定语从句
知识导航(考点概述)
定语从句在整个句子中做定语。定语从句是学生学不懂、易错的知识点。定语从句在初中英语中的重要性主要体现在完形、阅读和写作中,因此,同学们能否较好的掌握定语从句直接关系到考生初中英语成绩,甚至是高中英语的拔高。
模块一:定语从句的概述
模块分析
1. 定义:在句子中作定语的从句叫做定语从句。
He is a handsome boy.
定语
He is a boy who is handsome.
定语从句
2. 先行词:定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词(或代词)之后,这种名词或代词叫做先行词。
He is a boy who is handsome.
先行词
3. 关系词:①关系代词:关系代词在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或定语等。
②关系副词:关系副词在定语从句中做状语。
4. 关系代词
关系代词 表示人或物 在从句中作用
who 人 作主语、宾语
whom 人 作宾语
whose 人或物 作定语
which 物 作主语、宾语
that 人或物 作主语、宾语
3. 关系副词
关系副词 表示种类 在句子中作用
when 表示时间 时间状语
where 表示地点 地点状语
why 表示原因 原因状语
模块二:关系词的基本用法
模块分析
一、关系代词
1. who:用来修饰人;引导的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语;在非正式英语中,who作宾语时可以由whom替代。
The man who was here just now is a cook. 刚才在这的那个人是一个厨师。
I know the man who/whom you are talking with. 我认识那个与你谈话的人。
2. whom:①用来修饰人,引导的先行词在从句中作宾语,可以用who代替,也可以省略。
He is the teacher (whom) we need. 他是我们需要的老师。
②跟在介词后作宾语时,必须用whom,此时whom不能省略。
The woman with whom I went is my aunt. 跟我一起去的那个女人是我姑妈。
3. whose:引导的先行词在从句中作定语,既可以指人也可以指物。
whose指物时:
The novel whose cover was broken belongs to me.
那本书皮破损的小说是我的。
whose指人时:
He is the teacher whose name was Jackson.
他是那个名叫杰克逊的老师。
4. which:用来修饰物;引导的先行词在从句中可以用作主语、宾语、定语或表语;做宾语时可以省略。
The dictionary which is on the desk is mine. 桌子上的那本字典是我的。
Did you see the book which I put on the desk just now
你看见我刚才放在桌子上的那本书了吗?
5. that:既可以修饰人又可以修饰物;引导的先行词在从句中既可以做主语也可以作宾语;在非正式文体中可以省略,可以替换who或which
二、关系副词
1. when:引导的先行词在从句中用作时间状语,其先行词往往是表示时间的名词,如:time,hour,day,week,month,year等。
I still remember the day when I first arrived here.
我还记得我第一次来到这里的那天。
2. where:引导的先行词在从句中用作地点状语,先行词往往是表示地点的名词,如:house,place,area,street,city等
He helped his father on the farm where they lived. 他在他们所住的农场里帮父亲干活。
3. why:在从句中作原因状语,其先行词只有表示原因的名词reason。
That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.
那就是他为什么这么早就离开的原因。
三、 关系代词与关系副词的选择
引导词用关系副词还是关系代词,取决于从句中的成分是否完整:
当从句中主语和宾语完整无缺失时,用关系副词;
当从句中缺少主语或宾语时,用关系代词。
That is the day when he went to college. 他在那天上的大学。
This is the place which I visited before. 这是我以前参观过的地方。
典例分析
【例2-1】(**)(2019四川成都,39)
—The boy________ lost is crying there.
—How do you know he gets lost
A. whose B. who C. who’s
【答案】C
【解析】句意:—那个迷路的男孩正在那里哭。—你怎么知道他迷路了?本题考查定语从句,先行词是the boy,空后无名词,所以排除A选项。lost是形容词,B选项缺少动词,故不正确。C选项为who is的缩写,be lost迷路,故选择C选项。
【例2-2】(*)(2019内蒙古呼和浩特,6)
Sitting down after a walk is relaxing. But would you like to sit on a seat________ tells you your weight
A. / B. who C. whom D. that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:散步后坐下来很令人放松。但是你想坐在能告诉你体重的座位上吗?本题考查定语从句,先行词是a seat,指物,在定语从句中做主语,关系词用that/which,故选择D。
【例2-3】(*)(2019广东,44)
Not all children________ watch this video will become a scientist, but some may become interest in science.
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
【答案】C
【解析】句意:并不是所有看过这段视频的孩子都会成为科学家,但有些人可能会对科学产生兴趣。本题考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句,先行词children,指人,且关系词从句中充电主语,故选择C选项。
课堂练习
【练2-1】(**)
—What do you usually do in your spare time
—I enjoy reading in the library________ I lost myself in a world of good books.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
【答案】B
【解析】先行词是library,从句不缺成分所以选择关系副词where。
【练2-2】(**)
—Do you enjoy staying here
—No, I like places________ the weather is always warm.
A. what B. which C. when D. where
【答案】D
【解析】先行词是places,从句不缺成分,所以用关系副词where。
【练2-3】(**)
I live in the room________ window faces south.
A. who B. whose C. which D. that
【答案】B
【解析】定语从句,先行词是room,空后面有名词,whose谁的
模块三:定语从句注意事项
模块分析
1. 只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句的情况
①先行词前有序数词修饰
It is the first time that I have heard of it.
②先行词由形容词的最高级修饰
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
③先行词是all, any, much, none, some, no, anything, something, everything, nothing, few, little等指物的不定代词,关系代词一般只用that。
注意:先行词为anyone或指人的one,ones,those时也可以用who。
Please get everything that we need ready.
They go to the library to look up any information that they need.
Anyone who/that is against this opinion my speak out.
④先行词由the only,the very, the last等词修饰时
My English teacher was the last man that left school yesterday.
My brother is the only student that passed the exam this time.
⑤先行词兼有人和物
Look at the man and his dog that are walking up in the street.
He talked about things and persons that they remembered in the school.
⑥主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句,避免与who或which重复
Who is the man that is standing by the door
Which is the dictionary that you want
2. 定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数
①从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数由先行词的单复数决定
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
The man who lives downstairs is a foreigner.
②带有one of的句子中,如果one of前面有the only,the very修饰,从句的谓语动词用单数;反之,从句的谓语动词是复数
Sam is the only one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner.
Sam is one of my friends who have been invited to have dinner.
典例分析
【例3-1】(**)
I can remember well some pictures and the persons________ I saw in the room.
A. whom B. who C. that D. which
【答案】C
【解析】先行词兼有人和物是关系代词只能用that。
【例3-2】(**)
This is the first gift________ I got from my father.
A. which B. that C. who D. A and B
【答案】B
【解析】先行词前有序数词修饰时关系词只能用that。
【例3-3】(**)
This is the only book________ was written by Lu Xun in this library.
A. that B. which C, what D. A and B
【答案】C
【解析】先行词前有the only修饰时,关系词只能用that。
【例3-4】(***)
The happiest of people don’t necessarily have the best of everything; they just make the most of everything___________ comes along their way.
A.which B.who C.when D.that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:最幸福的人不一定拥有最好的一切,他们只是最大限度地利用了生活中的一切。根据句子结构可知,该空引导的是定语从句,四个选项都可以引导定语从句,which是关系代词,先行词为物;who关系代词,在从句中作主语或宾语,先行词是人;when是关系副词,在从句中作状语;that是关系代词,先行词可以是人也可以是物。从句中缺少主语,故排除C;everything指物,故排除B。当先行词是不定代词时,定语从句只能用that引导,故选D。
【例3-5】(***)
This is one of the best books________.
A. that have ever been written B. that has ever been written
C. that have written D. Both A and B
【答案】A
【解析】带有one of的句子中,如果one of前面有the only,the very修饰,从句的谓语动词用单数;反之,从句的谓语动词是复数.
本讲作业
1.Mr Brown is a teacher____________ is strict with all his students.
A.which B.who C.where
2.He is the only student_____________ plays table tennis better than Jim.
A.why B.where C.who D.which
3.—What kind of movies do you prefer
—I prefer movies___________ me something to think about.
A.that gives B.which gives C.who give D.which give
4.The man___________ you met yesterday was my brother.
A.which B.whom C.where D.whose
5.BDS is a great invention_____________ helps us explore our planet and discover where we are.
A.that B.where C.who D.what
6.Change’s I is a spaceship___________ was launched as China’s first lunar probe.
A.who B.which C.what D.where
7.—Lily, what kind of museums do you like
—I like museums___________ can provide visitors with free WIFI.
A.what B.that C.who D.where
8.The photo________ taken by my classmate last week is very nice.
A.which were B.that is C.that were D.which was
9.The old collector always prefers art works___________ describe the everyday life of common people.
A.who B.whose C.where D.which
10.Language learning isn't hard itself. The attitude___________ you have decides if you can learn it well at last.
A.what B.which C.where D.who
11.—Betty, what are you looking for
—I'm looking for the dictionary___________ my brother bought for me last month.
A.that B.what C.who D.whom
12.According to a survey, people________ are able to speak two languages can more________ manage two things at the same time.
A.when; hard B./; hardly C./; easy D.who; easily
13.I think it’s the best music_________I have ever listened to.
A.which B.that C.what
14.My grandparents like stories_____________ have happy endings.
A.they B.who C.which D./
15.My mother likes_________ music_________ can relax her mind after a long week at work.
A.smooth; what B.smooth; who C.smooth; whom D.smooth; that
16.The mermaid___________ was written, directed and produced by Stephen Chow drew many Chinese fans to the cinema.
A.who B.whom C.what D.that
17.The only thing___________ mother left was her dream to be an actress.
A.which B.that C.whose
18.The stories_________ were written by Mark Twain are often humorous.
A.that B.those C.who D.what
19.WeChat is a useful communication tool____________ can help people talk to friends,share photos,ideas and feelings freely.
A.whom B.who C.whose D.which
20.Han Yan is the only student___________ gets a chance to take part in the final drawing match.
A.that B.which C.when D.whose
21.Look at that girl__________ name is Lucy.
A.who B.whose C.which D.whom
22.Jack with several tourists___________ from the UK___________ paying a visit to the mainland of China.
A.who come; is B.who is; is C.which are; are D.that are; are
23.Chinese government have taken lots of ways ___________are proved effective(有效的) to meet people’s need during the NCP(新冠肺炎)outbreak.
A.which B.who C.what D.those
24.—Frank, look! Who are the children under the tree___________ waiting in a line
—They are the students from No.1 Middle School.
A.that are B.which is C.who is
25.The shoes___________ I bought yesterday cost me ten dollars.
A.whose B.which C.whom D.who
26.I love the village___________ people are really friendly.
A.where B.which C.who D.that
27.Those___________ have read more books about technology can have a better understanding of this passage.
A.who B.whom C.that D.whose
28.Can you tell me the name of the school___________ you visited last week
A.what B.where C./ D.when
29.— Have you watched the TV play" In the Name of People”
— It' s the most popular play__________our Party' s trying to struggle against corruption(反对腐败).
A.where show B.which show C.that shows D.who shows
30.I'd like to tell you the table manners________you should know when you visit France.
A.which B.who C.what D.where
参考答案
1.B
【详解】
句意:布朗先生是一位对所有学生都很严格的老师。
考查关系代词辨析。which(在定语从句中)指物;who(在定语从句中)指人;where(在定语从句中)指地点。分析“Mr Brown is a teacher ... is strict with all his students.”可知,该句是定语从句,先行词是“teacher”,指人。故选B。
2.C
【详解】
句意:他是唯一一个乒乓球打得比吉姆好的学生。
考查定语从句关系词。why关系副词,先行词表原因,且在从句中作状语;where关系副词,先行词表地点,且在从句中作状语;who关系代词,先行词指人,且在从句中作主语或宾语;which先行词指物,且在从句中作主语或宾语。根据“the only student”可知此处先行词指人,且从句中plays前缺少主语,用关系代词who引导限制性定语从句。故选C。
3.D
【详解】
句意:——你更喜欢哪种电影?——我更喜欢能给我一些思考的东西的电影。
考查定语从句的用法。that关系代词,修饰人或物;which关系代词,修饰人或物;who关系代词,修饰人。定语从句的先行词movies为表示物品的名词,在从句中做主语,故选择修饰物的关系代词,故排除C;因为从句的主语movies是复数,故动词give用原形。故选D。
4.B
【详解】
句意:你昨天遇到的那个男人是我的兄弟。
考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,句子是定语从句,缺少关系代词,先行词是人,排除A和C,由先行词在定语从句中作宾语可知,应该用whom,排除D,故选B。
5.A
【详解】
句意:北斗系统是一项伟大的发明,它帮助我们探索我们的星球,发现我们在哪里。
考查定语从句。本句是定语从句,先行词是invention指物 , 引导词在从句中作主语,所以用that。故选A。
6.B
【详解】
句意:嫦娥一号是中国发射的第一艘探月飞船。
考查定语从句。句中“spaceship”是先行词,意为“宇宙飞船”,指物,应用which作连接词引导定语从句,故选B。
7.B
【详解】
句意:——莉莉,你喜欢什么样的博物馆?——我喜欢能给游客提供免费WIFI的博物馆。
考查定语从句。what引导名词性从句;that引导定语从句,修饰人或物;who引导定语从句,修饰人;where引导定语从句,作地点状语。此处先行词museums是事物,定语从句中缺少主语,用that引导,故选B。
8.D
【详解】
句意:我同学上周拍的这张照片非常漂亮。
考查定语从句和时态。根据“last week”可知,此处用一般过去时,排除B项,此处定语从句缺少主语,引导词作主语,因此定语从句的谓语根据先行词来判断,先行词the photo是第三人称单数,定语从句的谓语用第三人称单数形式,故选D。
9.D
【详解】
句意:这位老藏家喜欢描写普通人日常生活的艺术作品。
考查定语从句。who指人,作主语/宾语;whose指人/物,作定语;where指地点,作状语;which指物,作主语/宾语。本句是定语从句,先行词“art works”指物,先行词在从句中作主语,故选D。
10.B
【详解】
句意:语言学习本身并不难。你的态度决定了你最终能否学好它。
考查定语从句。分析句子结构,可知,此句是一个定语从句。先行词“attitude”,指物,在从句中作宾语,所以用which或that。故选B。
11.A
【详解】
句意:——贝蒂,你在找什么?——我在找我哥哥上个月给我买的那本词典。
考查定语从句的引导词。that关系代词,既可指人也可指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;what不能引导定语从句;who关系代词,指人,在定语从句中作主语;whom关系代词,指人,在定语从句中作宾语。由句意可知,空处的词是引导定语从句且先行词“the dictionary”是物,故应为that。故选A。
12.D
【详解】
句意:根据一项调查,会说两种语言的人更容易同时处理两件事。
考查定语从句及副词辨析。由“people…are able to speak two languages”可知,本句为定语从句,先行词people“人”指人,且在从句中作主语,故应用关系代词who引导定语从句。hard努力地;hardly几乎不;easy容易的;easily容易地。由“…can more…manage two things at the same time”可知,会说两种语言的人更容易同时处理两件事,故此处应为副词easily“容易地”,修饰动词 manage“处理”。故选D。
13.B
【详解】
句意:我认为这是我听过的最好的音乐。
考查定语从句的关系代词。which指物;that指人或物;what不能引导定语从句。根据句意和分析句子结构,可知本句有先行词“music”,指物,在从句中做宾语,且先行词“music”前有最高级“the best”修饰,所以关系代词只能用that,不用which,故选B。
14.C
【详解】
句意:我爷爷奶奶喜欢有幸福结局的故事。
考查定语从句。先行词stories(故事)表示物,又关系词在从句中作主语,所以用关系代词that或which,故选C。
15.D
【详解】
句意:经过漫长的一周的工作,我妈妈喜欢可以放松她思维的舒缓的音乐。
考查定语从句关系词。这是一个定语从句,music是先行词,表示物,所以关系词用that;故选D。
16.D
【详解】
句意:由周星驰创作、导演和制作的电影《美人鱼》吸引了许多中国粉丝来到电影院观看。
考查定语从句。who关系代词,指人,作主宾语;whom关系代词,指人,作宾语;what不引导定语从句;that关系代词,指人或物,作主宾语。分析句子结构,可知本句主语为“The mermaid”,谓语“drew吸引”,由此可知“________ was written, directed and produced by Stephen Chow”为定语从句修饰先行词“The mermaid”,指物,从句中作主语,所以用that,故选D。
17.B
【详解】
句意:母亲唯一留下的东西就是她想当演员的梦想。
考查定语从句。______mother left 是定语从句。which用于先行词是物时;that用于先行词是人或物时;whose在从句中作定语。先行词thing前面有only修饰,空格处缺少的是宾语,所以关系词需用that,故选B。
18.A
【详解】
句意:Mark Twain写的那些故事常常是非常幽默的。
考查关系代词。that关系代词,先行词可以是人或物;those 那些,不能引导定语从句;who关系代词,先行词可以是人,引导定语从句;what什么,不能引导定语从句。根据句意可知,这里考查的是定语从句,先行词是stories,故选A。
19.D
【详解】
句意:微信是一种有用的沟通工具,可以帮助人们自由与朋友交谈,分享照片,想法和感情。
考查关系代词。whom宾格,指代人,在定语从句中作宾语;who指代人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;whose指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语;which指代物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。分析句子结构可知,本句考查定语从句的引导词,先行词是物,并且在从句中做主语,用which或that引导,故选D。
20.A
【详解】
句意:韩燕是唯一一个有机会参加绘画比赛决赛的学生。
考查定语从句关系词。that先行词指人或物;which先行词指物;when先行词指时间;whose先行词既可指人也可指物。根据题干中“the only student”可知题中先行词有the only修饰,且在从句中作主语,关系代词只能用that。故选A。
21.B
【解析】
试题分析:句意:看那个叫露西的女孩。Whose name is Lucy为一定语从句,修饰前面的先行词that girl;定语从句中的主语缺少一个定语即女孩的名字;故选B。
考点:考查定语从句的引导词。
22.A
【详解】
句意:杰克和几名来自英国的游客正在参观中国大陆。
考查定语从句和主谓一致。第一空是定语从句,先行词tourists表示人,是复数形式,因此定语从句用who或that引导,谓语用复数形式。come from=be from“来自”,因此第一空用who/that are或who/that come,排除BC两项。with连接并列主语,谓语根据第一个主语来判断,此处Jack是第三人称单数,谓语用第三人称单数形式,故选A。
23.A
【详解】
句意:在新冠肺炎疫情爆发期间,中国政府采取了许多行之有效的措施来满足人民群众的需要。
考查关系代词。根据题干可知,此句是一个定语从句,先行词ways指代物,在从句中作主语,所以用关系代词which,故选A。
24.A
【详解】
句意:——弗兰克,你看!那些在树下排队的孩子是谁?——他们是来自第一中学的学生。
考查定语从句关系词和主谓一致。句子先行词是“children”指人,在从句中作主语,所以关系代词用who/that;而先行词是复数名词,所以从句中的系词用are,故选A。
25.B
【详解】
句意:我昨天买的鞋子花了我十美元。
考查关系代词。whose谁的,指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语;which关系代词,引导定语从句时,指代物,并且在句中充当主语或者宾语;whom宾格,谁,指代人,在定语从句中作宾语;who谁,指代人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。分析句子结构可知,本题含有一个定语从句,空格上要填的词在定语从句中作bought的宾语,指代 shoes。选项C和D 引导定语从句时指代人,可排除; 选项A 引导定语从句时可指人也可指物,作定语;which 在引导定语从句时只能指物,作主语或宾语,因此B选项符合题意,故选B。
26.A
【详解】
句意:我喜欢这个村庄,那里的人们非常友好。
考查定语从句的引导词。where在定语从句中作地点状语;which先行词是物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;who先行词是人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;that先行词是人或物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。分析句子成分可知,本句包含一个定语从句,先行词“the village”表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用where来引导定语从句。故选A。
27.A
【详解】
句意:那些读了更多关于技术的书的人可以更好地理解这篇文章。
考查定语从句关系词。who关系代词,先行词指人,在从句主作主语;whom关系代词,先行词指人,在从句中作宾语;that关系代词,先行词指人或物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语;whose关系代词,先行词可指人或物,在从句中作定语。题干中先行词“Those”指人,且在从句中作主语,排除BD;先行词those是that的复数形式,表示人,为了避免重复,关系代词用who而不用that,排除C。故选A。
28.C
【详解】
句意:你能告诉我你上周参观过的那所学校的名字吗?
考查定语从句关系词。what不作关系代词;where和when都是关系副词,不能在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。根据题干中“the school________ you visited last week”可知此处是个含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词“the school”虽然表示地点,但在从句中充当宾语,不能用关系副词,只能用关系代词which/that或不填。故选C。
29.C
【详解】
句意:——你看过电视剧《人民的名义》吗?——这是我们党努力反腐的最受欢迎的剧本。考查定语从句。当先行词前有形容词的最高级或者序数词来修饰的时候,关系代词只能用that。故选C。
30.A
【详解】
句意:我想告诉你一些当你参观法国时应该知道的餐桌礼仪。
考查定语从句。分析句子结构,本句缺少定语从句的引导词,what不能引导定语从句,首先排除C答案;当先行词是地点,在定语从句中做地点状语时使用where引导,本句先行词“table manners”不是地点,排除D。当先行词指人时,才能用who,此句的先行词table manners为下文定语从句的逻辑宾语,且指物,所以引导定语从句的关系代词用that或者which,故选A。