’ s Mary’s father, Children’s Day
(2)以s结尾的名词,不管是单数还是复数形式,一律加’ the students’ reading room the twins’ mother, Dickens’ novels
(3)表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加’ s Jim’s and Mary’s rooms(一共两个房间)
(4)表示两人共有时,只需在最后一个名字后加’ s Jim and Mary’s room(一个房间)
(5)表示 “某人的家、店铺、诊所” 等时,所有格后的名词省略 at the doctor’s, at my uncle’s
知识点二:’s所有格的用法
用法 举例
(1) 用于表时间的名词后 today’s newspaper 今天的报纸 five minutes’ walk = a five- minute walk 五分钟的路程 three days’ holiday = a three- day holiday 三天的假期
(2) 用于表国家、城市的名词后 the world’s population
(3) 用于表度量衡及价值名词后 a mile’s journey, two dollars’ worth
(4) 用于表节日的名词后 Women’s Day, Father’s Day, Teachers’ Day
知识点三:of所有格的用法
用法 举例
(1) 用于无生命的东西 the leg of the chair 椅子的脚 a map of China 中国地图
(2) 用于有生命的东西,尤其是修饰词较多时 the very big and beautiful eyes of the cat
( ) 1. Upstairs are bedrooms. They are tidy and nice. But are in a mess.
A. Lily’s and Lucy’s;our B. Lily’s and Lucy’s;ours
C. Lily’s and Lucy;ours D. Lily and Lucy’s;our
( ) 2 . Children are very happy on June lst, Day. It is their own holiday and they can get lots of presents on that day.
Children B. Childs C. Children’s D. Childs’
( ) 3. After playing football for more than half an hour, the students took rest.
A. a few minute’s B. a little minute’s C. a few minutes’ D. a little minutes’