中考英语二轮题型复习专题：阅读理解—细节理解学案（解题技巧+专练）（含解析）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
解密中考
——细节理解题
一，解密中考——考点解析
该类题型在中考中所占比例较大，一般一篇文章会有3—4个细节理解题，细节理解题通常是提问文章中出现的某个细节点，选项大多数情况下会对原文的细节点范围进行扩大和缩小，甚至是错误的表述。
二，解密中考——考点解密
·题干解密
细节理解题一般会在文章当中出现三到四个题，位置不固定。
细节理解题常考点：1. 列举信息处：当文章中出现了first, second, at last, in addition, on one hand, to begin with等表示列举的信息的连词或词组时，此处为常考点。
2. 举例与打比方处：当文章中出现可以引出例子的标志词，如as, such as, for example, for instance等表示举例的词或词组时，表明作者是在对自己举出的观点进行进一步的论述，此处为常考点。
3. 指示代词出现处：英语文章凡是前文出现过的内容如果会二次出现，一般都会出现代词进行指代，这个地方就变成了常考点。
4. 引用人物论断处：有时候为使文章更有说服力，作者会引用别人的观点来佐证作者的观点，这个地方就变成常考点。
5. 特殊标点符号处：英语阅读中我们不常见分号，破折号，问号，冒号，这些标点符号后自然就会变成常考点。
·选项解密
细节理解题的选项一般极具干扰性，这种干扰性表现在选项几乎和原文一模一样，就是多一个词少一个词，甚至就是某一个词不同。这是细节理解题的惯用考点。
多词少词：细节理解题更多时候是在对选项中的名词进行考察，而名词都是对客观事物的高度概括，如果我们在名词前添加形容词、不定代词，那么名词的范围就会被扩大或缩小，因此当我们看到名词前突然多了一个形容词、不定代词的时候一定要小心谨慎，因为这个时候名词的范围可能被扩大也可能被缩小了。
如：books 一些书；more books 更多书（范围扩大）
reason 原因；mainly reason 主要原因（范围缩小）
高度概括：通常干扰选项正好就是原文信息，但不符合题目要求；有的符合常识，但不符合原文内容；有的与原句内容极为相似，只是程度上有些变动；有的与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；有的部分正确或部分错误。
三，解密中考——方法解密
做细节理解题的关键方法：条件定位法。
我们读题要按照这样的先后顺序关注题干和选项中的条件：大写字母的单词、时间地点方式原因等状语或由介词引出的状语、状语从句、其他从句、特殊疑问词、主谓宾。然后我们要做到将题干中的条件一一对应到原文，在原文标注出对应的范围，从而分析答案。
四，解密中考——例题解密
例1（四川雅安中考）
Do you know Garfield (加菲猫) Garfield first appeared in June, 1978. He is well known all over the world. Lots of Garfield books have been turned into twenty-six languages. Garfield products are sold in sixty-nine countries.
Jim Davis is Garfield’s creator. Jim was born in July, 1935 in Indiana. He grew up on a farm where his dad raised cows. Jim and his brother Dave helped with the farm work. They had twenty-five cats.
As a boy, Jim was in poor health. When he had to rest, he drew pictures. He added words to his pictures to make them funny.
After college, Jim worked a few years at a company. In 1969, he got a job to help a cartoonist. Jim noticed that there were many cartoons but few about cats. He thought that was strange since the world is full of cat lovers.
He remembered the twenty-five farm cats he grew up with. They gave him ideas for a cat cartoon. In the cartoon, Garfield became the central character in daily difficult experiences with Jon, his owner, and other characters. He is lazy, funny and hungry.
Jim Davis has received many awards (奖项). Twice he was given the Best Humor Strip Cartoonist of the Year Award. He has won four Emmys (艾美奖).
1．How old is Jim now
A．80. B．73. C．85. D．90.
2．What happened to Jim in 1969
A．He created Garfield. B．He helped with the farm work.
C．He worked for a company. D．He got a job to help a cartoonist.
3．Who is Dave
A．Garfield’s brother. B．Jim’s brother. C．Garfield’s father. D．Jim’s mother.
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B
【方法解密】
1. 我们采取条件定位法，Jim提问的主角是吉姆，now提问的时间是现在，How old提问的年龄。我们从选项中可以看到这题是在提问数字，那么我们要迅速定位文章中和数字有关的所有信息点，并且用笔圈出来；
其次，该题在第一题，所以我们定位的信息不应该过于靠后，因此我们判断答案在一二两段。第二步，我们要定位Jim，我们在原文第二段看到了Jim，不难定位到第二句话“Jim was born in July, 1935”. 这里既然他是1935年出生的，那么现在指（这是的题目），所以答案就是1935=85， 选C
2. 同样采取条件定位法，条件有Jim 吉姆；in 1969在1969年；What happened 发生了什么。因此我们继续定位Jim和1969。我们在原文倒数第三段找到了关键信息，但是要注意：英语中如果出现了同一个人称，那么后续人称都要用代词指代，因此1969后的He均是指代Jim，我们对比选项，不难看到D选项就是原文答案。
A 他创造了加菲猫； B 他帮助农场运作；
C 他为一家公司工作； D 他得到一份帮助漫画家的工作
3. 同样采取条件定位法，条件有Dave 戴夫，Who 谁。我们在原文定位Dave，找到原文第二段“Jim and his brother Dave ……”可以判断这题选B选项。
例2（重庆中考）
Last year, I went to Italy as an exchange student. Before leaving, I asked my mother what gifts I should take to the teachers and the students there. Mom said that the Chinese fan was a good choice, for China is praised as "the Fan Kingdom". I couldn't agree more, because it is more than a tool for cooling. It's also an important part of Chinese culture.
I went shopping and bought three kinds of Chinese fans. The first kind was the feather(羽毛)fan for the teachers, which was made of bird feathers. It was the symbol of Zhuge Liang, a very smart man in ancient China. The fans I bought for the girls were silk fans. They were also called" round silk fans". Fans of this kind were made of silk with paintings of beautiful women, birds or flowers. They were very popular with women of all ages. As for the boys, I picked the folding fans from Rongchang, a place in the west of Chongqing. The folding fans were made of paper and bamboo and there were great paintings and calligraphy(书法)on them.
At the welcome party in Italy, my new teachers and classmates were all excited to get the wonderful fans. And they were even more excited after learning about the stories and culture behind them.
1．The writer went to Italy for _________last year.
A．learning B．traveling C．teaching D．shopping
2．The folding fans the writer bought were made in _________.
A．Dazu B．Rongchang C．Tongliang D．Wulong
【答案】1. A 2. B
【方法解密】
1. 我们定位条件，找到Italy 意大利；last year 去年；for ______ 为了某个原因；The writer 作者；went 去。我们根据这些条件进行定位，在原文第一段第一句话，因为作者是以第一人称写的文章，所以I很明显就是指作者。原文表明作者的目的是做exchange student，而student的天职是学习，因此判断选A
A 学习；B 旅行；C 教书；D 购物
2. 我们定位条件，找到the writer bought 作者购买的；the folding fans 折叠扇；were made in 在……制造，选项中所给的条件是地名，结合上述条件我们原文中定位到，原文第二段倒数第三行，“I picked the folding fans from Rongchang”，这里出现了折叠扇，picked同义替换了bought，from后面的地点就是我们要找的答案。选B
例3:（湖北武汉）
Do you know about Psephurus gladius It's a Chinese paddlefish known as "king of all national freshwater fish". However, it is announced that the Chinese paddlefish living in the Yangtze River has become extinct（灭绝的）.
A paper from Science of the Total Environment shows that the largest freshwater fish in China might have gone extinct between 2005 and 2010.Wei Qiwei, author of the paper, said in September, 2019, some experts supposed that the first-class protected fish had been extinct already.
The Chinese paddlefish was about 2 to 3 meters long and could grow longer than 7 meters. The fish had lived on the earth for 15 million years. The latest discovery of the fish was made in 2003.Scientists helped the fish to return and tried to track（追踪）it. Unluckily, a boat accident caused the tracking efforts to fail. Since then, no discovery has been reported and no such fish has been kept in captivity(圈养).
"The Chinese paddlefish was so big that it was hard to raise in captivity," Wei said. Between 1984 and 1993, he once tried to save four fish, but only one stayed alive and returned to the river.
The extinction of the fish has called public attention as people expressed sadness over the death, hoping such animals would be better protected so that future generations could see them. From Jan 1,2020, China began a 10-year fishing ban（禁令）on important areas of the Yangtze River to protect Biodiversity（生态多样性）in China's longest river.
1．What happened after the boat accident mentioned in Paragraph 3
A．Some scientists saved the fish. B．People failed to track the fish.
C．The fish lost its life. D．The fish was kept in captivity.
2．Why couldn't the Chinese paddlefish be raised in captivity
A．Because of its living habits. B．Because of its large size.
C．Because of is special diet. D．Because of the high cost.
【答案】1. B 2. B
【方法解密】
1. 我们定位条件，in Paragraph 3 第三段；after the boat accident 在轮船事故后；What happened发生了什么。我们定位到原文倒数第三行有a boat accident，但是没有出现after，往后看有Since then从那之后，因此可以判断答案在最后一句话。“没有相关发现被报道并且没有鱼被圈养”。
这里如果没法翻译，可以尝试从and与no切入，and前后是并列关系，因此前后语义相近，no是否定词汇，因此可以判断and前后两句话情感是否定态度。从而可以排除AD两个选项。这里C选项含义是鱼死了，文章没有明确表明鱼死亡，因此判断选B选项。
A 一些科学家拯救了鱼； B 人们没能追踪到这种鱼；
C 这种鱼死了； D 这种鱼被圈养
2. 我们定位条件：in captivity 圈养；Chinese paddlefish 中华鲟；Why 原因；couldn’t be raised 不能被养。我们定位到原文倒数第二段第一句话“The Chinese paddlefish was so big that it was hard to raise in captivity”。这个句子中so big that，如此大以至于，因此可以知道原因是因为大，而选项中与尺寸相关的只有B选项。
A 因为它的生活习性； B 因为它巨大的尺寸；
C 因为它特殊的饮食； D 因为高昂的价格
五，解密中考——模拟练习
练1（答案见第八页）
Big data is a lot of sets of information that are put together so they can be used by a computer program. The computer program looks for different kinds of answers or patterns in the data. Big data can have different kinds of information from many sources, such as information that comes from schools, social media sites, companies, and governments. One set of data can have people's names and addresses. Another set can have what they like, where they go to school, and how much time they spend on the computer.
Big data can be used in many ways. The government uses it to understand how many people travel on buses or trains. This information is then used to make bus or train systems better. Some schools use big data to understand which children may need extra help in class. The teacher can then give certain students more help or support so those students can succeed in panies use big data, too. It helps them understand who buys their products. For example, one company uses weather data to see when people eat the most ice-cream.
Big data can be used for good reasons. Some hospitals use big data to predict if a baby who is born too early will get sick. The hospital can then take extra steps to take care of that baby so he or she does not get sick. Big data can also be used for bad reasons. It can be used to predict which kinds of people are likely to break the law or hurt others, even if they have not done anything wrong.
How can big data be used for good and bad things It is because the computer programs used to look at big data and understand it are written by people. People think a certain way. Because they think a certain way, they build a model of those ideas. These ideas are then used to look at the data. Sometimes, these ideas are helpful for people or businesses. Other times, bad ideas can cause problems for certain groups of people.
2．One company uses weather information to ________.
A．help children in need
B．know when people will visit the hospital
C．find out who rides the bus or train
D．understand when people will need ice cream
【分析过程】按照下列模板进行分析并在题干、选项和原文划出对应信息。
题干条件：
选项条件：
原文划线
分析并选出答案：
【错题分析】
【答案】D
【方法解密】
我们定位题干条件：One company一个公司；uses 使用；weather information 天气信息；to 目的是。 选项条件：A 帮助有需要的孩子们；B 知道什么时候人们会去医院；C 找出谁坐车或火车；D 理解 什么时候人们需要冰淇淋。 按照题干定位原文：第二段For example之后的内容，one company匹配，uses 匹配，weather 匹配，data数据 = information信息，因此判断选D
练2（答案见第十一页）
Word Banker English-Chinese is a kind of software（软件）which allows users to practice their Chinese vocabulary in several different ways. Although the program isn’t the most convenient one you’ve ever used, it can help improve your Chinese vocabulary.
The program’s interface（界面）isn’t very attractive so many people don’t like it when they first see it. Also, it can sometimes be hard to operate（操作）. Each function（功能）holds a window, but if you close the window, it will take you back to the main menu or close the program. But if you continue using the program, you will find there are several useful exercises in it. Users can read a word or phrase（词组）in English and then click（点击）on the matching word in Chinese, hear the Chinese word spoken and choose the matching English word, or see the English word written and then type（打字）the Chinese word. The program allows users to practice not only their vocabulary, but also their reading, listening and spelling skills. Once users know a word, they can save it so that it stops appearing in the exercises. The program also allows users to practice vocabulary by seeing the English and Chinese words and hearing the Chinese spoken. The “Help” provides good instructions for users to use. Nothing is perfect. Word Banker English-Chinese has many advantages and certain disadvantages as well. We can use it according to our needs.
1．Who will be interested in Word Banker English-Chinese
A．Native English speakers who want to learn Chinese.
B．Native English speakers who want to improve their English.
C．Native Chinese speakers who want to improve their Chinese.
D．Native Chinese speakers who want to learn English.
2．Which is a disadvantage of the program
A．It’s hard to use sometimes.
B．Users can only practice vocabulary and reading.
C．There are few useful exercises for users to practice.
D．There are no instructions in the program.
【分析过程】按照下列模板进行分析并在题干、选项和原文划出对应信息。
题干条件：
选项条件：
原文划线
分析并选出答案：
【错题分析】
【答案】1. A 2. A
【方法解密】
1. 定位题干条件：in Word Banker English-Chinese 英中单词银行；who 谁；will be interested 将会感兴趣。
定位选项条件：A 想学中文的本地英语说话者们；B 想改善英语的本地英语说话者们；C 想改善中文的本地中文说话者们；D 想学英语的本地中文说话者们。
我们定位到第一段第一句：allows users to practice their Chinese vocabulary in several different ways. 至此我们可以排除BD，英文这里面没有出现英语；再根据第一段最后一句话：it can help improve your Chinese vocabulary. 两句话结合：允许使用者去练习不同场合的中文词汇；它能帮助改善你的中文词法，试想：一个中国人需要软件去创造环境吗？因此不难判断选A
2. 定位题干条件：of the program 这个程序（the是定冠词，指代上文曾经出现过的东西，这就是特指文章中说的那个APP）；a disadvantage 一个缺点；Which 哪一个；is 是。 定位选项条件：A to use sometimes 有时使用；hard 困难；B 使用者们；only 只；能练习词汇和阅读；C for users to practice 对于使用者们去练习；few useful 没有什么用；D in the program 在程序里；no instructions 没有说明书。
我们定位原文第二段，逐句查看，第二行：Also，it can sometimes be hard to operate. 这里说难以操作，A选项相对应，故A正确；
第四行，But后，you will find there are several useful exercises. 这里和C选项对应，但是这句话是肯定句，C选项因为有few所以是否定句，因此C错误；
原文倒数第六行，The program allows users to practice not only their vocabulary, but also their reading, listening and spelling skills. 对应B选项，这里不仅仅只有vocabulary and reading，还有listening and spelling skills，因此B错误；
原文倒数第三行：The “Help” provides good instructions for users to use. 对应D选项，D指明没有instructions，但是原文表明是有的，所以D错误。
练3（答案见第十四页）
Do Dogs Dream
Unlike cartoon images (图像、影像), real dogs don’t speak and describe their sleep. So you may wonder: do dogs dream like their owners
A scientific research conducted at MIT found that during sleep, brains of humans and dogs work in a similar manner. When you or your dog first falls asleep, you experience SWS—slow wave(波) sleep—when the brain waves are slow but muscles (肌肉) are still active. Later a deeper stage of sleep happens. This stage is called REM sleep — rapid eye movements sleep. During REM, muscles are more relaxed, but the mind is more active. It was proved that both humans and dogs experience these two stages of the sleep circle. Since we know that humans dream, it is safe to conclude(做出结论) that dogs dream too.
Scientists found that as a dog falls asleep, his breathing becomes deeper and more regular(规则的). After about 20 minutes in REM sleep, dreams usually begin for normal dogs. While dreaming, the dog’s breathing may become weak and irregular, and his eyes move about behind the closed lids (眼睑) as if the dog is looking at something. By comparing brain wave patterns, researchers suggested that during REM, dogs are visualizing (呈现) dream images much like humans do during this stage of sleep.
Besides, it also found that during REM, the sleeping brain operates much like it does when awake, so both man and dogs dream about things that happen during their waking hours. Information gathered during the day is processed at night and may be relived in dreams. So your dog may “sleep run” as he runs after a cat or fetches a ball.
Studies also show that some dogs dream more than others, and the frequency and length of dreams are different according to the age and size of dogs. Young puppies usually experience more dreams than adult dogs. One possible reason is that puppies get huge amounts (数量) of new information daily and have much to process at night. Among dogs of the same age, smaller dogs seem to have more dreams than their bigger friends, but their dreams may last shorter. Dream length and frequency are also related to the amount of sleep required. A dog that has an active day outside may sleep more soundly than usual and experience longer periods of REM sleep, giving him more time to dream.
1．What happens to the dogs during REM sleep
A．Their muscles stay active. B．Their dreams take place.
C．Their brain waves are slow. D．Their mind is more relaxed.
2．While dreaming, the dog ________.
A．breathes regularly B．opens the lids
C．visualizes images D．gathers information
【分析过程】按照下列模板进行分析并在题干、选项和原文划出对应信息。
题干条件：
选项条件：
原文划线
分析并选出答案：
【错题分析】
【答案】1. B 2. C
【方法解密】
1. 定位题干条件：during REM sleep 在REM睡眠期间；the dogs 小狗狗们；what happened 发生了什么。
定位选项条件：A 他们的肌肉保持活跃；B 他们做梦了；C 他们的大脑电波缓慢；D 他们的思维更放松。
我们定位原文：第二段第四行：This stage is called REM sleep — rapid eye movements sleep. During REM, muscles are more relaxed, but the mind is more active. 这里没有指明到底是指谁经历了REM，我们可以往后面看：It was proved that both humans and dogs experience these two stages of the sleep circle. 这里指明了人类和狗都具备上述REM的情况。那我们重新回到第二段第四行，因此AD都是错的；
我们再来看第三段第二行：After about 20 minutes in REM sleep, dreams usually begin for normal dogs. 这里很明确狗狗在REM中，会做梦。因此选B选项。注意：有些时候第一次看到的不一定正确，一定要多几个心眼，往后多看看。
2. 定位题干条件：while dreaming 当睡觉时；the dog 狗狗会……。
定位选项条件：A 规律呼吸；B 打开眼睑；C 想象图片；D 收集信息。
我们定位原文：第二段第二行靠后：While dreaming, the dog’s breathing may become weak and irregular, and his eyes move about behind the closed lids (眼睑) as if the dog is looking at something. 我们这里读到了irregular breathing，所以A错误；
closed lids 所以B错误；
我们再往后看：By comparing brain wave patterns, researchers suggested that during REM, dogs are visualizing (呈现) dream images much like humans do during this stage of sleep. 注意：这里虽然是后面的内容，但是句中写明是在：during REM，也就是还是睡眠过程中。我们看到了visualizing dream images，所以判断C正确；
我们可以在原文最后一段看到这样一句话：One possible reason is that puppies get huge amounts (数量) of new information daily and have much to process at night. 这里虽然出现了D选项的收集信息，但是注意这里有一个单词：daily，白天的时候，这个条件指明这是在清醒的时候做的事情，不符合条件，故D错误。