中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第02讲 Unit 1 Back to school
语法夯基精练 句子成分与八大基本句子结构（必修第一册）
句子成分与八大基本句子结构
句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。主要有下面的七种基本成分。
1. 主语(subject)
句子的描述对象即为句子的主语。主语通常位于句子前面(部分)，常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句充当。
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
He will take you to the hospital. 他会带你去医院。
Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不允许吸烟。
Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 他们来不来取决于天气。
2. 谓语(verb)
谓语，对主语进行描述，通常位于句子后面(部分)，谓语部分的核心词必须由动词充当，必须体现为某一时态形式。
Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜于言语。
He will come next week. 他下星期来。
Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. 玛丽自1994年以来一直在那家服装店工作。
3. 宾语(object)
宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。故宾语一般放在及物动词之后。另外，介词后也会跟宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句等充当。
Do you mind opening the window 你介意打开窗户吗？
He wants to dream a nice dream. 他想做个好梦。
We need to know what others are doing. 我们需要知道其他人在做什么。
4. 表语(predicative)
表语在系动词之后，是用来说明主语的。表语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。
Everything here is expensive. 这里的一切东西都很贵。
The match became very exciting. 比赛变得非常激烈。
This map may be of great help. 这张地图可能有很大帮助。
His plan is to seek work in the city. 他的计划是到城里找工作。
My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 我的第一个想法是你应该隐藏你的感情。
5. 定语(attributive)
定语是用来修饰名词、代词的，常译为“……的”。单个词汇作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前，故称之为前置定语；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后，故称之为后置定语。定语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。
They are women workers. 她们是女工。
Mary is a beautiful girl. 玛丽是一个漂亮的女孩。
China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
I have nothing to eat. 我没有东西吃。
Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 想去西藏的人在这里签名。
6. 补语(complement)
补语分为主语补语和宾语补语，用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。通常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词及介词短语充当。
He is made chairman of the club. 他被任命为俱乐部主席。
They elected me captain of the team. 他们选我当队长。
We try to make our country strong. 我们努力使我们的国家强大。
We found everything in good order. 我们发现一切都井井有条。
I should advise you to get the chance. 我劝你争取这个机会。
I saw him go upstairs. 我看见他上楼去了。
7. 状语(adverbial)
状语表示谓语行为的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、伴随情况等。通常由副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。
I left the village five years ago. 我五年前离开了这个村庄。
I arrived late because of the traffic jam. 因为交通堵塞，我迟到了。
We'll have to get up early to catch the train. 我们得早起去赶火车。
The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. 学生们边唱歌边跳舞，走进了教室。
Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 虽然他是个孩子，但他懂得很多。
八大基本句子结构
主谓: 主语＋谓语(SV)（谓语动词为不及物动词，不能接宾语，但能表达完整的意义）
The door closed.门关了。
The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
The animal disappeared. 动物消失了。
2. 主谓宾: 主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO)（谓语动词为及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词，它必须跟一个宾语）
We teach English. 我们教英语。
Who knows the man 谁知道这个人？
3. 主系表: 主语＋连系动词＋表语(SVP)（谓语动词是系动词）
This is an EnglishChinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。
The flower smells sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
Her face turned red. 她的脸红了。
4. 主谓宾宾: 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVOO)（谓语动词带两个宾语(双宾语)，前一个为间接宾语(通常指人)，后一个为直接宾语(通常指物)）（句子结构可以是: “主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾”或“主＋谓＋直宾＋to/for＋间宾”。）
Mr. Smith lent me his car.＝Mr. Smith lent his car to me.史密斯先生把他的车借给了我。
Mr. Smith gave me some advice and lent me an English dictionary.＝Mr. Smith gave some advice to me and lent an English dictionary to me.史密斯先生给了我一些建议并且借了本英文词典给我。
5. 主谓宾补: 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语(SVOC)（谓语动词是可以带复合宾语的及物动词）
The news made us surprised. 这消息使我们很吃惊。
We saw him out. 我们看见他出去了。
He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
What makes him think so 他怎么会这样想？
I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
提醒：可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语: 如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，则该动词接的是复合宾语，否则就是双宾语。
6. 主谓状: 主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA)（谓语动词也为不及物动词，但其后必须带有状语，否则结构不全，意义不完整。）
They lived in Beijing. 他们住在北京。
The girl disappeared in the distance. 女孩在远处消失了。
7. 主谓宾状: 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA)（谓语动词是及物动词，其后不但必须有宾语，而且宾语之后必须带状语）。
She covered her face with her hands. 她用手蒙住了脸。
She put all the books on the desk.她把所有的书都放在桌上了。
8. 存现句: 引导词there引导的句子（there为引导词，无词义；be为谓语动词，根据情况可以有单复数的变化，也可以有不同的时态变化。there be后面的名词为句子主语。）
[名师点津]there在该结构中是个引导词，本身无词义。动词be是谓语，有时态变化，也可与情态动词连用。动词be要和后面的就近的主语在单复数方面保持一致。
There is a small pool at the foot of the mountain. 山脚下有一个小池塘。
There lived a temple on the hill. 在山上有座庙宇。
I.指出下列句中画线部分是什么句子成分
1. All studying at university will be offered the opportunity to do voluntary work. ________
2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China. ________
3. The students got on the school bus. ________
4. He handed me the newspaper. ________
5. I shall answer your questions after class. ________
6. Beyond the mountains lies a small village. ________
7. They went hunting together early in the morning. ________
8. Lily is cleaning the desk now. ________
9. Her garden is the best in our town. ________
10. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister. ________
11. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill. ________
12. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. ________
13. Paper cutting is one of China’s the most popular traditional folk arts. ________
14. I have received some training in my spare time. ________
15. You make your classes lively and interesting. ________
16. It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. next Friday. ________
17. Our hard work will finally be rewarded. ________
18. I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year. ________
19. I find my room clean and tidy. ________
20. I would like to give you some suggestions. ________
21. They should make use of their spare time to taste these wonderful works carefully. ________
22. We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon. ________
23. The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital. ________
24. What you said just now didn’t make me happy. ________
Ⅱ写出画线部分属于什么短语及其所作的成分
1. He is a very careful worker.
属于 ；在句中作 。
2. The yellow house is for sale.
属于 ；在句中作 。
3. We made him our sales manager.
属于 ；在句中作 。
4. I find the problem really confusing.
属于 ；在句中作 。
5. Much interested, he agreed to give it a try.
属于 ；在句中作 。
6. I need some interesting Chinese storybooks.
属于 ；在句中作 。
7. Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. He always works very hard.
属于 ；在句中作 。
8. Harvard is one of the most famous universities.
属于 ；在句中作 。
Ⅲ.写出下列句子的句子结构
1. Does Jennifer live here？
2. Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.
3. Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.
4. Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
5. I heard a knock on the door.
6. This development did not take place overnight.
7. There are times when your heart is not in your work.
8. It gives us a great feeling of peace.
Ⅳ.单句写作
1. 我听说她儿子负责这项重要的工程。(主语＋谓语＋宾语)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. 前不久我姑姑给我买了各种各样的书。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. 保持自然界的平衡对我们来说真的很重要。(主语＋系动词＋表语)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. 看！那些运动员跑得非常快。(主语＋谓语＋状语)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. 有很多粉丝在大厅外等着。(存现句)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第02讲 Unit 1 Back to school
语法夯基精练 句子成分与八大基本句子结构（必修第一册）
句子成分与八大基本句子结构
句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。主要有下面的七种基本成分。
1. 主语(subject)
句子的描述对象即为句子的主语。主语通常位于句子前面(部分)，常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句充当。
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
He will take you to the hospital. 他会带你去医院。
Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不允许吸烟。
Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 他们来不来取决于天气。
2. 谓语(verb)
谓语，对主语进行描述，通常位于句子后面(部分)，谓语部分的核心词必须由动词充当，必须体现为某一时态形式。
Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜于言语。
He will come next week. 他下星期来。
Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. 玛丽自1994年以来一直在那家服装店工作。
3. 宾语(object)
宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。故宾语一般放在及物动词之后。另外，介词后也会跟宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句等充当。
Do you mind opening the window 你介意打开窗户吗？
He wants to dream a nice dream. 他想做个好梦。
We need to know what others are doing. 我们需要知道其他人在做什么。
4. 表语(predicative)
表语在系动词之后，是用来说明主语的。表语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。
Everything here is expensive. 这里的一切东西都很贵。
The match became very exciting. 比赛变得非常激烈。
This map may be of great help. 这张地图可能有很大帮助。
His plan is to seek work in the city. 他的计划是到城里找工作。
My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 我的第一个想法是你应该隐藏你的感情。
5. 定语(attributive)
定语是用来修饰名词、代词的，常译为“……的”。单个词汇作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前，故称之为前置定语；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后，故称之为后置定语。定语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。
They are women workers. 她们是女工。
Mary is a beautiful girl. 玛丽是一个漂亮的女孩。
China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
I have nothing to eat. 我没有东西吃。
Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 想去西藏的人在这里签名。
6. 补语(complement)
补语分为主语补语和宾语补语，用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。通常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词及介词短语充当。
He is made chairman of the club. 他被任命为俱乐部主席。
They elected me captain of the team. 他们选我当队长。
We try to make our country strong. 我们努力使我们的国家强大。
We found everything in good order. 我们发现一切都井井有条。
I should advise you to get the chance. 我劝你争取这个机会。
I saw him go upstairs. 我看见他上楼去了。
7. 状语(adverbial)
状语表示谓语行为的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、伴随情况等。通常由副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。
I left the village five years ago. 我五年前离开了这个村庄。
I arrived late because of the traffic jam. 因为交通堵塞，我迟到了。
We'll have to get up early to catch the train. 我们得早起去赶火车。
The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. 学生们边唱歌边跳舞，走进了教室。
Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 虽然他是个孩子，但他懂得很多。
八大基本句子结构
主谓: 主语＋谓语(SV)（谓语动词为不及物动词，不能接宾语，但能表达完整的意义）
The door closed.门关了。
The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
The animal disappeared. 动物消失了。
2. 主谓宾: 主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO)（谓语动词为及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词，它必须跟一个宾语）
We teach English. 我们教英语。
Who knows the man 谁知道这个人？
3. 主系表: 主语＋连系动词＋表语(SVP)（谓语动词是系动词）
This is an EnglishChinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。
The flower smells sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
Her face turned red. 她的脸红了。
4. 主谓宾宾: 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVOO)（谓语动词带两个宾语(双宾语)，前一个为间接宾语(通常指人)，后一个为直接宾语(通常指物)）（句子结构可以是: “主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾”或“主＋谓＋直宾＋to/for＋间宾”。）
Mr. Smith lent me his car.＝Mr. Smith lent his car to me.史密斯先生把他的车借给了我。
Mr. Smith gave me some advice and lent me an English dictionary.＝Mr. Smith gave some advice to me and lent an English dictionary to me.史密斯先生给了我一些建议并且借了本英文词典给我。
5. 主谓宾补: 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语(SVOC)（谓语动词是可以带复合宾语的及物动词）
The news made us surprised. 这消息使我们很吃惊。
We saw him out. 我们看见他出去了。
He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
What makes him think so 他怎么会这样想？
I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
提醒：可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语: 如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，则该动词接的是复合宾语，否则就是双宾语。
6. 主谓状: 主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA)（谓语动词也为不及物动词，但其后必须带有状语，否则结构不全，意义不完整。）
They lived in Beijing. 他们住在北京。
The girl disappeared in the distance. 女孩在远处消失了。
7. 主谓宾状: 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA)（谓语动词是及物动词，其后不但必须有宾语，而且宾语之后必须带状语）。
She covered her face with her hands. 她用手蒙住了脸。
She put all the books on the desk.她把所有的书都放在桌上了。
8. 存现句: 引导词there引导的句子（there为引导词，无词义；be为谓语动词，根据情况可以有单复数的变化，也可以有不同的时态变化。there be后面的名词为句子主语。）
[名师点津]there在该结构中是个引导词，本身无词义。动词be是谓语，有时态变化，也可与情态动词连用。动词be要和后面的就近的主语在单复数方面保持一致。
There is a small pool at the foot of the mountain. 山脚下有一个小池塘。
There lived a temple on the hill. 在山上有座庙宇。
I.指出下列句中画线部分是什么句子成分
1. All studying at university will be offered the opportunity to do voluntary work. ________
2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China. ________
3. The students got on the school bus. ________
4. He handed me the newspaper. ________
5. I shall answer your questions after class. ________
6. Beyond the mountains lies a small village. ________
7. They went hunting together early in the morning. ________
8. Lily is cleaning the desk now. ________
9. Her garden is the best in our town. ________
10. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister. ________
11. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill. ________
12. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. ________
13. Paper cutting is one of China’s the most popular traditional folk arts. ________
14. I have received some training in my spare time. ________
15. You make your classes lively and interesting. ________
16. It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. next Friday. ________
17. Our hard work will finally be rewarded. ________
18. I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year. ________
19. I find my room clean and tidy. ________
20. I would like to give you some suggestions. ________
21. They should make use of their spare time to taste these wonderful works carefully. ________
22. We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon. ________
23. The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital. ________
24. What you said just now didn’t make me happy. ________
【答案】
1.定语 2. 宾语 3. 宾语 4. 间接宾语 5. 状语 6. 主语 7. 主语 8. 谓语 9. 定语；状语
10. 定语；定语 11. 状语 12. 状语 13. 表语 14. 状语 15. 宾语补足语 16. 状语 17. 主语
18. 宾语 19. 宾语补足语 20. 直接宾语 21. 状语 22. 宾语 23. 表语 24. 主语
Ⅱ写出画线部分属于什么短语及其所作的成分
1. He is a very careful worker.
属于 ；在句中作 。
2. The yellow house is for sale.
属于 ；在句中作 。
3. We made him our sales manager.
属于 ；在句中作 。
4. I find the problem really confusing.
属于 ；在句中作 。
5. Much interested, he agreed to give it a try.
属于 ；在句中作 。
6. I need some interesting Chinese storybooks.
属于 ；在句中作 。
7. Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. He always works very hard.
属于 ；在句中作 。
8. Harvard is one of the most famous universities.
属于 ；在句中作 。
【答案】1.形容词短语; 定语 2. 名词短语; 主语 3. 名词短语; 宾语补足语 4. 形容词短语; 宾语补足语
5. 形容词短语; 状语 6. 名词短语; 宾语 7. 副词短语; 状语 8. 名词短语; 表语
Ⅲ.写出下列句子的句子结构
1. Does Jennifer live here？
2. Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.
3. Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.
4. Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
5. I heard a knock on the door.
6. This development did not take place overnight.
7. There are times when your heart is not in your work.
8. It gives us a great feeling of peace.
答案：
1.主语＋谓语＋状语
2.主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语
3.主语＋系动词＋表语
4.主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语
5.主语＋谓语＋宾语
6.主语＋谓语＋状语
7.存现句
8. 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
Ⅳ.单句写作
1. 我听说她儿子负责这项重要的工程。(主语＋谓语＋宾语)
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2. 前不久我姑姑给我买了各种各样的书。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语)
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3. 保持自然界的平衡对我们来说真的很重要。(主语＋系动词＋表语)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. 看！那些运动员跑得非常快。(主语＋谓语＋状语)
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5. 有很多粉丝在大厅外等着。(存现句)
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答案：
1. I hear that his son is responsible for the important project.
2. My aunt bought a lot of various books for me the other day.
3. Keeping the balance of nature is really important for us.
4. Look! The players are running very fast.
5.There are a lot of fans waiting outside the hall.
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