2023-2024学年牛津译林版八年级下册Unit 1-8 知识点总结（无答案）

译林版
知
识
总
结
Unit 1 Past and present过去与现在
单词学习
1.northern adj.北方的 adj.西方的 adj.南方的 adj.东方的
north n. 北方 n.西方 n.南方 n. 东方
2. married adj. 结婚的 ---- v.结婚
3. wife n.妻子 ----- （复数） n.丈夫
4.pollution n.污染 ----- v. 污染
5.factory n.工厂 ---- （复数）
6.improve v.改善 ---- n. 改善
7.impossible adj.不可能的 ---- adj. 可能的---- adv.
8.interview v.采访 ---- n. 采访者
语法学习---- 现在完成时（1）
定义：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
构成：现在完成时是由“助动词have/has +动词的过去分词”构成的。
（1）肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他。例如：
I have seen the film Frozen Ⅱ twice. 我已经看过电影《冰雪奇缘2》两次了。
（2）否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他。例如：
Tom hasn’t finished his homework yet. 汤姆还没完成他的作业。
（3）一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他？例如：
—Has your mother arrived at the train station 你妈妈到达火车站了吗？
—Yes, she has./No, she hasn’t. 是的，她已经到了。/不，她还没到。
标志词：常与already(已经)、yet(尚，未)、just(刚刚)、ever(曾经)、never(从不)、before(之前)、so far(目前为止)、since then (自从) 等连用。
for+一段时间”或“since+时间点或从句”（其主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词）
【注意】already意为“已经”，常用于肯定句中；
yet意为“还（未）；已经”，常用于否定句和疑问句末尾。
4. 动词的过去分词
（1）规则变化的过去分词的变法与过去式的变法相同
（2）不规则变化的过去分词和过去式均需要单独记忆。（详见课本P122—123）
知识总结
1.just是副词，意为“刚才，刚刚”，常与现在完成时连用
Just now 刚才，常与一般过去时连用
2.used to do sth 过去常常做某事 否定式为didn’t use to或used not/usedn’t to
3.share sth with sb 和某人分享某物
times 时代，年代 at/in different times 在不同年代
5. by+交通工具 “乘坐” = take a +交通工具 by bus = take a bus
6.too many +可数名词 too much +不可数名词 意为 “太多”
7. It takes （sb） some time to do sth是固定句型，意为“做某事花费（某人）多长时间”
8. one用作代词，泛指前面提到的同类事物中的一个
9.since意为“自从……以来 ever意为“曾经”，
10.in the northern 在北方的
11.get married 结婚 get/be married to sb则意为“与某人结婚” ; marry +sb 娶了某人
12.over意为“在……期间”。over the years意为“在这几年间”
13.turn……into…… 把……变成……
14.put……into…… 把……放入……
15.take action to do sth意为“采取行动做某事
16.move away 搬家
17.【辨析】a bit、a little与a little bit
18.lonely与alone:
lonely 孤独的，寂寞的（形容心理） ； alone 独自一人（形容单独）
常搭配：feel lonely 感到孤独; live alone 独居
19.from time to time意为“不时，有时，偶尔”=sometimes
20.anyway 即使这样；无论如何
21.take place文中意为“发生”。此外，take place还可以意为“举行，进行” p10
22. return意为“返回, return from（从……回来）；return to（回到……）p16
23. keep in touch意为“保持联系”。keep/stay in touch with sb意为“与某人保持联系 p16
municate的名词形式是communication，意为“交流，交际
communicate with sb意为“与某人交流
25. 【辨析】be/get used to （doing） sth、used to do sth与be used to do sth p17
26. on one’s own意为“独自；独立”，相当于by oneself或alone p17
课后练习
根据语篇内容，从方框中选择恰当的单词，并用其正确形式填空。每个单词只能用一次。
Riding a Mobike on the street, you might hear some people speaking Chinese loudly.
1 to the right, you see a Sichuan-style restaurant. After walking into a store, you see that Huawei smart phones are on 2. .
But you’re not in China—you’re in Manchester in Britain. In fact, you might see similar things in many other cities. Chinese 3. have been accepted（被接受） worldwide.
Chinese food has been enjoyed in Western countries for a long time. To 4. local people’s tastes, Chinese restaurants have made some changes to the 5. . Unlike Chinese, Australian people don’t like to eat meat with the bone in it. So Chinese restaurants there 6. big pieces of meat without bones, even for fish.
Some Chinese brands are also becoming more 7. . Many stores in European cities sell TCL televisions, Haier fridges and Lenovo computers. And more than half of the USA-owned drones（无人机） are Chinese models. They’re not simply made in China,
8. designed and developed in the country.
In the 9. , some Western people thought Chinese products were cheap and not dependable. But now, things have 10. greatly. “Made in China” becomes cool. More and more Westerners have become fans of Chinese brands.
书面表达
下面的表格反映的是Simon一家10年来的变化，请你根据表格内容，以“Changes in Simon’s family”为题，用英语写一篇短文。
Changes in Simon’s family
Great changes have taken place in Simon’s family in the past 10 years.
Ten years ago, Simon’s family lived in a small flat with two rooms. But now, they have moved into a big flat with six rooms. And in the past, his family had only two bikes. His parents rode them to work every day. Now, they have bought a car. In the past, the family only had a 21-inch TV set. But now each room has a TV set. They can watch programmes without bothering others.
Life of Simon’s family has become better and better these years. What will life be like in another 10 years
Unit 2 Travelling旅行
单词学习
1.travelling n.旅行---- v. 旅行 2. miss v. 想念，思念； ； ；
3.indoor adj.在室内---- adj.在室外 4.cartoon n.漫画---- n.漫画家
5.magic n.魔法---- adj.魔法的 6.feel v.感觉---- n. 感觉
7.marry v.结婚---- adj. 已婚的 8.dead adj.死的---- n.死亡---- v.去世
9.beauty n.美丽---- adj. 美丽的 10.direct adj.直接的---- adv.直接地
知识总结
join sb（与某人一起）； join sb in （doing） sth（与某人一起做某事）
I don’t think it’ll be a holiday for us. 我想对我们而言这不会是什么假期了。
place of interest 名胜古迹
the capital of ……的首都/首府
the story by 由……写的故事
a trip to +地点 去……旅游
the whole意为“全部的；整个的”，
speed意为“速度” 常用短语：at high/low/full/top speed（以高/低/全/最高速），
at a/the speed of（以……的速度）。
hurry to+地点名词”（匆忙去某地），hurry to do sth（匆忙做某事），hurry up（赶快）
10.【辨析】such as与for example
11. a parade of …… ……的游行
12.run after 紧跟，追赶；
13.can’t stop doing sth意为“忍不住一直做某事
14.smell 是感官动词 “闻”，（其他感官动词： look 、sound 、 feel 、taste ）
15.a couple of意为“几个；一对
16.at the end of …… 在……的末尾
have/has been to 去过（已回）
17. hava/has gone to 去了（未回）
have/has been in 在某地待了多久
18.enjoy + 反身代词 enjoy oneself 玩得开心
19.all year round意为“一年到头，全年 p30 L3
20.except是介词，意为“除……外” p30 L7
【辨析】except、except for和besides
except 除了……之外，其他都…… My sister goes to work every day except Saturdays.
except for 除了……之外，其他都好，常用来说缺点 （这篇作文除了语法错误，其他都好）
besides除……之外，还有…… What other sports do you like besides basketball
21.business是不可数名词，意为“公事；商业；生意”。on business意为“出差” p30
22.leave for意为“动身去……” p33 leave...for...意为“离开……去……”
23.some day也可以写成someday 有一天 区分：some days 一些天
语法学习----现在完成时（2）
1.have/has been to和have/has gone to的用法
（1）“have/has been to+地点名词（若是地点副词，不带to）”意为“曾经去过某地”，表示说话时人已不在那个地方，已经回来了
Eg. My father has been to Tibet twice, but I’ve never been there. 我父亲去过西藏两次了，但是我从未去过那儿。
（2）“have/has gone to+地点名词（若是地点副词，不带to）”意为“到某地去了”，表示某人已经去了某地，但还没有回来
—Where is Mike I can’t find him. 迈克在哪里？我找不到他。
—He has already gone to school. 他已经上学去了。
【拓展】“have/has been in +地点名词, 表示某人已在某地停留一段时间，现在仍在那里。
They have been in London since half a month ago. 他们半个月前就在伦敦了。
2.与for或since连用的动词
在现在完成时中，如果有since或for出现，其主句的谓语动词通常是延续性动词。如果是非延续性动词（也称为瞬间动词或短暂性动词），常常把它转化为相应的延续性动词，常见的转化如下表：
课后练习。
根据语篇内容，从方框中选择恰当的单词，并用其正确形式填空。每个单词只能用一次。
Dear Dongdong,
I have been 1. Hong Kong for a whole week and I will stay here for 2. week.
Hong Kong is really a great place to visit. There’s so 3. to see and do there. And I have done so many wonderful 4. .
I’ve taken the cable car （缆车） to the Peak Galleria （山顶广场）. I’ve been to Hong Kong Racing Museum. I have 5. a lot about horse racing there. I’ve also visited Ladies’ Street. In the street, I bought some beautiful clothes 6. my mother. Last night, I went to a Chinese concert. Chinese 7. music has always been my favourite. This morning I went to Ocean Park and watched the dolphin show there.
8. are so clever. They can jump from the water to touch a ball, sway （摇摆） their 9. to the music, kiss people and even do maths. Mr. Host is going to take me to an Italian film festival in Hong Kong Cultural Centre tomorrow. I’m so 10. because I have never seen an Italian film before.
That’s all. Hope to hear from you soon.
书面表达
假如你是李华，请你写一封信给你的叔叔，和他分享一下你的五一假期之旅。内容如下：
Dear uncle,
How is everything going
You know what, I had a wonderful trip. I can’t wait to share it with you. On May Day Holiday, I went for an outing with my classmates. At 7:30 in the morning, we met at our school gate. We went to the Daming Mountain by bike. On the way, we were so excited that we sang loudly. When we arrived there, we started to climb the mountain at once. We breathed the fresh air, listened to the birds singing and enjoyed the green trees. We had a picnic on the top of the hill. After that, we walked down the path and made camp there. The next day, we saw the sunrise in the morning. It was so beautiful. We didn’t go back until noon. We were tired but very happy.
What a pleasant trip it was!
Unit3 Online tours 在线旅行
知识总结
look like 看起来像
I agree！ 我同意
chat with sb 和某人聊天
search for 查找， 相当于 look for
“What...for？”意为“……为了什么/有何用处？”，用来询问目的或用途
use sth to do sth 意为“用某物做某事”
how often 问频率，多久……
almost 是副词，意为“几乎
welcome to +地点名词”意为“欢迎来到……”
in+一段时间”表示“在一段时间之后/之内
notice sb/sth 意为“注意到某人/某物”
notice sb do sth 意为“注意到某人做了某事
notice sb doing sth 意为“注意到某人正在做某事
at the top of 在……的顶端
click on 点击
thousands of 意为“成千上万的，数以千计的”
in the centre of 在……的中心
with 表示“伴随，带有”
several 此处作限定词，意为“几个，数个”，后接可数名词复数，相当于 a few
it +adj +to do sth 做某事是……的
be famous for 意为“因……而出名”
the early twentieth century 意为“20世纪初期
at the bottom of 在……的底部
the opposite of 意为“与……相反，……的反义词 p44
would you mind (not) doing sth？”意为“你介意(不)做某事吗 ” p44
mind doing sth 介意做某事
24. My pleasure. 不客气, it’s my pleasure 或 it’s a pleasure，相当于 you’re welcome
25. making charts 制作图表 p45
26. book 用作及物动词，意为“预订，订（房间、票等）p45
27. be made up of 意为“由……组成(构成)” p47
28. prepare for 意为“为……做准备”，相当于 get ready for
语法学习----一般过去时VS现在完成时
1. 侧重点不同
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在无关；
现在完成时表示到说话时为止已经发生或完成(不一定结束)的动作或状态，强调造成的结果或对现在造成的影响。
2. 连用的时间状语不同
(1)一般过去时常与确定的表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday、last week/month/year、three days ago、just now、in 2018等。
(2)现在完成时常与频度副词、表示一段时间的状语或表示非具体时间的状语连用。如 already、yet、just、ever、never、so far、for...、since...、these days 等
书面表达
假设你是李梅，下周要在英语课上做演讲，介绍一个欧洲国家。你对法国比较感兴趣，也搜集了一些信息（见下表）。请根据表格中的提示，用英语写一篇演讲稿件。
Dear classmates,
Today I’m going to say something about France.
France is in Western Europe. It is an old country with a long history. The capital of France is Paris. It is also the cultural centre of France and even Europe. It is famous for perfume and fashion.
People in France speak French and they use euros like people in other European countries. The weather in France is warm and comfortable.
There are many places of interest in France. It is famous for its beautiful gardens and beaches. And every year, thousands of people visit the Eiffel Tower, Disneyland Paris and the Louvre Museum.
I hope I can visit France one day. So much for my speech and I hope the information is helpful for you.
Unit 4 A good read
单词学习
1.read n.读物----__________ n.读者 2.cooking n.烹饪 ----___________ v.烹饪
3.novel n.小说---- ___________n. 小说家 4.Germany n.德国----_____________ n. 德国人
5.French n. 法国----____________ n.法国人 6.finger n.手指----____________ n.（复数）
7.manage v.管理----_____________ n.经理 8.unable adj. 不能的----__________ adj.能的
9.success n.成功----__________ v.成功----___________ adj.成功的----_____________adv. 成功地
10.translate v.翻译----___________ n.翻译 11.copy n.一本----______________ n.(复数)
12.Canadian n.加拿大人----____________ n.加拿大
13.hidden adj. 隐藏的----________ v.隐藏 14. confidence n.信心----____________ adj.自信的
知识点总结
疑问词+to do 是一种结构，如：what to do , how to learn, where to go ……
do with 意为“处理；处置；对待, 近义词组是 deal with
reach v. 够得到， 此外，也有到达之意
be interested in 对某事感兴趣
spare time 空闲时间
touch用作动词，意为“感动，触动”
crash 此处用作不及物动词，意为“碰撞；撞击
against 是介词，意为“紧靠；碰，撞；反对
as...as sb can 意为“尽某人所能地……”，相当于 as...as possible
by the time 意为“到……的时候
be tired out 意为“筋疲力尽
fall down 摔倒
wake up 醒来
until 用作连词，意为“直到……为止，not...until...”，意为“直到……才……”
the same...as 意为“与……一样……”
start doing sth 开始做某事
shout at sb 意为“冲某人大喊大叫”
fall over 意为“摔倒
continue doing sth 表示继续做刚才没做完的那件事
continue to do sth 通常表示做完一件事继续做另一件事
hand in 意为“上交，递交 p54
refuse to do sth 意为“拒绝做某事 p57
translate...into... 意为“把……翻译成……” p57
in the very beginning 意为“在刚开始，一开始”，in the beginning 则意为“开始，起初” p58
语法学习----A疑问词+动词不定式
动词不定式常与疑问代词 what、which、who 和疑问副词 when、where、how 等连用，构成“疑问词+to do”结构
B must 和 have to 的用法
must 是情态动词，意为“必须”，侧重于说话者的主观看法，认为有必要去做某事。 must 没有人称、时态和数的变化。 must 的否定式 mustn’t 意为“不准，禁止”
have to 意为“必须，不得不”，后接动词原形，表示客观上的必须。 have to 的否定式 don’t have to 意为“不必，不需要”，相当于 needn’t
【拓展】回答以 must 引导的一般疑问句时，若是否定答复，不可以用 mustn’t，而需要用 needn’t
must 必须 have to 不得不
总结：
mustn’t 禁止，不准 don’t have to 不需要
课后练习
Marco Polo was the most famous Westerner to visit Asia during the Middle Ages. Born in Venice in 1254, Marco 1. on a trip with his father and uncle to Asia at the age of 17. Today people can 2. travel to different places around the world. 3. it was very difficult for people from the West to visit the East then.
4. three and a half years’ travel, the Polos reached ChinA. During his 5. , Marco Polo worked for Kublai Khan, the emperor(皇帝) of ChinA. He learned many things that were different from Europeans’. In his diary, he wrote, “The roads of the new capital, Dadu, 6. so straight and so wide.” Paper money also made him surprised, 7. it was not yet in use in the West at that time. He also learned to 8. Chinese. Before he turned thirty, he was even made a Chinese official. In 1295, Marco and his family finally 9. to Venice. Then a book about his trip, full of facts, was completed. It is 10. as The Travels of Marco Polo. From it, we can sill have a look at the fantastic trip hundreds of years ago.
Unit 5 Good manners
知识点总结
manner是可数名词，意为“礼貌，礼仪；规矩”，常用复数形式。常见短语：
have good manners /bad manners“有/没礼貌”，table manners“餐桌礼仪”
adj+enough +to do sth 足够……做某事
share sth with sb 和某人分享某事
cut in （on sb/sth）打断；插嘴
too +adj+ to do sth 太……以至于……
drop litter everywhere 到处丢垃圾
leave sb/sth doing意为“让/使某人/某物处于……状态 =keep doing
keep quiet 保持安静
queue for 排队等候
anything else 还有其他的吗？
put back 归还
invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事
say hello to sb。greet sb with表示“以……方式跟人打招呼
shake sb’s hand= shake hands with sb 和某人握手
for the first time 第一次
with 用
avoid doing sth 避免做某事
in public 公共场合
behave politely 副词修饰动词
push in 插队
bump into 撞到
in one’s way意为“挡住某人的路
as well意为“也，还有
【辨析】as well、also、too与either
as the saying goes 像谚语所说的，
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗
Help explain things... 帮助解释事物…… P72
explain sth to sb意为“向某人解释某事
keep...from...意为“保护……免受……；阻止……做……” P72
warn sb （not） to do sth意为“警告某人（不要）做某事
risk doing sth意为“冒险做某事 P74
risk one’s life to do sth意为“冒着生命危险做某事
语法学习
1.enough to的用法
enough to后接动词原形，常用于句型“主语+be+形容词+enough（for sb）+ to do sth”，表示“……（对某人来说）足够……，能做某事”。
Jim is old enough to take care of himself. 吉姆足够大了，能照顾自己了
2.too...to...的用法
too...to...意为“太……而不能……”，表达一个否定的结果。其中too后面接形容词或副词的原级，to后接动词原形
The boy is too young to go to school. 这男孩太小，不能上学。
He walked too slowly to get there on time. 他走得太慢了，不能按时到达那里。
书面表达
假设你所在的学校正在积极创建全市文明校园。请你根据下列提示，以校学生会的名义就“创建文明校园”这一主题，用英语写一封80词左右的倡议书。开头与结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。
要点提示：
保持教室整洁，不乱扔垃圾；2.不在公共场所大声喧哗，在图书馆里保持安静；3.遵守交通规则；4.举止有礼，互帮互助；5.……
Dear schoolmates,
Our school is trying to be a better place for all of us. We know good manners are really important. And we can do something for it.
At school, we should keep our classrooms clean and tidy. It is incorrect to drop litter. In public, we shouldn’t speak loudly. And we should keep quiet in libraries or reading rooms. What’s more, we should obey traffic rules and queue for our turn. We should behave politely and help each other. As students, we should also save water and power. We can turn off lights when leaving classrooms. I hope everyone can do some small things to make our world better.
Let’s start from ourselves!
Unit 6 Sunshine for all
知识总结：
train to be =train as…… 训练成为…… train for意为“为……而训练
support “支持” 固定搭配support sb/sth in （doing） sth在（做）某事上支持某人/某事”
It + be +adj +(for sb) +to do sth
It +be +adj +(of sb) +to do sth 对某人来说做某事是……的
provide“提供，供应”。provide sb with sth或provide sth for sb意为“为某人提供某物”
expect“期待，指望，预料
expect sth意为“期待/预料某事物
expect （sb） to do sth意为“期待/预料/指望（某人）做某事”
work as ……作为一名……
with intellectual disabilities 有智力缺陷的
give sb a chance to do sth “给某人一个做某事的机会”；
have a/no chance to do sth意为“有/没有机会做某事”
similar是 “相似的，类似的”，be similar to意为“与……相似”
give up 放弃
make a great success 取得成功
try one’s best to do sth 尽某人最大努力做某事
feel like意为“觉得、感觉像是
get to do sth“有机会做某事
in this way意为“用这种方法/方式” P88
not...any more意为“不再”， P89
语法学习
1.It is+形容词+ to do sth本句型表示“做某事是……的”
当叙述众所周知的事情或没有必要表示出动词不定式的逻辑主语时，通常不需要加for/of sb。例如：It’s easy to finish the task. 完成这项任务是容易的。
2.It is+形容词+ for sb +to do sth本句型表示“对某人来说做某事是……的”，
其中的形容词是表示事物的性质、特征的。这样的形容词有important、useful、easy、hard、difficult、interesting、possible、dangerous、necessary等。句型中的for用来引出逻辑主语。例如：
It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. 对孩子们来说，穿过繁忙的街道是很危险的。
3.It is+形容词+ of sb+ to do sth本句型表示“某人做某事真是/太……了”，
其中的形容词是表示人的性格、品质的。这样的形容词有bad、good、kind、nice、clever、foolish、wrong、polite、careful、careless等。
例如：It’s clever of you to work out the Maths problem. 你真聪明，解出了这道数学题。
Unit 7 International charities
U7-8语法学习：
一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态
英语中有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主语是谓语的执行者时用主动语态，主语是谓语的承受者时用被动语态。
例如：We clean the classroom every day. 我们每天都打扫教室（主动）
The classroom is cleaned (by us) every day. 教室每天都被我们打扫（被动）
一般现在时的被动语态的构成：
肯定句：主语+be (am/is/are)+动词过去分词 The toy is designed for children.
否定句：主语+be(am/is are) not +动词过去分词 The toy isn’t designed for children.
疑问句：Be(am/is/are)+动词过去分词+其他？ Is the toy designed for children
一般过去时的被动语态的构成：
肯定句：主语+be(was/were) +动词过去分词 The toy was designed for children.
否定句：主语+be(was/were) not +动词过去分词 The toy wasn’t designed for children.
疑问句：Be(was/were)+动词过去分词+其他？ Was the toy designed for children
一般将来时的被动语态的构成：（根据计划或安排，将来要发生的被动动作）
肯定句：主语+will be/be going to be+动词过去分词
These books will be sent/are going to be sent to the children in poor areas.
否定句：主语+will not be/be not going to be +动词过去分词
These books will not be sent/aren’t going to be sent to the children in poor areas.
疑问句：Will be/ Be going to be+动词过去分词+其他？
Will these books be sent to the children in poor areas
Are these books going to be sent to the children in poor areas
巩固练习
( )1. —Your home town is beautiful, and the air is really fresh.
—Yes. Many trees and flowers around here every year.
A. are planted B. was planted C. will plant
( )2. These machines cut grass.
are used to B. use to C. are used for
( )3. Children easily by their parents.
A. is; influenced B. is; influencing C. are；influenced
( )4.As we all know that the Chinese People’s Liberation Army in 1927.
A. founded B. was founded C. found
( )5. The telephone in 1876.
A. invented B. is invented C. was invented
( )6. A new bridge in our home town next year.
A. will be build B. will build C. will be built
( )7. —A new park in our home town next year.
—Really Our home town must be more beautiful.
A. will build B. will be built C. is built
( )8. —How many people will to your birthday party
—Twelve.
A. invite B. be invited C. be inviting
知识总结：
left 是leave 的过去分词，have sth left 剩余
It’s time for sth 是时候…… /It’s time to do sth.是时候做某事
too ……to …… 太……以至于……
especially 尤其是
provide……for……为某人提供某物
the right of …… ……的权利
prevent “阻止，预防” prevent... (from) doing sth 意为“防止……做某事”
the spread of ……的传播
work to +V原形， work for sth 致力于……
medical treatment 医学治疗
do operation 做手术
be used as “被用作……”
can’t afford to do sth 支付不起做某事
on board 在飞机上
during 在……期间
operate on sb 给某人手术
be proud to be/do sth “以做某事为自豪“ be proud of 意为“为……感到自豪“
carry on 继续 carry on with sth “继续做某事”，= carry on doing sth 或 go on doing sth
have a check “检查一下” P102
in a few days 意为“几天后
make up one’s mind “决定”；make up one’s mind to do sth “决定做某事” P104
Unit 8 A green world
知识总结：
serious “认真的，严肃的”， be serious about sb/sth “对某人/某事是认真的
live a. ..life “过着……的生活
drive sb to “开车送某人去……”
turn off /on 关闭、打开
separate “分开，隔开” separate...into... “把……分成……”
some..., some..., and others... “一些……，一些……，还有一些……”
allow sb to do sth “允许某人去做某事
cut down 砍伐
be fined 被罚款
depend on “依靠；取决于 that depends 和 it (all) depends 常用于口语，“那得看情况”
rich resources 丰富的资源
run out 用尽
make a difference (to sb/sth)“（对某人/某事）有影响，起作用”
in place “在正确位置；准备就绪 P116