Unit 3 Conservation Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第一册课时优化训练
一、填空题
1.It is of great _____(urgent) to find out the main cause of the accident.
2.Human activities are very likely to cause the next mass _____(extinct).
3.The little girl was _____(incredible) excited to see her birthday gift.
4.It is considered _____(legal) to hunt wild protected animals in China.
5.Countless natural disasters are causing human beings _____(recognise) the significance of keeping the natural balance.
6.Two people were arrested yesterday at a Paris airport for bringing animals into Europe from South America _____(legal).
7.It is predicted that the number of the disabled will be _____ the decrease if a series of prevention policies are carried out.
8.It is not unusual that an increasing number of species are being wiped _____ on Earth.
9.All of these human activities pose a real threat _____ the hummingbird population.
10.The National Half Marathon, _____ popularity is growing much stronger, has become our annual sport gala.
二、阅读理解
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does. "Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says. "You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
11.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
12.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
13.What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John's research plans. B. To show an application of John's idea.
C. To compare John's different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John's invention.
14.What is the basis for John's work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
三、七选五
Climate change has increased average temperatures by 1℃ over the past century, making heat waves more frequent and intense than those at any point in recorded history. ①_____ A study published in the journal Nature Climate Change found global warming responsible for 37 percent of heat-related deaths between 1991 and 2018.
The following is what happens if you're the next to be killed. First, your brain sends a series of messages to your sweat glands (汗腺) telling them to increase sweat production. Then your heart starts beating faster to pump blood to the skin while blood flow is directed away from important organs like your liver, kidneys and guts(肠道). ②_____
If heatstroke occurs, your body might get hot and direct so much oxygen-rich blood to the skin that it suffocates (把……闷死) vital internal organs. If your body fails to cool you down, its internal temperature might start to climb from a normal level to about 40℃. ③_____ You may feel it start as a dull headache. Before long, you might lose consciousness. Your brain might begin to swell.
While you struggle to stay awake and avoid dizzying confusion, the excessive internal heat is damaging your gut, thus causing an inflammatory (炎症的) response. ④_____
That's just part of what we know about how extreme heat kills you. ⑤_____ A lot of what we know comes from studies on animal models, like mice and rats, or from examinations of people dying of heatstroke.
A. At that temperature, your brain becomes affected.
B. As the heat rises quickly, so does the number of deaths.
C. As temperatures tick ever higher, that figure may well rise.
D. That's because we can't study it in humans in the laboratory.
E. Surviving the organ failure might require an emergency transplant.
F. Sometimes, that alone is enough to create problems for a weak or ageing heart.
G. If left untreated, what follows is a flood of organ failure that leads to your death.
答案以及解析
一、填空题
1.答案： urgency
解析：句意为:查明事故的主要起因是十分紧迫的事情"be of+抽象名词"为固定结构,常用来表明事物的特点或特征,其含义相当于对应的形容词含义,即be of great urgency与be very urgent含义相同。故填urgency。
2.答案： extinction
解析：句意为:人类活动非常有可能引起下一次大规模的物种灭绝。设空处作 cause的宾语,根据语境可知应填名词。故填extinction。
3.答案：incredibly
解析：句意为:看到自己的生日礼物时,这个小女孩极其激动。设空处修饰形容词excited,应用副词作状语,描述激动的程度。故填incredibly。
4.答案：illegal
解析：句意为:在中国，猎杀野生保护动物是违法的。It在句中作形式主语，to hunt...为不定式结构作真正的主语。在 consider sth (to be) +adj./ n.结构中，用形容词或名词作宾补，补充说明宾语的状态或特点。根据语境可知此处应填形容词。故填illegal。
5.答案：to recognise
解析：句意为:数不尽的自然灾害使得人类意识到保持自然平衡的重要性。cause sb to do sth为固定搭配，意为“促使某人做某事”。故填to recognise。
6.答案：illegally
解析：句意为:昨天,两名从南美洲非法携带动物进入欧洲的人在巴黎的一个机场被捕。设空处应用副词作状语,修饰动名词短语bringing animals into Europe from South America。根据语境可知,此处表示“非法地”。故填illegally。
7.答案：on
解析：句意为:据预测,如果一系列预防政策被实施的话,残疾人的数量将会减少。on the decrease为固定搭配,意为“减少;下降”。故填on。
8.答案：out
解析：句意为:越来越多的物种正在从地球上消失,这并不罕见。wipe out为固定搭配,意为“彻底毁灭”,此处为其被动形式。故填out。
9.答案： to
解析：句意为:所有这些人类的活动都对蜂鸟的数量构成了真正的威胁。pose a threat to...为固定搭配,意为“对……构成威胁”。故填to。
10.答案：whose
解析：句意为:全国半程马拉松已经成为我们一年一度的体育盛会,其受欢迎程度越来越高。分析句子结构可知,此处引导非限制性定语从句,关系词指代先行词The National Half Marathon,在从句中作定语。故填whose。
二、阅读理解
11.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.和第二段第一句...John went back to observing nature and asking questions.以及第二段约翰提出的两个问题可知,约翰是一个有好奇心、爱探索的人。故选C。
12.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知,约翰认为将动物和植物正确组合,也许就能像大自然那样清理垃圾,所以他决定制作“生态机器”。第三段首句点明了约翰的目的,即要去除污泥中的有害物质,其余几句说明了实验过程,即他用池塘和小溪里的动植物建成了一个小型生态缸,待缸内生态系统形成后,他放进污泥以查看此生态系统是否和现实环境一样,可以自我修复;根据第四段内容可知,他的实验成功了。由此可知,他放进污泥是为了检验其制作的“生态机器”。故选D。
13.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词Fuzhou可定位到文章第五段,根据第五段第一句Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs.及下文的例子可知,作者提到福州是为了举例说明约翰关于“生态设计”这一想法的应用。故选B。
14.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二、三句A dirty stream ...When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.及最后一段中的Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.可知,约翰的“生态设计”的基础是大自然可以自我修复。故选A。
三、七选五
答案：BFAGD
解析：①根据后文的A study published in the journal Nature Climate Change found global warming responsible for 37 percent of heat-related deaths between 1991 and 2018.可知,前文应该强调的是热浪造成死亡,即两者之间的正相关关系。B项引起下文,符合语境。故选B。
②根据前文的Then your heart starts beating faster to pump blood to the skin while blood flow is directed away from important organs like your liver, kidneys and guts.可知,此处从热浪对身体各个器官产生影响的机理入手,对热浪如何会造成死亡进行分析,由此可知,后文应阐述该消极影响所产生的后果,故F项符合语境。其中,F项中的that指代前文内容。故选F。
③前文的If your body fails to cool you down, its internal temperature might start to climb from a normal level to about 40℃.提到身体内部温度可能会从正常水平攀升到40摄氏度左右,A项指出身体内部发生这样的温度变化,大脑开始受到影响。A项中的that temperature即前文中的40℃。故选A。
④根据前文内容可知,第一段介绍了极端的炎热会使人死亡;从第二段开始,文章介绍了极端炎热导致人死亡的过程;再根据本段中的While you struggle to stay awake and avoid dizzying confusion, the excessive internal heat is damaging your gut, thus causing an inflammatory response.可知,本段介绍的是体内温度过高会损伤肠道,继而引发炎症反应。G项(如果得不到治疗,随之而来的就是许多脏器衰竭,最终导致死亡)承接上文,符合语境。故选G。
⑤根据上文的That's just part of what we know about how extreme heat kills you.可知,关于极端高温如何会造成人类死亡这一问题,我们仅仅知道其中的一部分内容,后文说这是因为我们所获得的很多信息都来自对动物模型的研究,因为我们不能在实验室环境下对人类机体本身进行研究,D项解释了原因,承上启下,符合语境。故选D。Unit 3 Conservation Lesson 2 War on Plastic Packets—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第一册课时优化训练
一、填空题
1.Supermarkets call on _____(consume) to take reusable bags with them.
2.There is a widespread _____(anxious) about the overuse of plastic products in our daily life.
3.There are many steps we can take _____(improve) the living conditions of the homeless.
4.The wrapping paper stops products _____(pollute) by fluids during transport, like water or oil.
5.As was reported, a collection of valuable stamps _____(wrap) in delicate handmade bags in a stamp display last week.
6.Some dead marine animals are commonly found end up _____(swallow) the plastic straw thrown by tourists.
7.It is high time that we arouse the _____(aware) of environmental protection of the public.
8.Immediate measures should be taken to do away ______ the disposable plastic products.
9.Humans are not fully aware _____ environmental protection has been of great urgency.
10.We have put off the picnic until next week, _____ the weather may be better.
二、阅读理解
A highly expected project to get plastic out of the massive pool of ocean debris (垃圾) is ready to begin its first period from Alameda, California. The creators of the project, called The Ocean Cleanup, say their system can remove 90 percent of the plastic in the ocean by 2040.
It's those larger pieces that the cleanup system will stop. The system features a 600-metre-long line of unmoored booms(未系泊的水栅) that act as an artificial shoreline travelling with the wind, waves and ocean currents while rounding up plastic debris. Beneath the surface, the booms drag a 3-metre-long skirt, through which only the tiniest bits of plastic can escape. Currents will naturally push the line of booms into a U-shape, herding plastic particles (颗粒) so they're easier to collect.
The booms are also tricked out with solar-powered lights, anti-collision (防冲撞) systems and satellite aerials (天线) to avoid ships and help project scientists keep track of the system's location. Periodically, support ships will cart the collected plastic bits back to land for recycling.
The launch of "System 001" will be a test for the first of a planned fleet of about 60 such systems. Once launched, System 001 will undergo two weeks of field testing off the California coast, says Lebreton, The Ocean Cleanup's lead oceanographer. If all goes well, it will head to the North Pacific, arriving within five weeks of the launch date. "We're hoping to bring the first plastic back before the end of the year," he says.
The Ocean Cleanup representatives say their project is meant to work consistently with such upstream measures. Even while trying to change human behaviour, the team argues, it's still worth trying to remove whatever is already out there floating near the surface. "The whole point is that we want to try to collect as much as possible," Lebreton says.
Whatever the result of this deployment, some experts trying to tackle the plastic trash problem applaud The Ocean Cleanup for raising awareness of the issue.
11.What can we know about the cleanup system
A. It has been launched for several times.
B. It's also called The Ocean Cleanup.
C. People don't think much of it.
D. It may remove most large ocean plastic.
12.What's the use of the skirt the booms drag
A. Acting as a shoreline. B. Travelling with waves.
C. Collecting plastic particles. D. Pushing the booms' line into a U-shape.
13.What does the underlined part "tricked out" in Paragraph 3 mean
A. Equipped. B. Filled. C. Covered. D. Poured.
14.How do some experts view The Ocean Cleanup
A. It's vital for protecting the ocean from plastic waste.
B. It contributes to informing people of ocean pollution.
C. It's far from perfect and needs improvement before use.
D. It has won applause from ocean-protection organisations.
三、七选五
It is recently reported that people’s collective stress has reached alarming levels. ①_____. It can have serious consequences. A study found that people experiencing long-lasting burnout have up to a 35 percent greater risk of early death. Don’t panic. Here are some active steps you can take to prevent burnout:
Look for meaning at work
You can tolerate stress longer if you believe you’re doing something purposeful and worthwhile. You are more likely to experience burnout-inducing stress when something seems out of control, against your will, or totally meaningless. ②_____ .
Look for meaning outside of work
If you are struggling to make you work meaningful, giving priority to life outside of work might be especially beneficial. A research shows that people more likely to experience a greater sense of engagement when on the job are those with a hobby.
③____
Use separate email accounts for work and personal life, and set up boundaries between work and personal life, then you will be especially more comfortable if you work from home.
Don’t neglect yourself
Physical activity is essential to shaking out stress hormones. ④_____ . But movement is the most natural evolutionary response to our body’s stress, even light movement helps “complete” the stress cycle.
Recognize when it has become too much
Talk to your boss when you feel your job should be manageable, rewarding and under your control. It’s common for bosses to increase tasks over time if you don’t communicate our needs or limitations, which may be overlooked. ⑤_____ .
A. Work at home when necessary
B. Try to separate work and home
C. And your hormone levels can be generally affected by emotional states
D. Many individuals are less active when they are under stress in order to rest
E. Feeling constantly occupied, worried, and overwhelmed can lead to burnout
F. If you don’t expect things will improve, consider changing jobs or even careers
G. Identify ways in which even the smallest of daily tasks contributes to the lives of others
答案以及解析
一、填空题
1.答案：consumers
解析：句意为:超市呼吁消费者自备可重复使用的购物袋。call on sb to do sth为固定搭配,意为“呼吁某人做某事”。根据后面的them可知,此处应用名词复数形式。故填consumers。
2.答案：anxiety
解析：句意为:人们普遍对日常生活中塑料制品的过度使用表示担忧。设空处作主语,被冠词a和形容词 widespread修饰,应填名词单数形式。故填anxiety。
3.答案：to improve
解析：句意为:我们可以采取很多措施来改善无家可归者的生活条件。设空处为动词不定式作目的状语。故填to improve。
4.答案：being polluted
解析：句意为:彩色包装纸可以使产品在运输过程中免受水、油等液体的污染。stop sb/sth (from) doing sth为固定用法,意为“阻止某人/物做某事”,此处表被动,要用动名词的被动形式。故填being polluted。
5.答案：was wrapped
解析：句意为:据报道,在上周的邮票展中,一批价值不菲的邮票被包装在精致的手工袋中。分析句子结构可知,设空处为主句的谓语,wrap与主语之间为被动关系,故设空处应用被动语态;主句主语中心词为collection,谓语应用第三人称单数形式;根据时间状语last week可知,此处表示发生在过去的动作,时态应用一般过去时。故填was wrapped。
6.答案：swallowing
解析：句意为:人们常常发现一些海洋动物最终死于吞食游客丢弃的塑料吸管。end up doing为固定搭配，意为“以……收场;最终处于……”。故填swallowing。
7.答案：awareness
解析：句意为:现在是我们提高公众的环保意识的时候了。设空处作arouse的宾语且被定冠词the修饰，需要填写名词形式。故填awareness。
8.答案：with
解析：句意为:(人们)应立刻采取措施摒弃一次性塑料制品。do away with为固定搭配,意为“摆脱;废除”。故填with。
9.答案：that
解析：句意为:人类还没有充分意识到环境保护的紧迫性。分析句子成分可知,设空处位于形容词aware后,引导宾语从句,从句中不缺少成分且语义完整,故填连接词that。故填that。
10.答案：when
解析：句意为:我们已经把野餐的时间推迟到了下周,到那时天气也许会更好。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,关系词在从句中作时间状语。故填when。
二、阅读理解
11.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的The creators of the project, called The Ocean Cleanup, say their system can remove 90 percent of the plastic in the ocean by 2040.和第二段第一句It’s those larger pieces that the cleanup system will stop.可知,清理系统可能会清除大部分大块的海洋塑料垃圾。故选D。
12.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的Beneath the surface, the booms drag a 3-metre-long skirt, through which only the tiniest bits of plastic can escape. Currents will naturally push the line of booms into a U-shape, herding plastic particles so they're easier to collect.可知,水栅拖的挡板是为了收集塑料颗粒。故选C。
13.答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线部分后面的with solar-powered lights, anti-collision systems and satellite aerials to avoid ships and help project scientists keep track of the system's location可知,这些水栅还配有太阳能灯、防碰撞系统和卫星天线以避开船只,并帮助项目科学家追踪系统的位置,由此可猜测,画线部分的意思是“配有”。故选A。
14.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,一些专家认为这个项目能起到让人们了解海洋污染问题的作用。故选B。
三、七选五
答案：①-⑤ EGBDF
解析：①推理判断题。根据前句It is recently reported that people's collective stress has reached alarming levels(最近有报道称,人们的集体压力已经达到了令人担忧的程度),可知表示"不断感到忙碌、担忧和不知所措可能会导致倦怠"的选项E符合前后的语境,people's collective stress和occupied, worried, and overwhelmed是关键词。故选E。
②推理判断题。根据前文You can tolerate stress longer if you believe you're doing something purposeful and worthwhile. You are more likely to experience burnout—inducing stress when something seems out of control, against your will, or totally meaningless(如果你认为自己在做有目的和有价值的事情,你可以忍受压力更长时间。当一些事情看起来失控、违背你的意愿或完全没有意义时,你更有可能经历倦怠导致的压力),可知表示"确定哪怕是最小的日常任务对他人生活的贡献"的选项G符合前后的语境,something purposeful and worthwhile和contributes to the lives of others是关键词。故选G。
③主题判断题。根据后文Use separate email accounts for work and personal life, and set up boundaries between work and personal life, then you will be especially more comfortable if you work from home(在工作和个人生活中使用单独的电子邮件帐户,并在工作和私人生活之间设置界限,这样,如果你在家工作,你会特别舒适),可知表示"尽量将工作和家庭分开"的选项B符合本段的主题,set up boundaries between work and personal life是关键词。故选B。
④推理判断题。根据后句But movement is the most natural evolutionary response to our body's stress, even light movement helps "complete" the stress cycle(但是运动是对我们身体压力最自然的进化反应,即使是轻微的运动也有助于"完成"压力循环),可知表示"许多人在压力下为了休息而不太活跃"的选项D符合前后的语境,movement和less active是关键词。故选D。
⑤推理判断题。根据前句It's common for bosses to increase tasks over time if you don't communicate our needs or limitations, which may be overlooked(如果你不标点我们的需求或局限性,老板们会随着时间的推移增加任务,这是很常见的,这可能会被忽视),可知表示"如果你预料事情不会好转,就考虑换工作甚至职业吧"的选项F符合前后的语境,increase tasks over time是关键词。故选F。Unit 3 Conservation Writing Workshop—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第一册课时优化训练
一、填空题
1.I could never stand the _____(cruel) involved in wounding animals.
2.Life is full of _____(change) challenges and adventures as art.
3.Don’t be taken in by products___________(claim)to help you lose weight in a week.
4.The job involves gathering and________(analyse) data.
5.These regulations have reduced cigarette smoking very much since they _______（institute）. 6.Most people don’t realize the amount of effort ________ (involve) in writing an excellent novel. They can’t wait to see the next one published.
7.In the _____(follow) years, some endangered animals are expected to experience worse conditions because of the loss of habitats.
8.With the space station _____(enter) the application and development phase, China will continue to adhere to the development concept of openness and sharing.
9.Staying with animals is believed to create a peaceful state of mind, resulting _____ a favourable environment for the elderly people.
10.Some sports can take the form of mental competitions. _____ instance, chess was recognised as a sport by the International Olympic Committee in 1999.
二、阅读理解
Parks are the beating hearts of cities, providing crucial environments for wildlife of many sizes as well as areas of rest and recreation for local citizens. Accessible via public transport, and located near a university, a stadium and the National Library, Warsaw's Pole Mokotowskie Park provides green space for many people.
One of the International Union for Conservation of Nature's five pathways to transformative change for water management is to restore species population, ecosystems and the benefits that nature provides to people by using each city's advantage. As more urban centres seek new ways to unite greenery into the built environment, projects of all sizes and stages add to essential corridors and stopping points for a range of wildlife.
Tasked with improving Pole Mokotowskie Park's natural sustainability, architecture company WXCA looked at ways of enhancing the elements that were already in place to better support wildlife. One of the most visible means was the removal of thousands of square metres of concrete (混凝土). Removing conerete in and around ponds and other waterways allows the city's features to shape themselves naturally, in reaction to both the surrounding environment and the weather. Doing so supports biodiversity by removing artificial constraints and flows. More than 13,000 square metres of concrete has already been removed, with more removal planned over the next year.
For the human users of the park, the designers created education, activity, and art spaces. The Grand Salon, a meadow (草地) surrounded by trees, is for large public gatherings, and a handful of pavilions(亭) spread throughout the space provide visible means of monitoring the quality of the air and water. They also contribute to the park's ecosystem through rainwater harvesting. As the temperature consistently rises, city planners are using the leaves and branches of the plants and mixed-use designs to reduce heat islands, improve air quality and prevent urban run-off.
11.What do we know about Warsaw's Pole Mokotowskie Park
A. It creates a new way to the city centre.
B. It serves different community groups.
C. It shows the locals are living happily.
D. It reminds the public to protect the environment.
12.What are the projects in Paragraph 2 intended for
A. Providing stages to show off creativity.
B. Taking advantage of the city's resources.
C. Encouraging people to get close to nature.
D. Supplying various wildlife with species more room.
13.What does the underlined word “constraints” in Paragraph 3 mean
A. Limits. B. Factors. C. Methods. D. Damage.
14.How do the pavilions help the ecosystem
A. By offering some shelters. B. By collecting rainwater.
C. By monitoring the water flow. D. By reducing high temperature.
三、七选五
If you have watched the amazing Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics, chances are that you have fallen in love with some winter sports and you're already making sure your equipment is ready for them. ①_____ However, there's another element to get ready for the slopes: your body. Even if you exercise regularly, skiing, snowshoeing or skating challenge your muscles in ways other activities don't.
②_____ Your metabolism(新陈代谢) increases to warm you up. Your heart and lungs also need to work harder to warm air before it enters your body. Depending on the sport, certain muscles may also be used more frequently compared to activities in other seasons. The good news is that most winter sports involve heart endurance, muscle strength and muscle endurance. ③_____
But there are still some other things to think about. Skiing and snowboarding are great winter sports that provide a total body workout. ④_____ As anyone who has spent time skiing or snowboarding can prove, after a long day on the slopes , the body becomes extremely tired. And that is when injuries are more likely to occur. ⑤_____ Before the winter season, a regular exercise programme should include exercises that get the blood running while challenging the entire body, such as stair climbing or running. The intensity should vary from 20 to 45 minutes at least 3 to 5 days a week. As winter nears, adding a cardio workout (有氧运动) longer induration but lower in intensity can help increase endurance.
A. Maybe you haven't bought all the equipment.
B. Exercising in the cold decreases your body temperature.
C. You should take advantage of this opportunity to have a rest.
D. Probably, you have got your skis tuned and skates sharpened.
E. However, it can be hard on the body the first time you hit the slopes.
F. All of them are areas which can be trained before the winter season comes.
G. To avoid this, you need to take some time to strengthen your body and improve endurance.
答案以及解析
一、填空题
1.答案：cruelty
解析：句意为:我永远无法忍受伤害动物时的那种残忍。设空处作stand 的宾语,且被定冠词 the修饰,应用名词。此处表示抽象概念,cruelty 作不可数名词,表示“残酷;残忍”。故填cruelty。
2.答案：changeable
解析：句意为:生活如同艺术,充满了多变的挑战和冒险。根据语境可知,设空处应用形容词作定语,修饰名词短语challenges and adventures。故填changeable。
3.答案：claiming
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：不要被声称能帮助你在一周内减肥的产品所欺骗。分析句子可知，此处应填动词非谓语形式作定语，与逻辑主语products之间是主动关系，故空处应填动词现在分词形式。故填claiming。
4.答案：analysing
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：这项工作包括收集和分析数据。分析成分可知，gathering应和analysing并列作involve的宾语，且involve doing sth.为固定搭配“包括做某事”。故填analysing。
5.答案：were instituted
解析：考查动词。句意：这些规定自制定以来已经大大减少了吸烟。句中institute为动词，意为“制定”其与regulations之间是被动关系。分析句子，设空处应该填写谓语动词，同时表述的是过去发生的事实，故使用一般过去时的被动语态，且主语they是复数。故填were instituted。
6.答案：involved
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：大多数人没有意识到写一部优秀的小说需要付出的努力的程度。他们迫不及待地想看到下一本书的出版。句中谓语为realize，设空处为非谓语动词，修饰名词effort，动词involve与effort之间为动宾关系，应用过去分词，作后置定语。故填involved。
7.答案：following
解析：句意为:接下来的几年里,由于失去栖息地,一些濒危动物的处境预计会变得更加糟糕。根据设空处后面的名词years可知,此处应用形容词作定语。故填following。
8.答案：entering
解析：句意为;随着空间站进入应用与发展阶段,中国将继续秉承开放共享的发展理念。分析句子结构可知,此处为“with+宾语+宾补”复合结构,enter与the space station之间是逻辑上的主动关系,应用现在分词作宾补。故填entering。
9.答案：in
解析：句意为:与动物待在一起被认为可以养成一种平静的心态,从而为老年人创造一个有利的环境。result in为固定搭配,意为“造成;导致”。故填in。
10.答案：For
解析：句意为:一些体育运动可以采取智力竞赛的形式。例如,1999年国际奥委会正式承认国际象棋为一项体育运动。for instance为固定搭配,意为“例如;比如”,表示列举。故填For。
二、阅读理解
11.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的 Accessible via public transport, and located near a university, a stadium and the National Library, Warsaw's Pole Mokotowskie Park provides green space for many people.可知,华沙的波雷獸柯托威斯基公园临近居民区、大学、体育场和国家图书馆,可以为人们提供休闲和娱乐的场所,即该公园服务于不同的社区群体。故选B。
12.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的As more urban centres seek new ways to unite greenery into the built environment, projects of all sizes and stages add to essential corridors and stopping points for a range of wildlife.可知,随着越来越多的城市中心寻求将绿色植物融入建筑环境的新方法,各种规模和处于各种阶段的项目都为一系列野生动物增加了必要的走廊和停留点,由此可知,这些项目的目的是为各种野生动物提供更多的城市空间。故选D。
13.答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句之前的内容可知,为了给野生动物提供更好的环境,一项主要举措是清除池塘和其他水道内外的混凝土,让自然的力量重塑环境。结合常识可知,这里指的是清除人为规划的水道,即此处提到的artificial constraints and flows指人为对水道的限制。constraint与limit意思相近。故选A。
14.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的They also contribute to the park's ecosystem through rainwater harvesting.可知,亭子通过收集雨水帮助生态系统。故选B。
三、七选五
答案：DBFEG
解析：①根据上文的you're already making sure your equipment is ready for them及下文的However, there's another element to get ready for the slopes: your body.可知,设空处应介绍准备好了哪些装备,D项(也许你已经调好了滑雪板,磨尖了冰鞋)符合语境,承接上文,并与下文形成转折。故选D。
②根据下文的Your metabolism increases to warm you up. Your heart and lungs also need to work harder to warm air before it enters your body.可知,为了让你暖和起来,你的新陈代谢会加快,心脏和肺也更加努力地工作来加热空气,由此可知,B项(在寒冷的天气里锻炼会降低你的体温)符合语境,引起下文。故选B。
③根据上文的The good news is that most winter sports involve heart endurance, muscle strength and muscle endurance.可知,大多数冬季运动都涉及心脏耐力、肌肉力量和肌肉耐力,设空处应对这些方面进行进一步说明,F项(这些都是可以在冬季到来之前进行训练的地方)承接上文,符合语境,并且F项中的them指代上文的heart endurance, muscle strength and muscle endurance。故选F。
④空前的Skiing and snowboarding are great winter sports that provide a total body workout.说明滑雪和单板滑雪是很好的冬季运动,空后的As anyone who has spent time skiing or snowboarding can prove, after a long day on the slopes, the body becomes extremely tired.说明滑雪和单板滑雪这两项运动是很累人的,设空处应提及这两项运动的不易,E项(然而,当你第一次上斜坡时,你的身体可能会很难受)说明了这一点,承上启下,符合语境。故选E。
⑤空前的And that is when injuries are more likely to occur.说明在这个时候容易受伤,G项(为了避免这种情况,你需要花一些时间来增强你的体质和提高耐力)介绍了避免受伤的方法,承接上文,且G项中的this指代空前提到的容易受伤这种情况。故选G。Unit 3 Conservation Lesson 3 The Road to Destruction—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第一册课时优化训练
一、填空题
1.Bacteria are an _____(annoy) problem for astronauts.
2.Human activities in all forms are speeding up the _____(destroy) of nature.
3._____(compare) to private cars, public buses are more friendly to the environment.
4.He shakes with _____(angry) on hearing his son is suffering from severe school bullying.
5.The largest conference room can seat 1,000 guests, making it the most _____(suit) for major conferences, award dinners and fashion shows.
6.There is no exact answer, _____ is often the case in science.
7.Those _____ saw Han Gan's horse paintings all sang high praises for his unique skill, saying that his horses could “gallop off the paper”.
8.Knowing and controlling your blood pressure helps cut the risk of stroke _____ up to 40 percent.
9.She and her family bicycle to work, ________ helps them keep fit.
10.Children _____ eight are not admitted into the museum without being accompanied by adults.
二、阅读理解
In what is believed to be a world first, University of South Australia researchers have designed a self-sufficient solar-driven system that evaporates (使蒸发) seawater and recycles it into fresh water, growing crops without any human involvement. It could help address global food shortages in the decades ahead, with the world's population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050.
Professor Haolan Xu and Dr Gary Owens from UniSA's Future Industries Institute have developed a vertical floating sea farm which consists of two chambers (室): an upper layer similar to a glasshouse and a lower water harvesting chamber.
"In this case, clean water is supplied by a collection of solar evaporators that absorb the seawater, trap the salts in the evaporator body and, under the sun's rays, release clean water vapour into the air which is then concentrated on water belts and transferred to the upper plant growth chamber," Dr Owens says.
The system, which is powered only by solar light, has several advantages over other solar sea farmed signs currently being trialled, according to Professor Xu. "Other designs have built evaporators inside the growth chamber which takes up valuable space that could otherwise be used for plant growth. Also, these systems are very likely to suffer from overheating and crop death," Professor Xu says.
"In our design, the vertical distribution of evaporators and growth chambers decreases the device's overall footprint, maximising the area for food production. It is fully automated, low cost, and extremely easy to operate, using only solar energy and seawater to produce clean water and grow crops."
Dr Owens says their design is only proof of concept at this stage, but the next step is to scale it up using a small collection of individual devices to increase plant production. Meeting larger food supply needs will mean increasing both the size and number of devices.
11.What can the vertical floating sea farm system do
A. Address the problem of sea pollution.
B. Help deal with the problem of food shortages.
C. Raise awareness about global food safety.
D. Assist fishermen with intelligent fishing techniques.
12.What does Paragraph 3 focus on
A. The make-up of the system. B. The distinct advantages of the system.
C. The working principle of the system. D. The application prospects of the system.
pared to other solar sea farm designs, the vertical sea farm _____.
A.is more difficult to maintain B. makes the most of the space
C. relies on seawater for operation D. is likely to be affected by crop loss
14.What does the underlined phrase “scale it up” mean
A. Expand. B. Reduce. C. Revise. D. Promote.
三、七选五
Tips on Saving Energy
We all want to save money, and with the cost of living on the rise in the UK, it's become more important than ever to watch what we spend. ①_____ We use oil, gas and electricity to power and heat our homes. That's why many of us are looking for ways to save energy so we don't have to pay for huge fuel bills.
②_____ To try to achieve this, new homes in the UK will be banned from installing new gas and oil boilers by 2025. Having a heat pump instead can help save energy, but they're unaffordable for many people.
There are some low-budget solutions you can turn to lower your energy usage. Warm air escapes from our homes easily, so adding draught excluders (密封条) or a towel to block these gaps will help. ③_____ Switching off lights is also a good idea.
But there are lots of other little things we can do around the home that will help save energy and don't cost a fortune. They could be as good as installing, fitting or making anything. Put lids (盖子) on pots and pans when cooking—the food will be ready quicker. ④_____ Don't overfill your kettle when boiling water. A combination of small measures like these could reduce household energy bills by about 10%.
So, we're being encouraged to be more energy-efficient. ⑤_____
A. Use a microwave to reheat food rather than an oven.
B. Heat pumps and double glazing can be expensive to install.
C. Overfilling your kettle when boiling water will save energy.
D. The biggest increase in our expense at the moment is on energy.
E. Making our home more energy-efficient is the obvious way to save money.
F. Besides, it will be worth using some heavy curtains to stop the heat escaping.
G. But our main aim isn't just economic benefits but also to reduce our carbon footprint, so that our energy usage doesn't cost the Earth.
答案以及解析
一、填空题
1.答案： annoying
解析：句意为:细菌对航天员来说是个令人气恼的问题。设空处修饰名词problem,应用形容词。此处指事物的性质是“令人心烦的”,应用-ing形式的形容词。故填 annoying。
2.答案： destruction
解析：句意为:各种各样的人类活动正在加速大自然的毁灭。speeding up 后面缺少宾语,且设空处被定冠词the修饰。故填名词destruction。
3.答案：Compared
解析：句意为:与私家车相比,公共汽车对环境更加友好。分析句子结构可知,设空处为非谓语形式作状语,compare和主语 public buses之间为逻辑上的被动关系,故使用其过去分词形式。故填Compared。
4.答案：anger
解析：句意为：当听到他的儿子在学校遭受严重的校园暴力时，他气得发抖。介词with后接名词作宾语。故填anger。
5.答案：suitable
解析：句意为:最大的会议室能坐1,000名宾客,最适合举办大型会议、颁奖晚宴和时装表演。根据句意和设空处前面的the most可知,设空处应填形容词,此处为“make+宾语+宾补”结构,设空处为形容词作宾补。故填suitable。
6.答案：as
解析：句意为:没有确切的答案,这在科学中非常常见。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,并在从句中作主语, as is often the case为固定表达,意为“(对……而言)这是常有的事”,故用as作关系代词指代前面提到的整个句子。故填as。
7.答案： who
解析：句意为:看过韩干画的马的人都对他的绝技赞不绝口,说他的马可以“从纸上飞奔而出”。分析句子结构可知, _____ saw Han Gan’s horse paintings为定语从句,修饰Those,此处Those指人,关系代词在从句中作主语,故只能用who引导该从句。故填who。
8.答案： by
解析：句意为:了解和控制你的血压有助于将患中风的危险降低40%。cut... by...表示“将……减少了……”,此处介词by表示差值。故填by。
9.答案：which
解析： 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人都骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词指代整个主句并在从句中作主语，所以用which引导。故填which。
10.答案：under
解析：句意为:八岁以下的儿童在没有成年人的陪伴下是不允许进入博物馆的。“介词under+数值”意为“不足……”。故填under。
二、阅读理解
11.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的It could help address global food shortages in the decades ahead, with the world's population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050.可知,垂直浮动海洋农场系统可以在未来几十年内帮助解决全球粮食短缺问题。故选B。
12.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。第三段主要介绍该系统的工作原理,即“收集海水—留存盐分—利用太阳光形成水蒸气—将水蒸气输送到上层植物生长室中”。由此可知,本段主要讲的是系统的工作原理。故选C。
13.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的Other designs have built evaporators inside the growth chamber which takes up valuable space that could otherwise be used for plant growth.可知,其他的设计是在生长室内建造蒸发器,这占用了原本可以用于植物生长的宝贵空间。由此可知,与其他太阳能海洋农场的设计相比,垂直海洋农场更好地利用了空间。故选B。
14.答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前的their design is only proof-of-concept at this stage可知,他们的设计现阶段只是概念证明,再根据画线处后的using a small collection of individual devices to increase plant production 和 Meeting larger food supply needs will mean increasing both the size and number of devices可知,下一步要提高植物产量。满足更大的食品供应需求意味着要扩大设备的规模和数量。所以画线词的意思是“扩大;扩展”。故选A。
三、七选五
答案：DEFAG
解析：①根据上文中的with the cost of living on the rise in the UK及下文中的 We use oil, gas and electricity可知,上文讲述英国生活成本上升,下文讲述能源的使用,所以设空处是过渡句,应提及能源费用。D项(目前我们开支中增加最多的是能源)承上启下,符合语境。故选D。
②根据下文中的 To try to achieve this, new homes in the UK will be banned from installing new gas and oil boilers by 2025. Having a heat pump instead can help save energy, but they're unaffordable for many people.可知,英国的新住宅将被禁止安装新的燃气和燃油锅炉,使用热力泵可以帮助节约能源,但是许多人负担不起。由此可见,本段主要介绍的是节约能源,故E项(让我们的家更节能是显而易见的省钱方法)符合语境。故选E。
③根据上文中的There are some low-budget solutions可知,本段主要介绍了一些低成本的节约能源的方式,adding draught excluders or a towel to block these gaps 及下文中的Switching off lights是具体的例子,F项(此外,使用一些厚窗帘来阻止热量流失是值得的)也是一种方式,符合语境。故选F。
④根据上文中的 But there are lots of other little things we can do around the home that will help save energy and don't cost a fortune.可知,本段继续提出一些帮助节约能源的建议,且本段提到了pots, pans, your kettle,所以此处应与做饭日常相关,故A项(用微波炉重新加热食物,不要用烤箱)符合语境。故选A。
⑤根据上文中的So, we're being encouraged to be moreenergy-efficient.可知,最后一段是对本文的总结,G项(但我们的主要目标不只是经济效益,而是减少我们的碳足迹,这样我们的能源使用就不会对地球造成损失)是对上文的总结。故选G。
