中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
十一、名词性从句
**初中语法中宾语从句的用法**
宾语从句在句子中作宾语,一般位于及物动词、介词或某些形容词后面。
宾语从句的三要素包括:引导词、语序和时态。
**一、引导词**:
- 当宾语从句是陈述句时,用 that 引导,that 在句中无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。例如:I think (that) he is a good student.
- 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,用 if 或 whether 引导,意为“是否”。例如:I don't know if/whether he will come.
- 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,用特殊疑问词引导。例如:Could you tell me where the bank is
**二、语序**:
宾语从句要用陈述句语序,即“主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分”。例如:He asked what you were doing. (不是 what were you doing)
**三、时态**:
- 主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用各种时态。
- 主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应的过去时态。例如:He said he was reading a book at that time. 但如果从句表示的是客观真理、自然现象等,从句时态用一般现在时。例如:The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
**四、温馨提醒**
在使用宾语从句时需要注意以下几点:
1. 宾语从句的语序
- 宾语从句要用陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后。例如:He asked where the library was. (不能是 where was the library )
2. 时态的一致性
- 主句是一般现在时,宾语从句的时态根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时,宾语从句要用相应的过去时态,但客观真理除外。比如:The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. (地球绕太阳转是客观真理,用一般现在时)
3. 引导词的选择
- 根据从句的类型选择合适的引导词。陈述句用 that 引导,一般疑问句用 if 或 whether 引导,特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词引导。例如:Do you know if/whether he will come ;Could you tell me how I can get there
4. 宾语从句与简单句的转换
- 当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句中有“should + 动词原形”等结构时,可以把宾语从句转换为“疑问词 + 动词不定式”结构。例如:I don't know what I should do. 可以转换为 I don't know what to do.
5. 宾语从句的否定转移
- 当主句的主语是第一人称,谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose 等时,宾语从句的否定要转移到主句。例如:I don't think you are right. (不能是 I think you aren't right. )
**练习与巩固**
牛刀小试-单项选择题
1. I don't know __________.
A. where does he come from B. where he comes from
C. where did he come from D. where he came from
2. Could you tell me __________
A. when will they leave B. when they will leave
C. when they would leave D. when would they leave
3. The teacher said that the moon __________ around the earth.
A. goes B. went C. going D. to go
4. We don't know __________ it next.
A. how to do B. what to do
C. what to do with D. how to do with
5. Please tell me __________.
A. what is wrong with the boy B. what wrong is with the boy
C. what was wrong with the boy D. what wrong was with the boy
6. I want to know __________.
A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is looking
C. whom is she looking D. whom she is looking after
7. He asked me __________ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I have been
C. where had I been D. where have I been
8. Do you know __________ the man with sunglasses is
A. who B. what C. where D. how
9. Can you tell me __________
A. when did he come B. when he came
C. when does he come D. when he comes
10. I don't understand __________ so fast.
A. why he drives B. why does he drive
C. why he drove D. why did he drive
**答案及解析**
1. 答案:B
解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,A、C 选项是疑问句语序,排除;主句是一般现在时,从句时态根据实际情况,这里表示的是一般性的情况,用一般现在时,he 是第三人称单数,come 要加 s,D 选项是一般过去时,不符合,B 选项 where he comes from 符合。
2. 答案:B
解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,A、D 选项是疑问句语序,排除;could 在此处表示委婉语气,不是过去时态,从句时态根据实际情况,用一般将来时,C 选项是过去将来时,不符合,B 选项 when they will leave 符合。
3. 答案:A
解析:宾语从句中,如果从句表示的是客观真理、自然现象等,无论主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时。“月亮绕着地球转”是客观真理,用一般现在时,A 选项 goes 符合。
4. 答案:C
解析:how to do 后面要接宾语,what to do 后面不接宾语,what to do with 表示“如何处理”,how to do with 表达错误。根据句意“我们不知道接下来如何处理它”,C 选项 what to do with 符合。
5. 答案:A
解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,B、D 选项语序错误,排除;主句是祈使句,从句时态根据实际情况,这里是问男孩的情况,用一般现在时,C 选项是一般过去时,不符合,A 选项 what is wrong with the boy 符合,what 是主语,is 是谓语,语序正确。
6. 答案:D
解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,A、C 选项是疑问句语序,排除;look after 是固定短语,表示“照顾”,B 选项缺少 after,不符合,D 选项 whom she is looking after 符合。
7. 答案:A
解析:主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应的过去时态,B 选项是现在完成时,排除;宾语从句要用陈述句语序,C、D 选项是疑问句语序,排除,A 选项 where I had been 符合。
8. 答案:B
解析:根据句意“你知道戴太阳镜的这个男人是做什么的吗?”,A 选项 who 表示“谁”,C 选项 where 表示“哪里”,D 选项 how 表示“怎样”,都不符合,B 选项 what 表示“什么职业”,符合。
9. 答案:B
解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,A、C 选项是疑问句语序,排除;根据句意“你能告诉我他什么时候来吗?”,这里没有明确的时间状语,用一般过去时或一般将来时,D 选项是一般现在时,不符合,B 选项 when he came 符合。
10. 答案:A
解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,B、D 选项是疑问句语序,排除;根据句意“我不理解他为什么开得这么快。”,这里表示一般性的情况,用一般现在时,C 选项是一般过去时,不符合,A 选项 why he drives 符合。
巩固加强-结合语句意思,在空格处填入一个合适的单词
1. I don't know __________ he will come tomorrow.
2. Can you tell me __________ you were born
3. The teacher told us __________ the earth moves around the sun.
4. Please show me __________ you have written.
5. We are talking about __________ we'll go on a picnic.
6. She wants to know __________ I like the present.
7. I wonder __________ he did that.
8. Do you know __________ is singing in the classroom
9. They didn't understand __________ I said.
10. Could you explain __________ you were late
**答案**
突破中考语法
16 / 92
1. if / whether
2. when
3. that
4. what
5. whether
6. if / whether
7. why
8. who
9. what
10. why
**解析**
1. “I don't know”后接宾语从句,根据句意“我不知道他明天是否会来”,用 if / whether 表示“是否”。
2. “Can you tell me”后接宾语从句,根据句意“你能告诉我你什么时候出生的吗”,用 when 表示“什么时候”。
3. 宾语从句中,当从句表示客观真理时,用一般现在时,“地球绕太阳转”是客观真理,用 that 引导,无实际意义。
4. “Please show me”后接宾语从句,根据句意“请给我展示你写了什么”,用 what 表示“什么”。
5. “We are talking about”后接宾语从句,根据句意“我们正在讨论是否去野餐”,用 whether 表示“是否”。
6. “She wants to know”后接宾语从句,根据句意“她想知道我是否喜欢这个礼物”,用 if / whether 表示“是否”。
7. “I wonder”后接宾语从句,根据句意“我想知道他为什么那样做”,用 why 表示“为什么”。
8. “Do you know”后接宾语从句,根据句意“你知道谁在教室里唱歌吗”,用 who 表示“谁”。
9. “They didn't understand”后接宾语从句,根据句意“他们不理解我说的话”,用 what 表示“什么”。
10. “Could you explain”后接宾语从句,根据句意“你能解释一下你为什么迟到吗”,用 why 表示“为什么”。
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