2024年中考英语语法复习讲义：主从复合句

第15章 主从复合句
复合句中，充当状语成分的的从句叫作状语从句。
从句种类 引导词 例句
时间状语从句 after, before, when, while , as, since, as soon as，until等 When I came in, he was reading a book. While he was reading a book, I came in. We have lived here since I was born. As the children walked along the lake, they sang happily.
原因状语从句 because后面接句子 because of后面接名词或动名词，because 和so 不连用 He didn’t go to school yesterday because he was ill. He didn’t go to school yesterday because of his illness.
since表示对方已经知道的，既成事实的理由，语气较弱。 Since water is very important, we should try our best to protect it.
as表示十分明显的原因，一般说明因果关系，语气更弱 As it is raining heavily, you’d better not go out.
目的状语从句 so that, in order that “为了，以便”，常常会出现can/could等情态动词. so that从句可以用in order to 转换为简单句。 The English teacher speaks slowly so that/ in order that we can understand him. I shall write down your phone number so that I may not forget it. = I shall write down your phone number in order not to forget it.
结果状语从句 so . . . that ①. so后面接形容词或副词 ②. 名词前如有many, much, few, little等词修饰时，要用so . . . that ③. so+形容词+a/an+单数名词 She was so weak that she could hardly stand up. We have so much time that we can finish the work.
such . . . that “如此……以至于……”，such后面接名词。 ①. such+a/an+形容词+单数名词 ②. such+形容词+复数名词 ③. such+形容词+不可数名词 It is such an interesting movie that I want to see it again. =It is so interesting a movie that I want to see it again.
类别 连词 例句
条件状语从句 if如果, unless除非 If it’s fine tomorrow, we’ll go to the park. (主将从现) You won’t make progress unless you work hard. = If you don’t work hard, you will not make progress.
地点状语从句 where, wherever Where there is a will, there is a way. Wherever you go, whatever you do, I’ll be here waiting for you.
让步状语从句 though/although“虽然” even if/though“即使” no matter though/although 不和but连用 Though he is poor, he is happy most of the time. He’ll go there even though/ if the weather is bad. I ‘ll help him no matter how difficult I am.
比较状语从句 than, as . . . as，not so/as. . . as He is not as/so tall as you are. She jumped higher than me.
宾语从句属于名词性从句，在句子中相当于一个名词词组，在全句中充当主句的宾语。宾语从句主要考察引导词，语序和时态。
宾语从句的引导词
宾语从句是陈述句，引导词用that，在口语中that可以省略。
He said that he could finish his work before supper.
宾语从句由一般疑问句转换而来，其引导词用if/whether, 从句中有or not或从句充当介
词的宾语时，只能用whether.
I don’t know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.
Sorry, I don’t know whether she will come or not.
宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，引导词用特殊疑问词。
He can’t decide which sweater he should buy.
Could you tell me where Tom has gone
I want to know when you can finish the work.
二．宾语从句的时态
宾语从句谓语动词的时态常受主句谓语动词时态的制约，因此在运用时要注意主从句的时态相呼应。
主句的时态 从句的时态 例句
现在的各种时态 可用所需的任何时态 I hear he’ll be back in a few days. I hear he came back a few days ago. Please tell me whom you went to the garden with this morning.
一般过去时 一般过去时 She said she was much better than before.
过去进行时 She said she was reading a storybook at seven yesterday.
过去将来时 He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby.
过去完成时 She said she had seen this film several times.
一般现在时 They said that the earth is round.
三．宾语从句的语序
宾语从句要用陈述句语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他，或者连接词 (充当主语) +谓语+其他
Tom advised me that I should take more water.
She wonders who sent the flowers.
注意：有些特殊疑问句本身就是陈述句语序。
What’s wrong with. . . What is the way to. . .
What happened to you What is the matter/ trouble. . .
Who studies the hardest in your class
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或某一句子的从句叫定语从句。相当于一个形容词，中考重点考察由that, which, who引导的定语从句。
He said he couldn’t understand people who talked fast.
I like books that I can understand.
先行词：上面两句中的people和books是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
关系词：引导定语从句的词有关系代词that，which, who (宾格whom，所有格whose) 和关系副词where, when, why。关系代/副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。
由关系代词引导的的定语从句
关系代词 指代 例句
that在从句中作主语或宾语 (作宾语时可省) 指物 (=which) The shop that sells flowers is at the end of the street. (作主语) The movie that we saw last night was fantastic. (作宾语)
指人 (=who/whom) Who is the man that is reading a newspaper over there The girl that I saw yesterday was Tom’s sister.
which在从句中作主语或宾语 (作宾语时可省) 指物 (若前有介词, 则which不可省, 此时不可用that) I love books which are written by Zhang Ailing. (作主语) The story which he told was very popular. (作宾语)
who在从句中作主语 指人 I love the singer who sing words clearly. (作主语)
whom在从句中作宾语(可省略) 指人 (若前有介词，则whom不可省，此时不可用that) Mrs. Jones is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (作宾语)
whose 指人/指物 He knows the girl whose father is a doctor. I live in a house whose windows face the south.
关系副词引导的定语从句
情况 例句
when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语 The time when we got together finally came.
where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
why指原因，在从句作原因状语 I don’t know the reason why he looks sad today.
定语从句中，关系代词用that不用which的情况
情况 例句
当先行词既有物又有人的时候 I can’t forget the people and the places that I know well.
当先行词被the last, the very或the only修饰时 This is the very pen that I am looking for. The only book that I want to read is missing.
当先行词有序数词修饰时 You are the first person that I want to see. This is the second book that I have ever written.
当先行词为anything, everything, nothing, all, little, few, much, some等时，或由every, any, all, little, few, no, much, some等修饰时 Have you written down everything that Mr Lin has said This is all that I want to say at the meeting.
当先行词由形容词最高级修饰时 This is the most wonderful movie that I have ever seen.