2024年高考真题（新高考I卷） D篇解读分析学案
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| 名称 | 2024年高考真题（新高考I卷） D篇解读分析学案 |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-06-20 08:51:32 | ||
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2024年高考真题（新高考I卷） D篇 解读分析学案
DIn the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos,and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology， it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”Using a global data set of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of over sampled areas and lead them to places --- and even species --- that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【词汇积累】document v. 记录、记载species n. 物种 （单复数同形）record n. 记录detect v. 查明，检测shift n. 变化variety n. 种类，多样性lead adj. 起领导作用的，领先的outnumber v. 数量上超过biodiversity n. 生物多样性likelihood n. 可能、可能性flowering adj. 开花的encounter n. 偶遇eye-catching adj. 抢眼的，引人注目的well-sampled adj. 样本过多的【短语积累】go extinct 灭绝 citizen scientists 公民科学家（参与数据收集的普通公民）billions of 数十亿的mobile application 移动应用程序respond to 做出反应、回应data set 数据集合tend to 倾向于do with 处理，应付inform sb of sth 把某事告知某人over sampled areas 样本过多的地区【难句分析】1. These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”（翻译见译文部分）这个句子中and并列了两个句子，两个主句分别是：These observations now outnumber the primary data. 和I wanted to know: Are they usable that引起data的定语从句。since引起的从句做第二个句子中的状语从句。2. We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it. （翻译见译文部分）这个句子中sampling后面是其定语从句；like 引起的是偏差的例子。3. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. （翻译见译文部分）这个句子中who引起people的定语从句；recording引起的部分是非谓语词组做定语，citizen scientists的定语。
【应试点拨】：1. 科普类说明文的文章的结构清晰，有着明显的文章结构和段落之间的逻辑关系。 阅读这类文章，快速把握文章的结构和段落之间的逻辑关系非常有利于细节理解。细节理解也是这一类文章的考察重点。比如本篇文章，第一段就提出了文章要说明的核心话题：这些记录数据不完美。那么怎么不完美哪？很自然的下面要介绍这个结论是怎么得出的。第二段提及获取数据容易了、数据多了，但这些数据适用吗？第三段他们研究这些数据是否适用。第四段和第五段就举例说明了这些数据的局限性。那么，怎么解决这个问题哪？最后提出建议。这一类文章的阅读经验要认真积累。2. 在了解段落大意时，要注意段落中各个层次的逻辑关系。比如在详解中提及的第二段的层次和理解。 3. 关于词汇和长句。同学们在做各种模拟试题时肯定遇到过大词汇量的文章，注意不要试图翻译，不要试图搞清楚每一句话的汉语意思。要从上下文中去领会和掌握句子大意。快速的寻找主句的主要结构，先搞清楚主句，再进一步分析 从句和其他句子成分。从简化句子入手，从上下文语境中理解。也就是平时练习时常提醒同学们的“我们注重的不是词汇，而是语境和逻辑”。4. 核对干扰项时要注意，不要考虑题目的难易，严谨的按照我们平时的练习思路，根据题干和选项中的关键词回到原文确定相关信息的出处，判断原文内容和各个选项内容是否有着逻辑关系。对于两个纠结选项的处理：不要机械考虑选项间的差异，要么回到原文找逻辑，要么归谬倒推。谨慎的速度平衡也是我们训练中要重视的。 【译文】为了赶在地球上的物种灭绝之前记录下它们的情况，研究人员和普通公民科学家已经收集了数十亿条记录。今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们在探测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化方面很有用，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种记录并不完美。该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授巴纳巴斯·达鲁说:“随着科技的兴起，人们借助移动应用程序很容易观察到不同的物种。”“这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的主要数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道:它们有用吗 ”利用19亿份植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，达鲁和他的团队测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。达鲁说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索会导致数据偏差的采样的一些方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”他们的研究表明，大量的仅仅是观测的记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖。此外，这些数据是有偏见的，倾向于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引人或抢眼的特征的物种。对于不完善的生物多样性数据集，我们能做些什么 “很多，”达鲁解释说。“生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认识别他们上传的图像。” 【答案】 32-35：BCCD【解析】本文是本文是一篇科普类说明文。介绍目前生物多样性数据的收集存在着偏差及局限性，并就移动设备的生物样本采集提出了建议。【32题详解】 B. 细节理解题。第一段中提及：Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos,and other digital records. 目前，大多数生物多样性的记录以照片、视频以及其它数字记录的形式出现。可知，B项“They are mostly in electronic form.它们大多以电子形式存在。”是正确选项。注意A项中的outdated意思是“过期的”。【33题详解】 C. 细节理解题。第二段和第三段涉及到了本题相关细节。第二段中提及了三层意思：技术提升使观测容易了，数据多了，想知道这些数据是否适用。第三段提及：利用这些数据集，达鲁和他的团队测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。因此，C项“Daru的研究聚焦于观测数据。”正确。【34题详解】 C.细节理解题。根据第四段和第五段内容可知，观测的数据有偏差的原因是：通过移动设备获取生物多样性数据的公民科学家们的取样多为其附近或者更具有吸引力的物种，更侧重于某些特定的区域、时间段、物种。所以C项“不恰当的取样方式”是正确选项。【35题详解】 D.细节理解题。根据最后一段内容,Daru 建议生物多样性应用程序可以告知并引导使用者的采样，并且，这些应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认识别他们上传的图像。这些用户就是文章中提到的citizen scientists. 所以D项“给公民科学家提供指导”是正确选项。
2024年高考真题（新高考I卷） D篇 解读分析学案
DIn the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos,and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology， it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”Using a global data set of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of over sampled areas and lead them to places --- and even species --- that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【词汇积累】document v. 记录、记载species n. 物种 （单复数同形）record n. 记录detect v. 查明，检测shift n. 变化variety n. 种类，多样性lead adj. 起领导作用的，领先的outnumber v. 数量上超过biodiversity n. 生物多样性likelihood n. 可能、可能性flowering adj. 开花的encounter n. 偶遇eye-catching adj. 抢眼的，引人注目的well-sampled adj. 样本过多的【短语积累】go extinct 灭绝 citizen scientists 公民科学家（参与数据收集的普通公民）billions of 数十亿的mobile application 移动应用程序respond to 做出反应、回应data set 数据集合tend to 倾向于do with 处理，应付inform sb of sth 把某事告知某人over sampled areas 样本过多的地区【难句分析】1. These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”（翻译见译文部分）这个句子中and并列了两个句子，两个主句分别是：These observations now outnumber the primary data. 和I wanted to know: Are they usable that引起data的定语从句。since引起的从句做第二个句子中的状语从句。2. We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it. （翻译见译文部分）这个句子中sampling后面是其定语从句；like 引起的是偏差的例子。3. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. （翻译见译文部分）这个句子中who引起people的定语从句；recording引起的部分是非谓语词组做定语，citizen scientists的定语。
【应试点拨】：1. 科普类说明文的文章的结构清晰，有着明显的文章结构和段落之间的逻辑关系。 阅读这类文章，快速把握文章的结构和段落之间的逻辑关系非常有利于细节理解。细节理解也是这一类文章的考察重点。比如本篇文章，第一段就提出了文章要说明的核心话题：这些记录数据不完美。那么怎么不完美哪？很自然的下面要介绍这个结论是怎么得出的。第二段提及获取数据容易了、数据多了，但这些数据适用吗？第三段他们研究这些数据是否适用。第四段和第五段就举例说明了这些数据的局限性。那么，怎么解决这个问题哪？最后提出建议。这一类文章的阅读经验要认真积累。2. 在了解段落大意时，要注意段落中各个层次的逻辑关系。比如在详解中提及的第二段的层次和理解。 3. 关于词汇和长句。同学们在做各种模拟试题时肯定遇到过大词汇量的文章，注意不要试图翻译，不要试图搞清楚每一句话的汉语意思。要从上下文中去领会和掌握句子大意。快速的寻找主句的主要结构，先搞清楚主句，再进一步分析 从句和其他句子成分。从简化句子入手，从上下文语境中理解。也就是平时练习时常提醒同学们的“我们注重的不是词汇，而是语境和逻辑”。4. 核对干扰项时要注意，不要考虑题目的难易，严谨的按照我们平时的练习思路，根据题干和选项中的关键词回到原文确定相关信息的出处，判断原文内容和各个选项内容是否有着逻辑关系。对于两个纠结选项的处理：不要机械考虑选项间的差异，要么回到原文找逻辑，要么归谬倒推。谨慎的速度平衡也是我们训练中要重视的。 【译文】为了赶在地球上的物种灭绝之前记录下它们的情况，研究人员和普通公民科学家已经收集了数十亿条记录。今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们在探测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化方面很有用，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种记录并不完美。该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授巴纳巴斯·达鲁说:“随着科技的兴起，人们借助移动应用程序很容易观察到不同的物种。”“这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的主要数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道:它们有用吗 ”利用19亿份植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，达鲁和他的团队测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。达鲁说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索会导致数据偏差的采样的一些方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”他们的研究表明，大量的仅仅是观测的记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖。此外，这些数据是有偏见的，倾向于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引人或抢眼的特征的物种。对于不完善的生物多样性数据集，我们能做些什么 “很多，”达鲁解释说。“生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认识别他们上传的图像。” 【答案】 32-35：BCCD【解析】本文是本文是一篇科普类说明文。介绍目前生物多样性数据的收集存在着偏差及局限性，并就移动设备的生物样本采集提出了建议。【32题详解】 B. 细节理解题。第一段中提及：Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos,and other digital records. 目前，大多数生物多样性的记录以照片、视频以及其它数字记录的形式出现。可知，B项“They are mostly in electronic form.它们大多以电子形式存在。”是正确选项。注意A项中的outdated意思是“过期的”。【33题详解】 C. 细节理解题。第二段和第三段涉及到了本题相关细节。第二段中提及了三层意思：技术提升使观测容易了，数据多了，想知道这些数据是否适用。第三段提及：利用这些数据集，达鲁和他的团队测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。因此，C项“Daru的研究聚焦于观测数据。”正确。【34题详解】 C.细节理解题。根据第四段和第五段内容可知，观测的数据有偏差的原因是：通过移动设备获取生物多样性数据的公民科学家们的取样多为其附近或者更具有吸引力的物种，更侧重于某些特定的区域、时间段、物种。所以C项“不恰当的取样方式”是正确选项。【35题详解】 D.细节理解题。根据最后一段内容,Daru 建议生物多样性应用程序可以告知并引导使用者的采样，并且，这些应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认识别他们上传的图像。这些用户就是文章中提到的citizen scientists. 所以D项“给公民科学家提供指导”是正确选项。
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