2016届中考英语（译林版）复习语法整合学案：第8课时 动词的分类与时态

第8时　动词的分类与时态
　　1. 从近几年中考试题来看,动词和动词短语的辨析是考查的重点,而且注重将动词放在特定的语境中去考查。
2. 动词时态也是中考必不可少的考点之一,近年来的中考注重创设语境来考查动词时态,让学生根据语境自己判断句子时态。
预计2016中考对动词的考查将重在考查动词的时态和语态以及短语动词和情态动词的运用。
动词是句子的核心和灵魂,动词决定着句子的结构或类型。动词有不同的类型,有时态和语态的不同以及语气的变化。
一、 种类特点
英语动词可分为四类:实义动词、连系动词、助动词、情态动词。
实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )动词(vt.)有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后接宾语。不及物动词之后不能跟宾语。有的动词既能用作及物动词,又能用作不及物动词,如know,win,help等。请看例句:
I know English.
They played football.
不及物动词(vi.)其特点与及物动词相似,但后面不能接宾语。如go,work,happen,listen,live等。
I live in the country.
It happened at 7:30.
系动词(link v.):词义不完整,不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。如:
become,be,look,get,turn,feel,sound,smell,taste,seem等。
It is made in China.
It tastes delicious.
情态动词(mod v.):有一定的意义,但 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )不能单独作谓语,要和实义动词一起作谓语。如can,could,might,must,need,should等。
I can’t leave my baby here.
Would you like some tea
案例　①(2015·浙江丽水· 25·1分)The skirt 　　　　soft as if it is made of silk.
A. sounds B. tastes
C. feels D. smells
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。sound意为“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )听起来”;taste意为“尝起来”;feel意为“摸起来”;smell意为“闻起来”。由句意“这件裙子摸起来很柔软像丝绸做的一样”可知选C。
【答案】 C
②　(2015·浙江金华· 27·1分)—Mum,where is Dad
—He 　　　　a speech for tomorrow’s meeting.
A. was preparing B. is preparing
C. has prepared D. will prepare
【解析】 考查动词时态。句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意:——妈妈,爸爸在哪 ——他为明天的会议　　　　演讲。A过去进行时;B现在进行时;C现在完成时;D一般将来时。根据问话可知是问爸爸现在在哪,可推测出回答表示的是现在。
【答案】 B
二、 短语动词和动词短语
短语动词通常有“动词+介词”和“动词+副词”两种结构。被动语态中的短语动词要当作及物动词看待,不能分开使用。
短语动词的及物用法相当于及物动词,不及 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )物用法相当于不及物动词,之后不能跟宾语。这类动词常见的有:get up(起床),wake up(醒来),dress up(装扮),go away(走开),turn up(露面),turn down(把音量关小),look up(抬头看),get back(取回),hurry up(快点),cheer up(高兴点),come up(过来),come down(下来),come in(进来),come out(出来),go out(出去),go down(下降/落),come on(加油),break down(出故障),look over(检查),go over(过一边/复习),take off(起飞),stay up(熬夜),show off(炫耀),slow down(放慢速度),shut down(关闭/停工)等。其中有些短语动词可以用作不及物用法,也可以用作及物用法。
“动词+副词”构成的短语动词后面跟名词作宾语时,可以放在副词前面,也可以放在副词后面。如果是代词作宾语,必须把代词放在动词和副词之间。
短语动词还有很多类型,如动词+副词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )+介词(come up with想出);动词+形容词+介词(get ready for为……做准备)等等,这里就不一一列举,请同学们在复习中注意小结。
案例　(2015·山东莱芜·29· ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )1分)You had better learn to 　　　　different kinds of problems by yourself.
A. give up B. make up
C. play with D. deal with
【解析】本题考查短语动词的用法。A放弃;B构 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )造;C与……玩;D处理。根据句意判断,此处应该是学会独自处理问题,不是放弃、组成或玩弄问题。所以选D。句意:你们最好学会自己处理各种问题。
【答案】 D
三、 八种常用时态的用法和构成
(一)一般现在时:
1. 现阶段经常性、习惯性的动作
2. 现在的状态
3. 主语具备的性格和能力,主语是第三人称单数时,作谓语的行为动词词尾要加(e)s,其他人称和数用动词原形。
标志性时间状语有:often,sometimes,always,every day,never,in the morning等。
We often play football.
She is young.
The sun rises in the east.
They speak English.
案例　(2015·山东聊城 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )·30·1分)I will do some cleaning as soon as I 　　　　my homework.
A. finish B. will finish
C. has finished D. finished
【解析】考查一般现在时态的用法。由介词判断,该句主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,从句应该用一般现在时态来代替一般将来时态。
【答案】 A
(二)现在完成时:
1. 表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。
2. 表示动作发生在过去,对现在产生影响或结果。
构成:have/has+动词的过去分词。如:
Mr Li has taught for more than thirty years.
李先生任教30多年了。
Have you ever been to America 你曾去过美国吗
常用的时间状语有:just,ever,already,yet,for three years,since 1975,since等。
现在完成时态的考查热点
1. 考查过去分词及其短语
过去分词可分为规则变化和 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )不规则变化两种。不规则变化的过去分词要单独记忆,但也有规律可循。有的动词过去式、过去分词与原形动词一样的(如read,put,cut,let,set,shut,hit,cost等);也有的和过去式形式一样(如find,hear,leave,lend,send,teach等)。
固定短语:have/has gone ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to a place;have/has been to a place;have/has been in been to
2. 考查谓语结构
如果句中含有already,befor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e,recently,so far等时间状语或由since、for等引起的时间状语时,谓语动词通常用现在完成时态结构。但在没有明显的时间状语情况下,要根据上下文来判断:1. 表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在;2. 动作发生在过去,对现在产生影响或结果。
3. 考查现在完成时态的肯定句和否定句结构
现在完成时态的否定句的构成是:主语+助动词have/has(not)+过去分词+其他成分。有时句中不用not,而用副词never。如:
用所给动词的适当形式填空
—You look unhappy. What’s the matter
—I 　　　　(not hear) from Rose for months. I’m worried about her.
【解析】本题是考查现在完成时态的否定句结构。for用来表示一段时间时,谓语动词要用现在完成时态,所以答案是haven’t heard。
4. 考查一般疑问句结构及其回答
现在完成时态一般疑问句的结构是:助 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )动词Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他成分 其回答是:Yes,主语+have/has./No,助动词+haven’t/hasn’t. 特殊疑问句的结构是:疑问词/组+助动词have/has+主语+过去分词+其他成分 如:
用所给动词的适当形式填空
—　　　　 you 　　　　(post) the photos to your parents 　
—Not yet. They are still on my desk.
【解析】从答句可知问句的动作还没有完成,谓语动词应该用现在完成时态,所以答案是Have,posted。
5. 考查特殊疑问句结构及其回答
特殊疑问句的结构是:疑问词/组+助动词have/has+主语+过去分词+其他成分 。
(1)—　　　　 have you stayed in Shanghai
—For about two months.
A. How often B. How long
C. How soon D. How far
(2)—How long has Eliza been a nurse
—　　　　.
A. Since 2002 B. Four years ago
C. In 2002 D. For 4 years ago
【解析】(1)A项“多久”,通常就频度副 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词提问,用于一般现在时态;B项“多长时间”,使用时要根据上下文来判断;C项的 “多久”,通常用于一般将来时态;D项“多远”,通常问距离。因为问句中的谓语动词是现在完成时态,应答语是表示一段连续的时间状语。故选B。
(2)since的后面必须跟时间点,for的后面跟时间段,B项是干扰题,C项是一般过去时态的时间状语,因此排除。故选A。
6. 考查同义句转换
同义句转换常见的有两种时态的转换:a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))一般过去时态与现在完成时态的转换。转换时,终止性动词必须改为状态动词,过去时间状语要改为for或since引导的短语或句子。b)现在完成时态与现在完成时态转换。同时态转换时要注意动词和状语的变化。
(1)He bought a computer last month.(改为同义句)
____________________________________________________________________
(2)Jim left Chongqing 3 days ago because of his new work.
Jim has 　　　　　　　　from Chongqing for 3 days because of his new work.
【解析】(1)这一句改为同义句时,最好 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )使用现在完成时态来改写,因为这两种时态之间有联系,即动作都可以从过去开始。又因为原句中的bought非延续性动词,不能用于现在完成时态,所以要改用其他动词;过去时间状语要改为for或since引导的短语,因此答案是:He has had a computer for a month./He has had a computer since a month ago.。
(2)从这一句改写后的时间状语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )可以谓语部分是现在完成时态,所以要把原句中非延续性动词left改为状态动词been away from,因此答案是:been away。
案例　(2015·福建漳州·38·1分 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))Since Project Hope started,it 　　　　millions of children to come back to school.
A. has helped B. helped C. is helping
【解析】考查现在完成时态的用法。由从句判断,主句的唯一动词应该是现在完成时态。
【答案】 A
(三)过去完成时:
表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。构成:had+动词的过去分词。如:
By the end of the match,they had kicked two goals.
到比赛结束时为止,他们踢进两个球。
We did as he had told us.
我们按照他们告诉我们的去做。
When I got there,you had already started playing. 当我到达时,你们已经开始比赛了。
常用的时间状语有:by/before te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n,by the end of last year等用于状语从句中。有时没有时间状语,常用于宾语从句中。
案例　(2015·山东·1分 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we 　　　　.
A. will expect B. are expecting
C. expect D. had expected
【解析】本题考查时态。句意:手工写下所 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有的邀请函,要比我们预料的花去更多的时间。根据句意可知,我们预料是在实际上写之前发生的,而本句中实际写花去的时间使用了过去时was,所以expect使用过去完成时。
【答案】 D
(四)一般过去时:
指过去发生的动作或存在的状态,谓语动词要用过去式。如:
Mr Li taught English last year. 李老师去年教英语。
He always went to work by bus last year.
他去年总是乘公共汽车上班。
常见的时间状语有:yesterday,three month ago,last year,in 1979,often,always。
一般过去时态易错点
1. 规则动词和不规则动词的过去式
(1)他见到我时,停下来和我交谈。
Wrong:He stoped to talk with me when he saw me.
Right:He stopped to talk with me when he saw me.
【解析】stop是规则动词,其过去式必 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )须先双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,即stopped。常用的规则动词有:plan—planned计划,log—logged登录,jog—jogged慢跑,shop—shopped购物等。
(2)他们是昨天乘飞机去那里的。
Wrong:They flied there yesterday.
Right:They flew ther ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e yesterday./They went there by plane/air yesterday.
【解析】fly不能都把词尾的y改为i,加-ed,因为fly是不规则动词,其过去式是flew,必须单独记忆。
2. 时态的判断
在陈述句或特殊疑问句中,在没有时间状语的情况下,也要用一般过去时态。如:
(1)我原以为他是你的哥哥。
Wrong:I think he is your elder brother.
Right:I thought he is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )your elder brother./I thought he was your elder brother.
【解析】“原以为”是指过去的看法,应该用一般过去时态。后面宾语从句的时态可以一致,也可以不一致。
(2)你从课文中学到了什么呢
Wrong:What do you learn from the text
Right:What did you learn from the text
【解析】“从……中学到了什么”是指过去发生的动作,不能用一般现在时态,而要用一般过去时态。
3. 过去常常做某事
表示过去常常做某事要用used to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) do sth结构来表示,指过去常常反复的行为,而现在不存在了。其否定句用used not/usedn’t to do sth or didn’t use to do sth结构。如:
He used to go to school. 他过去常常步行上学。
She used not/usedn’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t to sell computers./She didn’t use to sell computers. 她过去不卖电脑。
其一般疑问句也有两种形式。如:
—Used he to go to work by bus /Did he use to go to work by bus
—Yes,he did./No,he didn’t.
——他过去常常乘车上班吗
——是的。/不,不是的。
—He used to go to work by bus,usedn’t he /didn’t he
—Yes,he did./No,he didn’t.
——他过去常常乘车上班,是吗
——是的。/不,不是的。
案例　(2015·山东菏泽·7·1分)—Have you finished your homework yet
—Yes. I 　　　　it twenty minutes ago.
A. have finished B. finished
C. will finish D. had finished
【解析】本题考查一般过去时态的用法。由句中的时间状语twenty minutes ago(二十分钟以前)判断,谓语动词应该用一般过去时态。
【答案】 B
(五)一般将来时:
表示将来要发生的动作存在的状态;构成:
1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形
2. am/is/are+going to+动词原形
Mr Li will(is going to) teach English next year. 李老师明年教英语。
注意点:1. 用现在进行时态表示将要发生的动作。
2. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时来代替将来时。
3. 表示事先安排好,打算要去做的事情。
案例　(2015·河南·33·1分)—Does the bus go to the beach
—No. You 　　　　the wrong way. You want the Number 11.
A. go B. were going
C. are going D. would go
【解析】 考查时态的用法。句意为:——公 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )交车去沙滩吗 ——不去。你　　　　错路了。你需要乘11路车。根据句意及答语后句中的“want the Number 11”可推知,问路人还没有乘坐公交车,所以此处应用一般将来时态表达。
【答案】 C
(六)过去将来时:
从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。构成:
1. 助动词would+动词原形
2. was/were+going to+动词原形。如:
Mr Li said he wou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld(was going to) teach English the next year. 李老师说他第二年教英语。
常见的时间状语:the next day,the next year等等。过去将来时常用于宾语从句中。
案例　(2013·上海·46·1分) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )The official said they 　　　　a new law to protect the tourists the next year.
A. makes B. would make
C. made D. have made
【解析】本题考查过去将来时态。该句是宾 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语从句,又是简介引语。主句是过去时,从句要用过去时的相应时态。因为后面句中的时间状语the next year指的是将来。
【答案】 B
(七)现在进行时:
指现在或现阶段正在进行的动作,构成:am/is/are+动词的现在分词+now。如:
Mr Li is teaching English now.
李老师现在正在教英语。
使用现在进行时态注意点。
1. always,for ever等用于现在进行时态,常带有感彩。如:
He is always grumbling. 他总是发牢骚。(表示厌恶)
She is always thinking of others. 她总是想着别人。(表示赞扬)
2. 表示当前一直或反复进行的动作。如:
We’re living a happy life now. 我们现在过着幸福生活。
The population of the world is growing faster and faster. 世界人口增长越来越快。
3. 表示将要发生的动作。动词go,come,leave等用现在进行时态,可以表示将要发生的动作。如:
—Where are you going ——你要去哪里
—I’m going to Nanjing.——我要去南京。
—It’s time for lunch,dad.——爸爸,吃午饭的时间到了。
—I’m coming. ——我就来。
4. 在含有现在进行时态的句子开头,常用look,listen等提示语。如:
Listen!Someone is crying over there.
听!那边有人在哭。
Please be quite!Your father is sleeping. 请安静!你的爸爸在睡觉。
5. 不可用于现在进行时态的动词。如:
一般情况下表示所有关系、心理 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )状态、感觉、愿望或表示特征等的状态动词(如own,hear,think,wish,love等)不用现在进行时态。如:
I think he is very old. 我认为他年纪很大。
The children love playing computer games. 孩子们爱玩电脑游戏。
Who owns the dog 狗的主人是谁
(八)过去进行时:
过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。
构成:was/were+动词的现在分词。如:
What were you doing this time yesterday
昨天这个时候你在干什么
Tom was reading a book when Mary came in. 当玛丽进来的时候,汤姆正在读书。
常用的时间状语有:at four yesterday,this time yesterday,then等等。
案例　　(2015·江苏扬州·1分)—Has your friend completed his design
—Not yet. He 　　　　on it last night.
A. worked B. has worked
C. is working D. was working
【解析】本题考查过去进行时 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )态的用法。疑问句的谓语部分是现在完成时态,询问动作是否完成。应答句还没有,昨天晚上一直在进行,所以用过去进行时态。
【答案】 D
例1　情态动词的考查。
(2015·辽宁葫芦岛·36·1分)Katie 　　　　see clearly. She needs glasses.
A. can’t　　B. mustn’t 　　C. needn’t　　D. shouldn’t
【解析】本题考查情态动词的用法。由后面一句“她需要戴眼镜”判断,Katie看不清楚,应该用can’t来表示。
【答案】 A
例2　动词的时态。
(2015· 浙江宁波·29·1分)—Are you surprised at the ending of the movie
—No,because I 　　　　the story.
A. read B. will read
C. have read D. was reading
【解析】本题考查动词时态。考查动词的时态。句意:——你对影片的结尾感到惊讶吗 ——不,因为我读过这个故事。根据句意应用现在完成时。
【答案】 C
例3　动词短语辨析。
(2015·浙江温州·7·1分)—Don’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t 　　　　late,Mary. You have a singing competition tomorrow morning.
—OK,dad. I’ll go to bed right now.
A. dress up B. grow up
C. stay up D. mix up
【解析】本题考查动词短语辨析。句意为:——不 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )要熬夜晚了,玛丽。明天上午你要参加歌唱比赛。——好的,爸爸。我马上去睡觉。dress up穿上衣服;打扮;grow up长大;stay up熬夜;mix up混合起来。根据句意可知答案。
【答案】 C
例4　动词短语与代词位置。
(2015·山东滨州·33·1分)Smoking is bad for your health. You’d better 　　　　.
A. set it up B. give it up
C. pick it up D. look it up
【解析】本题考查代词和动词短语的位置。句意为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ):吸烟有害健康。你最好　　　　。set up建立,设立;give up放弃;pick up捡起,拾起;look up 查寻,查阅。以up结尾的是动副短语,代词必须放在中间。根据句意可知答案。
【答案】 B
例5　动词句型的辨析。
(2015·福建福州·25· ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )1分)—Liu Ming,is that our headteacher Miss Chen over there
—It can’t be her. She 　　　　Xiamen for a meeting.
A. has been to B. has gone to
C. has been away
【解析】考查have/has g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )one to a place的用法。由应答句It can’t be her.判断,陈老师不在,她到厦门去了,不是去过厦门。
【答案】 B
一、 单项选择
1. (2015·贵州铜仁·1分)—Where is Mr Zhao
—He 　　　　to Mount Fanjing. He’ll come back 　　　　a week.
A. has been;in B. has gone;after　
C. has gone;in　 D. has been;after
2. (2015·河北·1分)I’m bu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sy now. I 　　　　to you after school this afternoon.
A. talk B. talked　
C. will talk D. have talked　
3. (2015·湖北黄冈·1分)—I suppose you are at least 60 years old.
—Thank you. I’m glad you 　　　　that. My real age is 362.
A. say B. said　
C. are saying D. were saying
4. (2015·江苏连云港·1分)B ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eijing and Zhangjiakou 　　　　applying to host the 2022 Winter Olympic Games in 2013.
A. begin　 B. began　
C. have begun　 D. had begun
5. (2015·湖南长沙·1分)—Your brother is an excellent basketball player.
—So he is. He 　　　　to play basketball three years ago.
A. has started B. starts
C. started
6. (2015·湖南长沙·1分) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Little Tom 　　　　computer games when his mother got home.
A. is playing B. plays
C. was playing
7. (2015·河北·44.· ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )1分)I saw Ken in the meeting room. He 　　　　Joe for the school magazine.
A. interviews B. interviewed　
C. has interviewed D. was interviewing
8. (2015·河北·42·1分)Monica,you 　　　　the exam!Congratulations!
A. pass B. have passed　
C. will pass　 D. are passing
9. (2015·河北·1分)Someone 　　　　at the door. Can you open it
A. knocks B. knocked　
C. is knocking D. was knocking　
10. (2015·四川达州·1分)—Have you ever 　　　　an amusement park
—Yes,I have. I 　　　　Fun Times Amusement Park last year.
A. been to;have gone to B. gone to;have been to
C. go to;went to D. been to;went to
11. (2015·陕西·1分)On ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )May 22,a Han taxi driver 　　　　an old lady to the hospital as soon as he could in Xinjiang.
A. sent B. sends
C. is sending D. has sent
12. (2015·贵州黔西南·1 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )分)I 　　　　my hometown for a long time. I really miss it.
A. left B. went away from
C. have left D. have been away from
13. (2015·北京·1分)—What do you often do at weekends
—I often 　　　　my grandparents.
A. visit B. visited　
C. have visited D. will visit
14. (2015·北京·1分)—W ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat were you doing when we were playing basketball yesterday afternoon
—I 　　　　the classroom.
A. was cleaning B. have cleaned
C. will clean D. clean
15. (2015·北京·1分)He 　　　　in this factory for 20 years already.
A. will work B. works　
C. has worked D. is working
二、 用所给词的适当形式填空或根据中文提示填词
1. (2015·江苏无锡·五6·1分 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))Wuxi Underground Line 1 　　　　(expect) to be in service later this month.
2. (2015·江苏常 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )州·52·1分)I can still speak some French now,for I 　　　　(teach) Chinese in France for several years.
3.(2015·江苏泰州·64·1 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )分)China 　　　　(send) up several Shenzhou manned spacecraft into space since 2003.
4.(2015·江苏苏州·45·1分)Brenda spent all day 　　　　(准备) the meal.
5. (2015·江苏常州·48·1分)—Why did you shout
—I felt something 　　　　(击中) me on the head.
6. (2015·江苏镇江42·1分)—What do you think of the block you live in
—I’m not sat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )isfied. The loud noise from the square always 　　　　(打扰、扰乱) me a lot.
7. (2015·江苏扬州·47· ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )1分)Last term,I 　　　　(骑) a bicycle to school every day.
8. (2015·江苏淮安·四· ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )14·1分)It’s reported that some wild animals 　　　　(face) the danger of dying out now.
9. (2015·江苏连云港· 6 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )9·1分)—We’ll have a trip early tomorrow morning,won’t we
—Yes,you’d better 　　　　(不要熬夜) tonight.
10. (2015·江苏连 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )云港·48·1分)Thomas Bach of Germany was 　　　　(选择,选为) to be the ninth IOC president last year.
答案
第8课时　动词的分类与时态
一、 1~5　C C B B C　6~10　C D B C D
11~15　A D A A C
二、 1. is expected　2. have taught　3. has sent　4. preparing
5. hit　6. disturbs　7. rode　8. are facing
9. not stay up(late)　10. chosen