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中考复习-首字母填空解题指导
命题规律
首字母填空又叫综合填空,是中考英语试题中常见的题型之一。这种题型主要是对学生的四项能力,即对单词的辨析拼写能力;对英语基础知识的学习掌握运用能力;对语法知识的准确运用能力;以及对上下文语境中逻辑意义的推断理解能力。要求考生注意单词在句子中的确切含义与正确形式,而不是孤立地死记硬背单词。
题型分析
首字母填空这种题型,要求考生根据短文内容及首字母提示,填写所缺单词,使得短文意思完整。每空限填一词。
在句子中缺词的情况下,弄懂句子的意思是关键。解答此类题时要注意“两个确定”,即“确定单词的意思”和“确定单词的形式”。要保证单词的意思符合上下文,以及单词的形式符合语法要求。
做题步骤:
1.读短文,晓大意
在做题之前,仔细阅读短文通晓其大意;可调动脑中相关信息帮助答题。2.上下文,是提示
在解答时根据上下文确定要填写单词的词性(即是什么词类),再结合所给首字母确定该单词的意思,并写出该单词的正确形式,尽量不要放弃。
3.做完后,试一试
单词写出以后,除了检查其形式是否正确,意思是否合理,还要然后通篇代入短文中进行检查,看看所填单词是否符合上下文。
做题技巧:
读懂句意,确定单词
例1 The f_day of the week is Sunday.
该句意为“一周的第一天是星期天”,需要填的词的首字母是“f”,根据常识和序数词有关知识应填“第一”,故填first。此类题还可考月份。如:September is the n_month of the year(答案:ninth)
瞻前顾后,确定形式
写出单词后,还要注意分析该单词是否需要变化形式。现分类说明如下:
1.名词:一般考虑单、复数和所有格。
例1 Do you like white? We have shirts of different c_.
根据句意,可确定单词为“color”,通过前面的shirts和different两词可确定此处应用colors。 例2 September 10th is T_Day.
根据句意,确定单词“Teacher”,它与Day之间存在所有格关系,将Teacher变为复数,再变为所有格,应填Teachers'
2.形容调和副词:这两类词学生极易混淆,做题时应仔细分析,慎重选择究竟用哪类词,有时还要考虑到形容词和副词“级”的变化。
例1 He was very a_with the man upstairs and began to shout,“Stop singing!” 根据句意,此处应填形容词原级angry。
例2 On Sundays,children play h_in the park. 此处应填副词happily,副词修饰动词。
3.动词:动词变化形式较为复杂,一般有五种:动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词,过去式和过去分词。可综合考查学生运用英语知识的能力。
例1 Thank you very much forl_me your bike. 介词后动词用—ing形式,故填lending。
例2 When he was ten,he became i_in maths.
become interested in为固定词组,意为“对......感兴趣”,故此处应填interested。
4.数词:注意确定用基数词还是序数词。
例1 There aret_months in a year. 此处应用基数词twelve。
例2 December is the t_month of the year. 此处应填序数词twelfth。
5.代词:主要从人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词和疑问代词几方面考虑,有时还要考虑用单数还是用复数。
例1 Help y_to some fish,Jim. 根据句意,此处应用yourself.
例2“Help y_to some fish, please."Mrs Green said to the twins. 根据句意,the twins为复数,故填yourselves。
6.连词:若前后两个词或句子存在转折、因果、并列、选择关系,一般应填连词。例1 She didn't go to school yesterday b_she was il1.
从句和主句互为因果关系,故填because。
例2 The football match still went on t_it was raining heavily. 该从句为让步状语从句,故应填 though。
浏览全文,把握大意
首先要对文章内容有个总体把握。要通读首字母填空的短文,跳过空格快速阅读,了解全篇的主要内容。
其次要重视文中的主题句。首字母填空选用的短文一般不给标题,但短文的主题句,往往在每段文章的首句,有时也出现在文章的中间或结束处。主题句提供全篇的性质、大意等,这是深入了解全文的“窗口”。我们甚至能以主题句为立足点,从该句的时态、语气推测全文的主要内容。
再次,要利用语境进行联想。利用上下文的提示,用学过的知识和已有的生活经验,扫清部分词汇理解上的障碍。
熟记短语,注重语境
短语经常会出现在首字母填空的考题中,如果平时能注意词组、短语的整体记忆,掌握它们的搭配规律,在做首字母填空时就能得心应手,减少失误。另外,词语搭配也值得注意。从语法角度来说,句子不是词的序列,而是词组的序列。 如:save the money,have an interesting talk with,a few year ago等。
但从中考的试题看,注重上下文的关系对解题显得更为重要。
关注语法,合乎逻辑
语法知识对做好首字母填空十分重要。词汇根据语法规则确定各自的位置。如 ①介词后的代词必然是宾格;②物质名词一般不用复数;③形容词必须放在不定代词后;④行为动词的否定句和疑问句应由助动词do构成;⑤情态动词后加动词原形等。
细心检查,避免疏漏
完成填空后,要细心检查每一个填空处是否有笔误或疏漏的地方。有些同学为自己全部填出了而沾沾自喜,常常不是少了s,就是忘了加ed,这是很可惜的。
这类题目不仅要熟记单词,注意拼读规则,更重要的是根据句意判断出此处该填什么意义的单词,然后再根据首字母提示确定选用哪个单词,并且要注意词形变化。
例:根据所给首字母提示写出单词,使句子意思完整正确。
(1)Let's run as f______as we can, or we'll be late.
(2) In front of my village in a clear r_____ to go fishing with my grandpa there.
(3) There are many old people who are over a h______years old in Hainan.
分析:(1)根据or we'll be late for the meeting以 及首字母「的提示可知,前半句句意为“咱们尽可能快地跑吧”。故填fast
(2)由I used to go fishing with my grandpa there.以及首字母r可知,前半句句意为“在村子前有一条清澈的河”。故填river,
(3)根据old people,首字母h以及空格后的years old可知,句意为“在海南有许多超过100岁的老人”。故填hundred。
例2:阅读下面短文,根据短文内容及首字母提示,在空白处填入一个适当的单词。
The smell of popcorn was in the air. I could hear kids laughing and shouting.People were every where!
My family and I walked anound the amusement park,getting snacks and going on riden.I loved al- most all types of rides.The o_____(1)rides that l didn't like were rides that tum you upside-down.But my elder sister,Laura,loved them.When we fnally were near a ride that went upside-down,she started asking me to go with her.I told her I didn't like those rides,but she kept asking b______(2)nhe really didn't want to go alone.I was feeling sympathy (同情)for her,so I started thinking that maybe I _____(3)go with her,even though I really don't like to go upside-down.I tumed to my parents for h______(4).
"Matt,you are allowed to stand up for yourself. If something makes you feel really uncomfortable, you can tell people n____(5). Ir's OK to tell Laura that you love her,b_____(6)that you can't go with hher because going upside-down makes you uncomfortable.Be strong but kind when you tell her,so that she will k______(7)you're serious,” Mom said.
"I don't want to make Laura mad or sad,"1 replied to Mom,"and I don't want her to think I'm being mean.”
"There's ad_____(8)between being nggres- sive(有攻击性的)and being assertive(坚决主张的).Saying"no' doean't mean you are willing to hurt her feelings.You're just listening to your own feelings to make sure you stay safe,"Mom answered. “The s_____(9)goes for Laura.If you ask her to arm wrestle(角力)and she doesn't feel comfortable, shes allowed to say “no”,too. We are all allowed to stand up for ourselves."
"Thanks,Mom,"I said.I told Laura that I love her and like to do things withher,but that the upside-down rides make me uncomfortable because they scare me.She was sad,but went on the ride by h_(10)and was really happy when it was over.We had a great rest of the day at the amuse- ment park!
分析:
1.only。句意:我唯一不喜欢的骑行路线是那些让你期来颜去的路线。根据I loved almont ail types of rides 及首字母可知,大部分都喜欢,唯一不喜欢的就是颠簸的那种,only表示“唯一的”。
2.because。句意:但她一直在问,因为她真的不想一个人去。but she kept asking与 she re- ally didn't want to go alone 是因果关系,用be- cause 引导原因状语从句。
3.should。句意:所以我想也许我应该和她一起去。在劳拉百般的请求下,作者觉得自己应该和她一起去,情态动词should表示“应该”。
4.help。作者不喜欢去玩这个,但是劳拉一直在求她,所以她向父母求助,tum to sb.foehelp"向某人求助”。
5.no。句意:如果某件事让你感到非常不舒服,你可以对别人说不。根据 If somethingmakes you feel really uncomfortable 及首字母可 知,如果自己感觉不舒服,可以对别人说“不”。
6.but。句意:你可以告诉劳拉你爱地,但你不能和她一起去,因为颠簸会让你不舒服。tell Laura that you love her 与 that you can't go with her是转折关系。