中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
九、动词
(3)非谓语动词
**初中语法中非谓语动词的用法**
非谓语动词是指在句子中不能单独作谓语,但仍具有动词特征的动词形式,包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。
它们在句子中可以承担除谓语以外的其他成分,如主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等,从而使句子的表达更加丰富多样、灵活准确。
非谓语形式 用法 例句
动词不定式 作主语 To learn English is important.
作宾语 I want to go shopping.
作宾语补足语 The teacher told us to study hard.
作定语 I have something to tell you.
作状语 He got up early to catch the bus.
动名词 作主语 Swimming is good for health.
作宾语 He enjoys playing football.
作表语 Her hobby is collecting stamps.
作定语 A swimming pool is over there.
现在分词 作定语 The running boy is my classmate.
作表语 The film is exciting.
作宾语补足语 I saw him playing basketball just now.
作状语 Walking along the street, I met an old friend.
过去分词 作定语 The broken cup should be thrown away.
作表语 I'm interested in the book.
作宾语补足语 I had my hair cut yesterday.
作状语 Seen from the top of the mountain, the city is very beautiful.
动词不定式
**一、动词不定式的构成**
动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”,有时也可以省略“to”,称为不带“to”的动词不定式。
**二、动词不定式的用法**
1. 作主语
- 动词不定式作主语时,通常视为单数主语。
- 为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用 it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语(动词不定式)后置。
例如:To learn a foreign language is not easy. (直接作主语)
It is not easy to learn a foreign language. (it 作形式主语)
2. 作宾语
- 常见的动词如 want, hope, decide, plan, expect 等后常接动词不定式作宾语。
例如:I want to buy a new bike. (want to do sth. 想要做某事)
3. 作宾语补足语
- 常见的动词如 ask, tell, allow, encourage 等后常接“宾语 + 动词不定式”作宾语补足语。
例如:The teacher asked us to read the text loudly.
4. 作定语
- 动词不定式作定语时,通常置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。
例如:I have something important to tell you. (important 修饰 something,to tell you 作后置定语)
5. 作状语
- 表示目的:He got up early to catch the first bus. (“to catch the first bus”表示早起的目的)
- 表示结果:He is too tired to walk any further. (“too...to...”结构,表示“太......而不能......”)
6. 动词不定式的否定形式
直接在“to”前加“not”,即“not to + 动词原形”。
例如:The teacher told us not to be late.
7. 特殊疑问词 + 动词不定式
常见的特殊疑问词如 what, which, how, where, when 等可以与动词不定式连用,在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语等。
例如:I don't know what to do next. (作宾语)
- 作主语:To learn English well is not easy. (学好英语不容易。)
- 作宾语:I want to go home. (我想回家。)
- 作宾语补足语:The teacher asked us to clean the classroom. (老师让我们打扫教室。)
- 作定语:I have a lot of homework to do. (我有很多作业要做。)
- 作状语:He came here to see me. (他来这儿看我。)
**三、温馨提醒**
在使用不定式时需要注意以下几点:
1. 不定式作主语时,为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用 it 作形式主语,而把不定式后置。
例如:It's important to learn English well. 但如果要表达的内容比较简短,也可以直接把不定式放在句首作主语,如:To err is human. (人非圣贤,孰能无过。)
2. 有些动词后接不定式作宾语补足语时,要注意动词的用法和搭配。
例如:ask sb. to do sth.(要求某人做某事),tell sb. to do sth.(告诉某人做某事),但使役动词如 make, let, have 以及感官动词 see, hear, feel 等后接不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语,如:I saw him enter the room. (注意:当这些词用于被动语态时,其后要接带 to 的不定式,如:He was made to work hard. )
3. 注意区分不定式作定语时与被修饰词之间的关系。如果是动宾关系,且动词是不及物动词,要加上相应的介词,
例如:I need a pen to write with. (write 是不及物动词,加 with 与 pen 构成动宾关系)
4. 疑问词 + 不定式的结构可以在句子中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语等成分。
例如:I don't know what to do. (作宾语)
5. 不定式的否定形式是在 to 前加 not,如:not to do sth.
例如:Tell him not to be late. (告诉他不要迟到。)
6. 有些形容词后接不定式,如:easy, difficult, hard, important 等。
例如:It's hard to say. (很难说。)
7. 注意区分一些动词后接不定式和接动名词的不同含义,
例如:stop to do sth. 表示停下来去做另一件事,stop doing sth. 表示停止正在做的事;forget/remember to do sth. 表示忘记/记得要去做某事(未做),forget/remember doing sth. 表示忘记/记得做过某事(已做)。
动名词
**一、作主语**
动名词作主语表示一般性、经常性的动作。例如:Swimming is good for your health. (游泳对你的健康有益。)
**二、作宾语**
1. 一些动词后常接动名词作宾语,如 enjoy(喜欢),finish(完成),practice(练习),mind(介意),suggest(建议)等。例如:I enjoy reading books in my spare time. (我喜欢在业余时间读书。)
2. 介词后接动名词。例如:He is good at playing basketball. (他擅长打篮球。)
**三、作表语**
动名词作表语表示主语的内容。例如:Her job is teaching English. (她的工作是教英语。)
**四、作定语**
动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的用途或功能。例如:a swimming pool (游泳池) ,a sleeping bag (睡袋)
**五、温馨提醒**
在使用动名词时需要注意以下几点:
1. 动名词的逻辑主语:如果动名词的动作执行者不是句子的主语,需要在动名词前加上其逻辑主语。例如:Do you mind my opening the window (你介意我打开窗户吗?) 这里“my”是“opening”的逻辑主语。
2. 动名词的时态和语态:动名词有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done),还有主动和被动形式。但在初中阶段,一般只涉及一般式和主动形式。
3. 固定搭配:需要记住一些常见的动名词短语和固定搭配,如 be worth doing (值得做......),be busy doing (忙于做......)等。
分词
**一、现在分词**
1. 作定语
- 单个现在分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之前。例如:a sleeping baby (一个正在睡觉的婴儿)
- 现在分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之后。例如:The man standing there is my teacher. (站在那里的那个人是我的老师)
2. 作表语
现在分词作表语,多表示主语所具有的特征。例如:The film is very interesting. (这部电影很有趣)
3. 作宾语补足语
常接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see, watch, notice, hear, feel, keep 等。例如:I saw him running on the playground. (我看见他正在操场上跑步)
4. 作状语
- 表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。例如:Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. (听到这个消息,他们都高兴得跳了起来)
- 表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。例如:Being ill, he didn't go to school. (因为生病,他没去上学)
- 表示方式或伴随情况。例如:He came running into the room. (他跑着进了房间)
**二、过去分词**
1. 作定语
- 单个过去分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之前。例如:a broken window (一扇破窗户)
- 过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之后。例如:The book written by Lu Xun is very popular. (鲁迅写的那本书很受欢迎)
2. 作表语
过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态。例如:I'm very tired. (我非常累)
3. 作宾语补足语
常接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:have, get, make, keep 等。例如:I had my hair cut yesterday. (昨天我剪了头发)
4. 作状语
过去分词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,且与主语之间存在被动关系。例如:Given more time, I could do it better. (如果给我更多时间,我能做得更好)
需要注意的是,在使用分词时,要根据语境和句子结构来准确判断其用法。同时,要注意区分现在分词和过去分词在意义和用法上的差异。
**三、温馨提醒**
在使用分词时需要注意以下几点:
1. 分词的逻辑主语
- 分词作状语时,其逻辑主语要与句子的主语保持一致。如果不一致,可能会造成逻辑混乱。例如:Looking out of the window, I saw a bird. (“looking”的逻辑主语是“I”)
2. 现在分词和过去分词的区别
- 现在分词表示主动、进行的动作;过去分词表示被动、完成的动作。例如:The developing country needs help. (“developing”表示正在发展的);The developed country has advanced technology. (“developed”表示已经发展完成的)
3. 独立主格结构
- 有时分词有自己独立的主语,这就构成了独立主格结构。例如:Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic. (“weather permitting”中,“weather”是“permitting”的逻辑主语)
4. 固定搭配和习惯用法
- 有些动词、形容词等与分词的搭配是固定的,需要牢记。例如:be interested in doing(对做某事感兴趣);be tired of doing(厌倦做某事)
5. 分词短语的位置
- 分词短语可以放在句首、句中或句末,位置不同可能会对句子的语气和重点产生影响。
6. 与定语从句的转换
- 分词短语作定语时,有时可以与定语从句相互转换,要注意转换的正确性。例如:The book written by him is very popular. (= The book which was written by him is very popular.)
**练习与巩固**
牛刀小试-单项选择题
1. The man ______ in the chair asked me to ______.
A. seated; seated B. sitting; sitting
C. seating; seat D. seated; be seated
2. I can't imagine ______ that with them.
A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing
3. The students are busy ______ for the exam.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. prepare
4. He was seen ______ the room.
A. enter B. to enter C. entered D. enters
5. The book is worth ______.
A. reading B. to read C. read D. reads
6. I have a lot of work ______.
A. do B. doing C. done D. to do
7. ______ from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D. See
8. He devoted his life to ______ the poor.
A. help B. helping C. be helped D. being helped
9. I'm sorry ______ you waiting so long.
A. to keep B. keeping C. to have kept D. having kept
10. With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
11. The noise of the desks ______ could be heard in the next classroom.
A. being opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. opened and closed D. having opened and closed
12. The teacher asked us ______ so much noise.
A. don't make B. not make
C. not making D. not to make
13. It's no use ______ over spilt milk.
A. cry B. crying C. to cry D. cried
14. The bird was lucky and it just missed ______.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
15. I'm looking forward to ______ from you.
A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. be heard
16. ______ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give
C. Giving D. Having given
17. The secretary worked late into the night, ______ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing
C. prepared D. was preparing
18. "Can't you read " Mary said ______ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
19. The next morning she found the man ______ in bed, dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
20. There was a terrible noise ______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案:
1. D
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. D
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. C
11. A
12. D
13. B
14. C
15. B
16. A
17. B
18. A
19. A
20. B
解析:
1. 第一空“seated”表示“就座的”,作后置定语;第二空“be seated”表示“坐下”。所以选 D。
2. “imagine doing sth.”表示“想象做某事”,所以选 D。
3. “be busy doing sth.”表示“忙于做某事”,所以选 B。
4. “be seen to do sth.”表示“被看见做某事”,所以选 B。
5. “be worth doing”表示“值得做”,所以选 A。
6. “have sth. to do”表示“有某事要做”,所以选 D。
7. 句子主语“the city”与“see”是被动关系,所以用过去分词,选 B。
8. “devote...to doing sth.”表示“致力于做某事”,所以选 B。
9. “be sorry to have done sth.”表示“很抱歉做了某事”,动作已经发生,所以选 C。
10. 有很多难题要解决,用“to settle”表示将来,所以选 C。
11. “desks”与“open and close”是被动关系,且表示正在进行,所以用现在分词的被动形式,选 A。
12. “ask sb. not to do sth.”表示“要求某人不要做某事”,所以选 D。
13. “It's no use doing sth.”表示“做某事没有用”,所以选 B。
14. “miss doing sth.”表示“错过做某事”,鸟与“catch”是被动关系,所以用“being caught”,选 C。
15. “look forward to doing sth.”表示“期待做某事”,所以选 B。
16. 树木被给予更多关注,用过去分词,选 A。
17. 主语“the secretary”与“prepare”是主动关系,用现在分词作伴随状语,所以选 B。
18. “angrily pointing”作伴随状语,所以选 A。
19. “find sb. doing sth.”表示“发现某人正在做某事”,人躺着用“lying”,所以选 A。
20. 噪音跟着光,是主动关系,用现在分词,所以选 B。
巩固加强-结合语句意思,用所给词的正确形式填空
1. I heard him ______ (sing) in the next room just now.
2. The problem is difficult ______ (solve).
3. I have some letters ______ (write).
4. ______ (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful.
5. He was made ______ (work) 12 hours a day.
6. I'm sorry ______ (keep) you waiting so long.
7. The boy ______ (stand) there is my brother.
8. He spent two hours ______ (do) his homework.
9. The man ______ (talk) to my father is my teacher.
10. I have no chance ______ (go) abroad.
答案:
1. singing
2. to solve
3. to write
4. Seen
5. to work
6. to have kept
7. standing
8. doing
9. talking
10. to go
解析:
1. “hear sb. doing sth.”表示“听到某人正在做某事”,所以用 singing。
2. “be + 形容词 + to do”,表示“做某事......”,所以用 to solve。
3. “have sth. to do”表示“有某事要做”,所以用 to write。
4. 句子主语“the city”与“see”是被动关系,用过去分词 Seen 作状语。
5. “be made to do sth.”是固定用法,表示“被迫做某事”,所以用 to work。
6. “be sorry to have done sth.”表示“很抱歉做了某事”,动作已经发生,所以用 to have kept。
7. “standing”作后置定语,修饰“the boy”,表示“站着的男孩”,两者是主动关系。
8. “spend + 时间 + (in) doing sth.”表示“花费时间做某事”,所以用 doing。
9. “talking”作后置定语,修饰“the man”,表示“正在和我父亲说话的男人”,两者是主动关系。
10. “have a chance to do sth.”表示“有机会做某事”,所以用 to go。
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