2025届高三英语二轮复习：跨越阅读理解障碍课件(共29张PPT)

(共29张PPT)
Beat Obstacles of Reading Comprehension
Skills for questions of details
传统高考阅读理解题型
综合细节题
词义转换题
理解判断题
主旨要义题
作者意图题
推测判断题
文章结构题
高考阅读理解
Reading Comprehension of NMET
Spot three differences between the two pictures
Spot four differences between the two pictures
《阅读理解》知识清单 Lists of reading
10种题型
7类体裁
3个维度
广告类
故事类
科普类
新闻类
人物类
社科类
文化类
单句
段落
细节相加
一个做法（15字法则）
一般细节、段落细节、全文细节、作者观点态度、
词义猜测（代词指代）、例证题、段落主旨、
全文主旨（意图）、结构题、文章出处题
识题型，找定位，断结构，取信息，找平行
细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意
阅读理解“三步曲”和选项技巧
三步曲：
一、画题干，确定关键词①
二、找原文（定位文章中的句子），确定关键词②
三、看选项（配对选项与原文句子中的同义词）， 确定关键词③
找名词、代词
和形容词
The Chinese kept their secret of how to make paper until a war with Muslims in the ninth century. The art of papermaking soon spread throughout the Muslim world.
The Mayan Indians in Central America and Pacific Islanders also discovered how to make paper, but their knowledge never spread to the rest of the world.
26. How was papermaking introduced into the rest of the world from China
A. Through wars. B. Through the Muslims.
C. Through the Mayan Indians. D. Through the Pacific Islanders.
√
introduce into “引进” 与 spread “传播”同义
关键词② 是我们重点要找的，关键词② 和关键词③多为同义词或近义词
关键词①
关键词②
关键词①
关键词③
Pants usually have pockets to hold things. Money that is likely to be spent quickly can burn a hole in your pocket. Sometimes you need a belt to hold up your pants. If you have less money than usual, you may have to tighten your belt.
I always praise people who can save their money and not spend too much.I really take my hat off to them.Yet, when it comes to my own money, I spend it at the drop of a hat, …
3．If we say someone has to tighten his belt, we probably mean he _____.
A．has done something wrong B．used to live a rich life
C．has put on the wrong pants D．is short of money
√
三板斧的步骤：
1、读题干，圈出关键词①tighten his belt;
2、在原文中找到第1次出现关键词①的句子，前后读一读，不要读多了，找到动词、名词（关键词②have less money）;
3、看四个选项中和关键词②中一样的词（关键词③）money的，只有D项，所以选D。
is short of 和have less 是近义词“缺少”、“不足”。
选项技巧
一、答案出现的位置：
1、关联词because, for, as for, now that, however, but, therefore等后面就是答案；
2、标点符号——冒号后、破折号后就是答案；重要的人说的话，引号内就是答案；
3、长难句（除去从句）主句是答案（因果关系题例外）；
4、有中文注释的是答案（人名、地名等专有名词除外）；
5、因果关系题一般是寻找原因，and之前，because之后，for 和 to do之后是答案；
6、选项中有may的是答案；
7、首段（首句）、每段首句、末句，往往是主旨句，是答案 ；
8、选项中意思完全相反的2个选项，其中之一是正确答案；
9、some people,表作者不认同的观点，few people,表作者的观点
二、错误答案的确定：
1、选项中有绝对肯定之意的must, only,always是错误选项；
2、原句在选项中重复出现，200%错误；
3、用文章里的举例的句子做选项，200%错误；
4、错误的选项往往就文章某一方面而说，是某个小问题，或者很具体。
二、阅读理解解题技巧应用
（一）因果关系题的判断（不需要翻译的方法）：
1、Why + 结果？
2、结果 + because + .
3、What made + 结果 ？
4、What’s the reason for + 结果 ？
因果题
结果定位
寻找原因
因果关系判断
because
and
从句
目的
定语从句
状语从句
题干类型（都是要找原因）
可能：原文中的结果和选项中的一模一样；或原文中的结果和选项中的意义一样。
说明几点：
1、and前是原因：“因 + and（所以+ 果”， 从题干中关键词定位原文中句子，and前就是答案。
2、从句是答案 分析主句和从句之间的逻辑关系，找到答案。
3、“目的”是答案 for, to do 是目的
4、because 后面是答案 果+ because +果
【2016年新课标全国高考卷B】
Sandra Day O’Connor(1930present)
When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and ,in 1981,the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.
5.What is the reason for O’Connor’s being reiected by the low firm
A. Her lack of proper training in law.
B. Her little work experience in court.
C. The discrimination against women.
D. The poor financial conditions.
√
because后面是答案
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips of those, 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last,in all, from the time they can be implanted in the patent, we’ve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time. (2016年新课标全国高考卷C）
6.Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours
A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.
B. The donor can only wait for that long.
C. The operation needs that very much.
D. The ice won’t last any longer.
√
because后是答案
（二）文章结构题解题技巧
Bring your partner,grab a seat,pick up your baby catalog and start choosin.What features would you want your baby to have ……Doesn’t this sound like a scary thought
1.Why does the author give so many question in Paragraph 1
A. To show that getting a baby is easy.
B. To start a reflection on designing babies.
C. To question whether choosing babies is legal.
D. To introduce a breakthrough in science.
提示：
1、此题不属于因果关系题。读完或不读这个段落，很明显，找不到答案，即使下一段，也找不到答案。这类题属于段落功能题。
2、这种文章开头设多个问题，目的只有一个，吸引读者，引起思考（引出主题）。所有考题无例外。所以选B
√
New challenges for customer care have come when people can obtain goods and services through telephone call centers and the Internet. For example, many companies now have to invest(投资) a lot of money in information technology and staff training in order to copy with the “phone rage”—caused by delays in answering calls,being out off in mid-conversation or left waiting for long periods.
2. The writer mentions “phone rage” (Paragraph 3) to show that .
A. customers often use phones to express their anger
B. people still prefer to buy goods online
C. customer care becomes more demanding
D. customer rely on their phones to obtain services
提示：
1、此题干中有标志词：mention…show that …，属于例证题。
2、前面总结过“用文章里的举例的句子做选项，200%错误”
3、例子不成为答案，所以除去例子；对于长难句，能出题的只有主干部分。除去从句，找句子主干部分（主+谓+宾），因四个选项都是“主+谓+宾”结构。
√
4、除去从句和例子，剩余的主干部分只有New challenges for customer care have come，这句与选项中的C（客户服务变得更加苛刻）最接近。所以选C。
【2019年全国卷I】For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y.，today is speech day ,and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the of kid who would enjoy public speaking.
But he’s, nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should … should…”Chris trips on the“-ld,”a. pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher ,Thomas Whaley ,is next to him, whispering support.“…Vote for …me …”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion ,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
A son of immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls(回想起)how at the beginning of the year，when called upon to read，Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.
实战练习
24. What made Chris nervous？
A. Telling a story. B. Making a speech.
C. Taking a test. D. Answering a question.
25. What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Improper pauses. B. Bad manners.
C. Spelling mistakes. D. Silly jokes.
Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student，” Whaley explains，“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language，to feel confident enough to say，‘I don’t know，but I want to know.’”
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.
“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities,” Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”
26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to _________.
A. help students see their own strengths
B. assess students’ public speaking skills
C. prepare students for their future jobs
D. inspire students’ love for politics
27. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher
A. Humorous. B. Ambitious.
C. Caring. D. Demanding.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. A 27. C
Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear. Children know this very well. Fred Epstein, in his book If I Make It to Five, tells a story he heard from one of friends about Tom, a four-year-old boy with a cancer in his back bone. He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination.
Tom loved to pretend, and he particularly loved to play superheroes, Dr Epstein explained that it was actually a brilliant way for his young mind to handle the terrifying and painful life he led.
26. What do we know about Tom
A. He was seriously ill. B. He was a dishonest boy.
C. He was crazy about magic. D. He was Dr. Epstein’s patient.
有据可查，意同形异
——状况细节的判断
综合细节
Honey from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper - a little bird called a honey guide.
60. Why is it difficult to find a wild bees' nest
A. It's small in size. B. It's hidden in trees.
C. It's covered with wax. D. It's hard to recognize.
词语形式迥异——位置判断
综合细节
1
先划出题干关键信息语，
再从短文中找出信息句；
2
认真分析信息词语前后句，
关注句子主宾关系和连词；
3
最后找出与原文信息词语语义相同
的最佳选项。(意同形异)
启迪
01
综合细节题
综合细节题三形式
直接信息题——简单易找—送分
间接信息题——琵琶遮面—一般
综合信息题——深藏不露—较难
2018全国Ⅱ卷B篇
The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into VitaminA and which are antioxidants. As for cherries(樱桃), they are so delicious who care However, they are rich in Vitamin C.
24. What does the author seem to like about cherries
A. They contain protein.
B. They are high invitaminA.
C. They have a pleasant taste.
D. They are rich in antioxidants.
“灯塔词”定位
2018全国Ⅰ卷真题D篇
：than/比较级/while/similar/unlike
but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置)
well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment
– and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more
energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
32. What does the author think of new devices
A. They are environment-friendly. adj.环保的
B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home.
D. They go out of style quickly.
than
比较级
while
similar
unlike
2019全国Ⅲ卷真题C篇
Before he 1830s，most newspapers were sold through annual
subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $ 10 a year. Today $8 0 1'
$10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts
were forbidding to most citizens.Accordingly, newspapers were read
almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most
newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.
28. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s？
A.Academic. B. Unattractive.
C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential
：any/every/no/all/always/none/最高级/序数词
【2017年全国卷I D篇】A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇ 5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s complex. D. It’s portable.
识题型，找定位，断结构，取信息，找平行
分析：
识题型：为段落细节题——阅读中的难点。
找定位：找到unfortunately, 关注主句you must carry the necessary equipment with you,
断结构： unfortunately是转折，转折后的内容为上信息，前面的为下信息；
从句为下信息，还有具体数据为下信息
取信息：从句舍去；还有，后面的句子是讲equipment的具体信息，全部舍去。
delicate精美的，易碎的 expensive complex复杂的 portable轻便的
√
02
灯塔词
：but/however/although/while/unfortunately...
：any/every/no/all/always/none/最高级/序数词
：than/比较级/while/similar/unlike
: “
“/ : /——/!/
：because/since/so/therefore
：such as/for example
1
2
3
4
5
6
阅读 “灯塔词”
阅读细节题：
题干
选项
灯塔词
将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。
把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成发生的事情。
无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出结论，而文中并未涉及。
偸换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。
文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述中的描述与原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。
Puzzled
干扰项有以下特征
对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。
词性或语态的变化。把原文中的词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。
语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。
正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题目）。
通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征
Summary
掌握本课内容后，你将能够提高阅读理解中细节题的解题效率，
更好抓住文中关键信息。
作业: A.利用所有的“灯塔词”定位法，完成2018全国Ⅰ卷的四篇阅读。
B. 根据自己的积累，丰富和完善自己的阅读“灯塔词”。
2
3