课件34张PPT。第22讲 名词和冠词名词是中考考查的重点，考查内容主要为：
1．常用专有名词表示方法；
2．可数名词单、复数变化规则及其用法；
3．不可数名词量的表示方法；
4．名词所有格的使用方法；
5．名词作主语时主谓一致问题；
6．名词词义的辨析。高频考向一 常用专有名词
1．人名。如：Jackie Chan，Yao Ming
2．地名。如：New York，the Great Wall
3．国名。如：China，America
4．一周七天。如：Monday，Tuesday
5．一年十二个月。如：May，September
6．节日。如：Teachers' Day，Mother's Day，Christmas Day
7．专有名词缩写形式。如：USA，CD【例1】 ________ is the most important festival in China.
A．Christmas Day B．Spring Festival
C．Mid-autumn Day D．National Day
解析：A选项是圣诞节；B选项是春节；C选项是中秋节；D选项是国庆节。根据句意“在中国最重要的节日”，当然是春节。
答案：__B__高频考向二 名词辨析
名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中，通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义，然后做出正确的选择。近年来，这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一，并且越来越受到各地的欢迎。
【例2】 Turn down the music.It hurts my ________.(2015，张家界)
A．nose B．eyes C．ears
解析：句意“音乐开小点儿声。它伤害我的________”，根据语境，太大声的音乐应该伤害的是耳朵，而不是鼻子或者眼睛。
答案：__C__【例3】 —The picnic is only in three days.Have you made any ________？(2016，原创)
—Not yet.So let's discuss what to prepare.
A．wishes B．plans C．mistakes D．friends
解析：A选项意为“愿望”；B选项意为“计划”；C选项意为“错误”；D选项意为“朋友”。由答句句意“还没有。所以让我们讨论一下准备什么”可知，问句句意为“野餐只剩下三天了。你制定计划了吗？”
答案：__B__高频考向三 名词的数
名词分可数名词与不可数名词两类。可数名词有单、复数变化形式。a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前，an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。如：an uncle，an apple，an honest man，an hour，a useful book，a university等。其复数形式分为规则和不规则两种：
1．可数名词复数的规则变化2.可数名词复数的不规则变化
?元音或词尾发生变化。
如：man→men；woman→women；Frenchman→Frenchmen；tooth→teeth；foot→feet；child→children
(巧记为：男女孩子的脚，踩住老鼠的牙。)
?单复数形式相同。
如：sheep→sheep；fish(鱼的条数) →fish；Chinese(中国人)→Chinese；Japanese(日本人)→Japanese；deer(鹿)→deer
?形式为单数，意思为复数。
如：people，police?视为整体时，谓语用单数；视为个体时，谓语用复数。
如：family，class，team，group
?形式为复数，意思为单数。
如：news，maths，physics，the United States等。
?只用复数形式。
如：pants，shorts，clothes，glasses (眼镜)等。
?由man，woman构成的合成名词，变复数时将名词及man，woman都变成复数。
如：man driver→men drivers，woman teacher→women teachers3．不可数名词
不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词，它们一般没有复数形式。如果要表示不可数名词的数量则要借助于“a＋量词(可数名词)＋of＋不可数名词”短语，变复数时把a变为具体数词，量词变为复数形式。如：a bowl of water一碗水；two cups of tea两杯茶
初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，tea，milk，food，fruit，meat，fish(鱼肉)，chicken(鸡肉)，beef，mutton，orange(橙汁)，sugar，salt，paper(纸)，porridge，bread，sand，juice，news，music，time(时间)，information，fun，advice等。注意：①有些名词既可作不可数名词，又可作可数名词，如：time(时间/次数，倍数)，fish(鱼肉/鱼)，room(空间/房间)，noise(噪音/响声)，paper(纸/试卷，文件)，chicken(鸡肉/鸡)，experience(经验/经历)
②表示不定数量时，不可数名词常用much，(a)little，a lot of，some，any等修饰。常用it来替代。
【例4】 —How many ________ can you see in the picture?
—Two.(2015，广安)
A．dog B．child C．sheeps D．sheep
解析：how many意为“多少”，其后跟复数名词。dog，child是单数名词；sheep的单复数形式相同。
答案：__D__【例5】 All the ________ are from ________.(2015，攀枝花)
A．men doctors；Germany
B．men doctors；German
C．man doctors；Germany
D．man doctor；German
解析：句意为“所有的男医生都来自德国。”man doctor(男医生)复数的正确表达是men doctors；Germany意为“德国”；German意为“德国人；德国的”。
答案：__A__高频考向四 名词所有格
①名词所有格，一般用在词尾加“'s”这种形式来表示。以-s或-es结尾的名词在末尾只加“'”。如：
It's my mother's handbag.这是我妈妈的手提包。
It's only twenty minutes' walk.这只是步行20分钟的路程。
Who won the girls' 100-meter race？谁赢了女子100米赛跑？
②不以-s或-es结尾的复数名词末尾仍要加“'s”。如：Where's the People's Hospital，please？请问人民医院在哪儿？
It‘s the policemen’s bedroom.这是警察宿舍。
③不以-s或-es结尾的复数名词末尾仍要加“'s”。如：Where's the People's Hospital，please？请问人民医院在哪儿？
It's the policemen's bedroom.这是警察宿舍。④表示两个或多个人共同拥有的人或物时，只需在并列名词的后一个名词词尾加“'s”。若表示两者各自所拥有时，则每个名词后均加“'s”。试比较：
Lily and Lucy's father is a worker.莉莉和露茜的父亲是工人。
Lily's and Lucy's fathers are both workers.莉莉的父
亲和露茜的父亲都是工人。
⑤有些(如：诊所、家、店铺等)名词所有格后面加“'s”后，可以省去表示相关处所的名词。如：the doctor's(医生诊所)，Mr.White's(怀特先生家)，the book-seller's(书店)。
⑥of所有格主要表示无生命的东西。如：
a map of China一幅中国地图
⑦既表示所属关系又表示数量时要用双重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncle's，a photo of Jim's family等。【例6】 ________ desk is long and wide.They like it very much.(2016，原创)
A．Sonia's and Jane's B．Sonia and Jane's
C．Sonia and Jane
解析：A项表示两个人各自的桌子，后应接复数名词；B项表示两个人共有的桌子，后接单数名词；C项不可以直接作定语。
答案： B 【例7】 I live near the station.It's only about five ________ walk.(2015，临沂)
A．minute's B．minute
C．minutes' D．minutes
解析：后半句“大约五分钟的步行路程”可知，此处应用名词所有格形式。minute为可数名词，在基数词后应使用复数形式minutes，以-s结尾的复数名词直接在词尾加“'”构成所有格形式。
答案：__C__冠 词
中考中对冠词的考查主要为：
1．冠词的基本用法；
2．零冠词的情况；
3．习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。高频考向一 不定冠词a，an
①不定冠词an用于以元音音素开头的单词前，而a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前。如：
an apple 一个苹果 an hour一小时
a book一本书 a university一所大学
②泛指某一类人或物。如：
A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。
③表示数量“一”，但没有one强。如：
I would like a cup of coffee.我想要一杯咖啡。
④用在文中第一次提到某人或某物时。如：
—What's this？这是什么？
—It's a bike.这是一辆自行车。⑤用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前有“每一”的意思，相当于every。如：
three times a week每周三次
⑥用于某些固定短语中。如：
a lot of许多，have a cold感冒，have a good time玩得高兴/过得愉快，in a hurry匆忙，take a bus乘坐公共汽车
【例1】 I have ________ English dictionary and it helps me a lot.(2015，六盘水)
A．the B．a C．an D．/
解析：表数量“一”，且以元音音素开头。
答案：__C__【例2】—Does your father go to work by ________ car every day？(2015，天津)
—No，he sometimes takes ________ bus.
A．a；the B．the；a
C．/；a D．a；/
解析：“by＋交通工具名词”表示“乘坐……”，交通工具名词前不加任何冠词。take a bus是固定词组。
答案：__C__
【例3】 As we know，England is ________ European country and Singapore is ________ Asian country.(2016，原创)
A．an；an B．an；a C．a；a D．a；an
解析：第一空后以辅音音素开头；第二空后以元音音素开头。
答案：__D__高频考向二 定冠词the
①谈话双方都知道的人或物。如：
The girl is Lucy's sister.这个女孩是露茜的妹妹。
②用于特指某人或某物。如：
The man in the car is my teacher.坐在车里的那个人是我的老师。
③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：
The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
④用在乐器名称前。如：
She is playing the piano.她正在弹钢琴。
⑤用在序数词或形容词的最高级前。如：
Tom is the tallest in his class.汤姆在他班上个子最高。⑥用在姓氏的复数前，表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。如：
The Browns are having dinner.布朗一家正在吃晚饭。
⑦用在上文已提到的人或物前。如：
Nancy has a cat.The cat is very cute.南希有一只猫，这只猫很可爱。
⑧用在表示海洋、江河、山脉、群岛、国家和党派等名词前，或由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：
the Huai River淮河，the United Kingdom英国，the Great Wall长城
⑨用在某些形容词前表示一类人。如：
the old老人，the young年轻人，the rich富人，the poor 穷人⑩用于the＋比较级，the＋比较级及the＋比较级＋of＋两者的句型中。如：
The more he thinks of it，the sadder he will be.他越想得多，就越难过。
Maria is the thinner of the two girls.玛利亚是两个女孩中较瘦的那一个。
?the用在某个世纪的某个年代。如：
in the 1980s 20世纪80年代
?用在某些固定短语中。如：
at the age of在……岁时，all the time一直，by the way顺便说一下，in the end最后/终于，in the morning在早上，on the right在右边，in the middle of在……中间【例4】 The Whites have planned to visit ________ Great Wall in China.(2015，宜宾)
A．the B．an C．a D．/
解析：长城是独一无二的事物，其前应加the。
答案：__A__
【例5】We should often help ________ poor.(2015，永州)
A．a B．/ C．the
解析：形容词前加定冠词the，表示一类人，句意为“我们应当经常帮助穷人”。
答案：__C__【例6】 —How is ________ film you saw last night?
—You mean ________ one，Monster Hunt？That's wonderful！(2016，预测)
A．a；the B．the；the
C．the；/ D．/；the
解析：本题两空都应用定冠词the。第一空表示特指，第二空表示在上文中已提到的事物。
答案：__B__【例7】—Tom，I'll invite you to have ________ lunch after playing ________ violin.
—Thank you.(2016，原创)
A．a；the B．the；the
C．/；/ D．/；the
解析：have lunch为固定词组，中间不需任何冠词；在西洋乐器名词前应用定冠词。
答案：__D__高频考向三 零冠词
①复数名词和不可数名词表示一般意义而不特指具体的人或事物时前面不用冠词。如：
Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。
②在某些专有名词前不用冠词，如国名、人名等。如：
China has a long history.中国拥有悠久的历史。
③在星期、日期、月份、季节、节日前不用冠词。如：
October 1st is National Day.十月一日是国庆节。
注：若特指某年的某月或某季节时，则要在月份、季节前加定冠词the。如：
In the winter of 2010，he moved to China.在2010年的冬天，他搬到了中国。④在三餐、球类运动及娱乐活动的名词之前不用冠词。如：
He went to school without breakfast this morning.
他今天早晨没有吃早饭就去上学了。
Davy likes playing basketball.戴维喜欢打篮球。
⑤当名词前有this，that，these，those，every，his，your，some，any等限定词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。如：
Jenny's sister is my friend.珍妮的妹妹是我的朋友。
Those students often play football after school.那些学生放学后经常踢足球。
⑥在表示职位和称呼前不用冠词。如：
He was elected manager of our company last year.去年他当选为我们公司的经理。⑦与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前不用冠词。如：
by bus坐公共汽车
by train坐火车
注：动词take或介词in，on后接表示交通工具的名词前要加冠词。如：
take a bus坐公共汽车
on a/the bus坐公共汽车
in a/the car乘小汽车
⑧用在某些习惯用语中。如：
go to school去上学；at home在家
on time按时；in trouble陷入困境
on foot步行；in silence沉默；无声【例8】Li Na started playing ________ tennis at the age of six.She is one of ________ best women tennis players in the world.(2015，随州)
A．the；the B．a；/ C．/；the D．the；/
解析：球类名词前不能用任何冠词；形容词最高级前应用定冠词the。
答案：__C__
【例9】 It is a good habit to go to ________ bed early and get up early.(2016，预测)
A．a B．an C．the D．不填
解析：go to bed意为“上床睡觉”，是固定搭配，不用冠词。
答案：__D__【例10】Miss Zhang will go to ________ America for ________ important meeting next month.(2016，原创)
A．an；an B．/；an
C．/；a D．an；the
解析：表示国家的专有名词前不能用冠词；第二个空表示泛指，且以元音音素开头。
答案：__B__考点跟踪突破22 名词和冠词
名词
1．Times Magazine says that smart Lego has become one of __C__ favorite toys.(2015，佛山)
A．child B．children C．children's
2．—I always get nervous when I start a(n)__C__ with others.
—Take it easy.Believe in yourself.(2015，鄂州)
A．expression B．introduction
C．communication D．celebration
3．—Why do you look so excited，Tim?
—I've got a wonderful __B__(2015，恩施)
A．news B．job C．furniture
4．Last year，three hundred English teachers took part in the __A__ English Training.(2015，孝感)
A．two-month B．two-months
C．two months D．two month
5．—__A__ fathers didn't come to the meeting.Why?
—Because they have gone to Beijing.(2015，凉山)
A．Jeff's and Amy's B．Jeff and Amy
C．Jeff's and Amy D．Jeff and Amy's
6．Health is important for us teenagers，so we should eat more vegetables such as __A__ to keep healthy.(2015，哈尔滨)
A．tomatoes and potatoes B．tomatos and potatos
C．tomatos and potatoes
7．Our teachers usually give us some __D__ on how to face the difficulties and challenges ________．(2015，木鲁木齐)
A．advice，brave B．advices，brave
C．advices，bravely D．advice，bravely
8．—I'm hungry.May I have something to eat?
—OK.Here's some __B__．(2015，丹东)
A．orange B．bread C．water D．milk
9．Tom will be able to find the hotel，he has a pretty good __D__ of direction.(2015，营口)
A．idea B．feeling
C．experience D．sense
10．__B__ Day is coming，I will buy some ________for Miss Wu.(2015，茂名)
A．Teacher's，flower B．Teachers'，flowers
C．Teachers'，flower
11．—More and more people come to visit Jingzhou Ancient City.
—That's true.It has become the __D__ of Jingzhou.(2015，荆州)
A．effort B．praise C．courage D．pride
12．I feel a bit tired for I saw a two __D__ film last night.(2015，百色)
A．hour B．hours C．hour's D．hours'
13．—A study shows that good habits play a very important __B__ in children's education.
—I think so.(2015，宜昌)
A．sense B．part C．reason D．meaning
14．—There are a lot of __C__ of bike riding.
—I agree.It's good for the environment and it saves money.(2015，宜昌)
A．instructions B．instruments
C．advantages D．products
15．—Is this photo taken in Tibet?
—Yes.You can see beautiful snow mountains in the __B__ of the photo.(2015，河南)
A．form B．background
C．shape D．introduction
16．—Any special __D__ in this shopping mall now?
—Sure，we have the latest e-products on sale.(2015，武汉)
A．offer B．price C．brand D．service
17．—How many __D__ can you see in the picture?
—Two.(2015，广安)
A．dog B．child C．sheeps D．sheep
18．A __C__ woman was saved from the ship on June 2nd，2015.(2015，黔西南)
A．65 year old B．65-year-olds
C．65-year-old D．65-years-old
19．—Did you go to the __C__ last night?
—Yes，the movie was so funny that it made me laugh many times.(2015，贵港)
A．museum B．bank C．cinema D．library
20．I am hungry.I'd like to have some __A__(2015，玉林)
A．rice B．sandwich C．dumpling D．egg
21．—Which animals do you like best?
—I like __A__ best.(2015，铜仁)
A．tigers B．apples C．vegetable D．trees
22．—Where are you going to spend your summer holiday，Jenny?
—I haven't made a __A__ yet.I'm going to talk about it with my family tomorrow.(2015，南通)
A．decision B．promise
C．journey D．suggestion
23．—I'm tired out these days.
—Well，you'd better keep a __C__ between work and play.(2015，泰州)
A．promise B．diary C．balance D．secret
24．The car was out of __C__ and hit a tree by road.(2015，宿迁)
A．danger B．breath C．control D．practice
25．—Can I help you，madam?
—I want __C__．(2015，遵义)
A．two boxes of apple B．two glass of water
C．two bowls of porridge
冠词
1．Can you play __C__ guitar，Tom？(2015，成都)
A．a B．an C．the
2．Doing lots of listening practice is one of __C__ best ways of becoming ________ good language learner.(2015，荆州)
A．the；the B．/；a C．the；a D．the；/
3．What __C__ good news！Our school band(乐队)will play at Harbin Summer Concert in August.(2015，哈尔滨)
A．a B．the C．/
4．It's __B__ interesting program and it tells us how to play ________ piano.(2015，龙东)
A．a；the B．an；the C．the；a
5．Peter returned the wallet to the police.He was __B__ honest boy.(2015，沈阳)
A．a B．an C．the D．/
6．Sun Wukong is __B__ unusual monkey.(2015，孝感)
A．a B．an C．the D．/
7．I've had __A__ bad cold，I don't think I can go to ________ school today.(2015，百色)
A．a；/ B．/；the C．/；/ D．a；the
8．—Does your father go to work by __C__ car every day?
—No，he sometimes takes ________ bus.(2015，天津)
A．a；the B．the；a C．/；a D．a；/
9．—Have you seen __B__ film Where Are We Going，Daddy?
—Yes，it's quite ________ interesting film so that I have seen it twice.(2015，安顺)
A．a；the B．the；an C．a；an D．the；the
10．—Do you like __B__ movie Big Hero 6?
—Yes，it is ________interesting film.I like it very much.(2015，广东)
A．a；an B．the；an C．a；the D．the；a
11．Look at __C__ calendar.It's June 22.(2015，河北)
A．a B．an C．the D．/
12．Mr.Smith is __C__ old man and he usually walks his dog after ________super.(2015，河南)
A．a；the B．an；a
C．an；/ D．the；/
13．Jack，__B__ American teacher，is arriving at our school by ________car.(2015，江苏)
A．a；the B．an；/ C．an；the D．a；/
14．—Who is __B__ girl in front of the library?
—The one with________umbrella? She is our monitor.(2015，潍坊)
A．the；a B．the；an C．a；an D．a；the
15．—What do you know about kite surfing?
—It is __B__ exciting water sport.(2015，温州)
A．a B．an C．the D．/
16．—Do you know __A__ boy over there?
—Yes，he likes playing ________basketball very much.(2015，呼和浩特)
A．the；/ B．a；the
C．a；/ D．the；a
17．Sally is __C__ active girl and she enjoys playing volleyball.(2015，海南)
A．the B．a C．an
18．In order to find __B__ better living environment，he decided to move to the west of the country.(2015，包头)
A．an B．a C．/ D．the
19．I love singing and dancing.I want to be __B__ actor in the future.(2015，云南)
A．a B．an C．the D．/
20．China，__D__ home of tea，has ________ history of more than 4000 years.(2015，黄石)
A．the；the B．a；a C．a；the D．the；a
21．This is __A__ useful book，________ book is my brother's.(2014，安顺)
A．a；the B．an；the C．a；an D．an；a
22．—We have __A__8-day holiday.(2014，黔南)
—Why not go to ________West Lake?
A．an；the B．a；a C．a；the D．an；a
23．__C__ Yangtze River is ________ first longest river in China.
A．An；the B．A；the C．The；the D．The；a
24．—Do you know Robert?
—Yes，he is __B__ university student.He likes sports and runs for ________hour every morning.
A．a；a B．a；an C．an；an D．an；a
25．—What __B__ heavy rain it was!
—Yes，but I love ________ air after it rains.It smells so fresh.(2014，河南)
A．the；a B．a；the C．the；the D．a；a
