2024年中考英语语法复习讲义 非谓语动词

第11章 非谓语动词
非谓语动词指动词在句子中不能单独做谓语时采用的形式，包括不定式、动名词、分词三种。
他们没有人称和数的变化可以在句子中充当谓语以外的成分。
一．动词不定式句法功能
功能 例句 说明
作主语 To speak to old like that is impossible. =It is impolite to speak to old like that. 不定时做主语，通常用it做形式主语，而将不定时置于句末。
作表语 His dream is to be a famous scientist 不定式作表语，主要表示主语的具体内容、目的等。一般可转化成不定式作主语。
作宾语 He agreed to start early. I found it not very easy to ride a bike. 动词不定式可以放在及物动词后用作宾语。如果作宾语的的不定式有宾语补足语时，常用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置。
作宾补 My mother asked me not to play computer games before finishing my homework. 大多数及物动词用带to的不定式做宾语补足语。
作定语 Liu Yang is the first Chinese women astronaut to enter the space. They could not find a place to live in. 动词不定式作定语时，放在所修饰词的后面。
作状语 To arrive there on time, I got up one hour earlier than usual. (目的) I awoke only to find my luggage gone. (结果) 不定式可作目的和结果状语。
二．使用不定式的常见句式
句型 例句 说明
疑问词+不定式 How to solve the problem is very important. The question is when to start. I can’t decide who to invite. 不定式可和疑问代词 (who, what, which) 及疑问副词 (when, where, how) 连用构成不定式短语，在句中担当主语、宾语、表语等成分.
It’s+adj. +for+sb. +to do sth. It is hard for him to learn English well. 其中形容词是用来修饰不定式的
It’s+adj. +of+sb. +to do sth. It is very kind of you to help me. 其中形容词是用来修饰某人的
It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. It took me 3 hours to repair the TV set. 某人花多长时间做某事
It’s one’s turn to do sth. It’s your turn to tell the story. 轮到某人做某事
find/feel/think it+adj. +to do sth. I find it hard to learn English well. 发现/认为/感到做某事是……的
三．不定式的省略
情况 例句
在let, make, have等使役动词后用作宾补的不定式必须省略to She always makes me laugh.
感官动词see/watch/notice/hear+sb. do sth. 后用作宾补的不定式必须省略to，强调动作的过程或经常性 I watched her get into a car. I saw the woman enter a bank.
动词help后用作宾语或宾补的不定式可以不带to Can I help (to) carry this heavy box Come and help me (to) lift this box.
一．动名词的句法功能
功能 例句 说明
主语 Taking a cold shower every morning does him good. 谓语动词用单数
宾语 Do you mind my closing the door. (动宾) 表示一般的习惯、抽象行为或经常性的动作。
I look forward to receiving your letter soon. (介宾)
表语 His hobby is collecting stamps. = Collecting stamps is his hobby. 动名词作表语，一般可转化为作主语
定语 Let’s buy a washing machine. He slept in the sleeping bag. 动名词作定语，表明它所修饰词的用途、所属关系等，一般置于被修饰词前。
二．动词后接不定式和动名词的区别
一．分词的句法功能
功能 例句 说明
作定语 The singing girl shouted to him, but he didn’t hear her. Do you know the girl standing under the tree Who were the guests invited to your party last night？ 分词作定语时，单个分词放在被修饰的名词后面，分词短语则须置于被修饰的名词后。 分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词
作状语 The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. (伴随状语) frightened by the noise outside, the little girl dare not sleep in her bedroom. (原因状语) 分词作状语，主要表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随状况等 分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。
作表语 The result of the game is very surprising. The boy is too frightened to move. 分词作表语，一般表示主语的特征和属性
作补语 Don’t keep us waiting for a long time. I found him reading a novel. I’ll have my hair cut after school. I must get my bike repaired. 现在分词作补语, 与被补足的宾语或主语之间是主动关系 过去分词作补语, 与被补足的宾语或主语之间是被动关系。
二．现在分词作宾补和不定式作宾补的区别
三．have sb. do sth. , have sb. /sth. doing sth. 和have sth. done的区别
句型 说明 例句
have sb. do sth. “让某人做某事”，have可用let, make代替，常表示一次性的具体动作，强调动作已经完成或尚未发生 The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.
have sb. /sth. doing sth. “让某人/物一直做某事”，have可用keep代替，现在分词 (doing) 表示的状态常表示持续进行 The two men had their lights burning all night long. Don’t have the baby crying.
have sth. done “让某事被别人做”，即ask sb. else to do sth. , 过去分词 (done) 表示的动作由他人 (非主语) 来完成，表被动 The driver had his car washed once a week.