中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
专题03阅读理解说明文
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators(食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
1．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats.
C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age.
2．How does a pet cat assess different situations
A．By listening for sounds.
B．By touching familiar objects.
C．By checking on smells.
D．By communicating with other cats.
3．Which best explains the phrase "take ... up notch" in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster.
C．Act strangely. D．Do better.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat
D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】1．A
2．C
3．D
4．B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了猫咪的几种独特表达方式和它们高度敏锐的感官。首先，文章指出猫咪拥有出色的发声能力，它们能够通过不同的喵喵声与人类进行交流，并表达各种需求，如饥饿或寻求关爱。接着，文章描述了猫咪敏锐的嗅觉，它们通过嗅觉来评估环境和寻找危险信号，同时也利用嗅觉来识别和记住熟悉的气味，如主人的气味。最后，文章提到猫咪会模仿其他捕食者的习性，将外界发现的随机物品带回给主人，作为对主人的爱的表达。整篇文章突出了猫咪作为宠物的独特性和它们与人类之间深厚的情感联系。
【点评】考查阅读理解。推理判断题题、词义猜测题、和主旨大意题都是常考题型。推理判断题需要考生根据关键词，结合语境推断出所需要的信息；词义猜测题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，利用上下文、表示转折、并列或因果的词、定语从句等信息推断出词的意思；主旨大意题则需要考生掌握全文结构和行文脉络，重点关注每段的中心句或首句，利用关键词获取主旨大意。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的"For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护"，可知猫的喵喵叫是一种生存技能，故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的"However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells然而，猫能够区分不同情况的另一种方式是寻找熟悉的气味"，可知宠物猫通过辨别气味评估不同的情况，故选C。
3．词义猜测题，根据划线词后句"Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人"和"Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time猫会给它们的主人带礼物来表达它们对你的爱。这些可爱的小猎人只是在做一些从一开始就存在于他们本性中的事情"，可知"take ... up notch"大意是"做得更好，更进一步"，故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合段落中反复提到的关键词cats，以及第二段首句"Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻"和第三段首句"Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名，但猫将这种行为提升了一个档次"，可知本文主要着重理解猫的各种行为，故选B。
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
"I didn't like the ending," I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn't have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I'd pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn't guess, I'd pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end - that's hard. It's hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn't seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what's right for the characters.
That's why this issue (期)of Writer's Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you're doing. If it's short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won't tell you what your ending should be - that's up to you and the story you're telling - but it might provide what you need to get there.
5．Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie
A．To discuss a novel. B．To submit a book report.
C．To argue for a writer. D．To ask for a reading list.
6．What did the author realize after seeing Prof Gracie
A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B．Readers are often carried away by characters
C．Each type of literature has its unique ending
D．A story which begins well will end well
7．What is expected of a good ending
A．It satisfies readers' taste.
B．It fits with the story development.
C．It is usually positive.
D．It is open for imagination.
8．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims
A．To give examples of great novelists.
B．To stress the theme of this issue.
C．To encourage writing for the magazine.
D．To recommend their new books.
【答案】5．A
6．C
7．B
8．B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文， 文章主要讲述作者在大学时读了一本维多利亚时代的小说，对结局不满意。教授Gracie建议作者理解一个结局是否符合角色的命运和故事逻辑更重要。这次经历让作者重新思考了如何看待故事结局。之后，作者学会了根据偏好选择不同类型的书籍来阅读。但作家创作一个合适的结局很难，因为结局对读者意义重大。《作家文摘》这期讨论了如何为不同故事创作最佳结局，提供了技巧和经典小说结局的分析，帮助作家找到创作方法。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题和推断题两种常考题型，细节题要注意通过关键词从文中寻找答案；推断题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，推断出需要的信息。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中的"and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not当时我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢"，可知作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论一本小说的结局，故选A。
6．推理判断题。根据第一段最后的" Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them当然，我更希望汤姆和玛吉·特利佛有一个不同的结局，但他们得到的结局对他们来说是最合理的"和第二段"This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I'd pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn't guess, I'd pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本悬疑小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了"，可知见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种文学都有其独特的结局，故选B。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段中的"It's hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn't seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what's right for the characters这对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说太重要了。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但似乎不是凭空而来的，一个适合角色的结局"，可知一个好的结局需要平衡创造性和不可预测性，同时又不能显得突兀，还需要符合角色的发展，故选B。
8．推理判断题。由第四段"That's why this issue (期)of Writer's Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you're doing. If it's short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work这就是为什么本期《作家文摘》旨在帮助你弄清楚如何为你正在做的任何一种写作写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，Peter Mountford给出了六种技巧，你可以试着看看哪一种能帮助你坚持着落。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了什么关键点，以及你如何将它们改编成你的作品"，可知作者提到Peter Mountford和Elizabeth Sims是为了说明本期《Writer's Digest》杂志的主题，即帮助读者了解如何写出一个好的结尾，故选B。
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
The Saint Lukas train doesn't accept passengers -it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
"People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning," says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia's public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train's equipment allows for basic checkups. "I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned," says Ducke. " They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. "
9．How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains
A．It runs across countries.
B．It reserves seats for the seniors.
C．It functions as a hospital.
D．It travels along a river.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A．It is heavily populated.
B．It offers training for doctors.
C．It is a modern city.
D．It needs medical aid.
11．How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply
A．About a year. B．About ten months.
C．About two months. D．About two weeks.
12．What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint Lukas' services
A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious.
【答案】9．C
10．D
11．D
12．A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了 《圣卢卡斯》号医疗列车是俄罗斯政府专为偏远小镇提供的医疗服务。列车不搭载普通乘客，只为病人提供服务。医生和护士在每个停留站为乡村居民提供基本的医疗检查和药品，每次停留约两天。这是俄罗斯政府为解决偏远地区医疗问题而采取的措施之一。列车每年在多个站点停留，为当地居民提供治疗机会。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题和推断题两种常考题型，细节题要注意通过关键词从文中寻找答案；推断题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，推断出需要的信息。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段中的" Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士向农村人口(乡村)提供基本医疗服务、x光扫描和处方"，可知圣卢卡斯和其他火车的区别在于它的功能是医院，故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据"The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，以激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医"，可知 Krasnoyarsk也需要医疗救助，故选D。
11．细节理解题。根据第四段中的"For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock每年有10个月的时间，火车在两周内停在大约8个车站，然后返回地区首府加油和补充物资"，可知圣卢卡斯一次补给能维持两星期时间，故选D。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Ducke的原话"I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned我对医生和他们的助手印象深刻，他们在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关心"和"They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会"，可知达克对圣卢卡斯的服务持感激的态度，故选A。
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard community's artistic creativity. We invite you to join us for the coming ARTS FIRST. We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making activities. The festival is a public event for Harvard and community members of all ages.
Light Awash in Watercolor
Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab. Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors, 1880 -1990: Into the Light.
Spineless Artists:Invertebrate Creativity
From webs to cocoons, invertebrates(无脊椎动物) create some of nature's most delicate and beautiful designs. Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance,inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft(手工艺)materials.
Wheel Throwing
Join instructors from the Ceramics Program and great potters from Quincy, Cabot and Mather Houses for demonstrations using the potter's wheel. Then create your own masterpiece!
Knitting and Pom-PomMaking
Join the Harvard Undergraduate Knitting Circle to make pom-poms and tassels out of thread, or pick up a pair of needles and learn to knit(编织).
13．What do we know about ARTS FIRST
A．It is an exhibition of oil paintings.
B．It offers art courses for all ages.
C．It presents recreational activities.
D．It is a major tourist attraction.
14．Which program will you join if you're interested in drawing pictures
A．Light Awash in Watercolor.
B．Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity.
C．Wheel Throwing.
D．Knitting and Pom-Pom Making.
15．What can you do together with Javier Marin
A．Practice a traditional dance. B．Make handcrafts.
C．Visit a local museum D．Feed invertebrates.
【答案】13．C
14．A
15．B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文， 文章介绍了哈佛大学的年度艺术庆典ARTS FIRST，这是一个展示哈佛艺术社区创造力的独特年度庆祝活动。庆典通过表演、艺术展览和艺术创作活动等形式，向公众展示哈佛艺术社区的创造力。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题这种常考题型，细节题要注意通过关键词从文中寻找答案。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段中的" We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making activities我们期待着您的到来，我们将通过表演、艺术展览和艺术创作活动来展示哈佛艺术界的创造力"，可知关于ARTS FIRST，我们知道它提供娱乐活动，故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据第一个小标题"Light Awash in Watercolor"下的"Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors, 1880 -1990: Into the Light在即将到来的‘'美国水彩画，1880 -1990：进入光'展览中，你可以尝试一下艺术家们使用的一些绘画技巧 "，可知与画画有关的是Light Awash in Watercolor项目，故选A。
15．细节理解题。根据第二个标题下的"Spineless Artists:Invertebrate Creativity"下的"Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance,inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft(手工艺)materials加入哈佛自然历史博物馆的Javier Marin，学习昆虫和其他无脊椎动物如何跳舞，启发时尚和创造艺术，同时用工艺材料制作自己的无骨气艺术家"，可知和Javier Marin可以一起做手工，故选B。
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution（变革）.
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code（代码）that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of "narrow-AI" to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a "tipping point" in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
16．What does the phrase "In the wrong hands" in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．If read by someone poorly educated.
B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C．If written by someone less competent.
D．If translated by someone unacademic.
17．What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A．It is packed with complex codes.
B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C．It provides step-by-step instructions.
D．It is intended for AI professionals.
18．What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A．Observe existing regulations on it.
B．Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
19． What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To recommend a book on AI.
B．To give a brief account of AI history.
C．To clarify the definition of AI.
D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【答案】16．D
17．B
18．C
19．A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍Catriona Campbell撰写的《AI by Design》，是关于如何应对AI革命挑战的实用指南。它强调了对AI控制的重要性，并呼吁现在采取行动，避免潜在的风险。该书建议全球监管和结构化思考，以实现AI带来的益处。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推理判断题和词义猜测题两种常考题型，细节题要注意通过关键词从文中寻找答案；推断题需要考生根据关键词，结合语境推断出所需要的信息；词义猜测题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，利用上下文、表示转折、并列或因果的词、定语从句等信息推断出词的意思。
16．词义猜测题。根据划线词后的"such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code（代码）that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但谢天谢地，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容"，结合选项，可知"In the wrong hands"应是与选项D"If translated by someone unacademic如果是由非学术人士翻译的"意思相近，故选D。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段中的"She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI她从一个商业人士(而非学者)的实际角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明"，可知AI by Design采用了一种接地气的写作风格，故选B。
18．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句话"She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有可能被边缘化，甚至更糟"和第四段中的"Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it坎贝尔的观点是唤醒那些对人工智能负责的人——科技公司和世界领导人——这样他们就能与目前所有开发人工智能的专家站在同一条战线上"，可知关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力使AI处于控制中，故选C。
19．推理判断题。根据第一段"Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living withArtificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这就是人工智能设计:与人工智能生活的计划。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔(Catriona Campbell)撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战"，可知文章主要介绍了一本关于人工智能的书，故选A。
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm（BMF）shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod（容器）to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions（排放）from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. "We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment," said a BMF employee.
20．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A．It guarantees the variety of food.
B．It requires day-to-day care.
C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance.
D．It relies on farmer's markets.
21．What information does the convenient app offer
A．Real-time weather changes.
B．Current condition of the plants.
C．Chemical pollutants in the soil.
D．Availability of pre-seeded pods.
22．What can be concluded about BMF employees
A．They have a great passion for sports.
B．They are devoted to community service.
C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D．They have a strong environmental awareness.
23．What does the text mainly talk about
A．BMF's major strengths. B．BMF's general management.
C．BMF's global influence. D．BMF's technical standards.
【答案】20．C
21．B
22．D
23．A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍Babylon Micro-Farm（BMF），是一个室内花园系统，可以安装在家庭、医院、餐厅或学校等场所，利用新技术和云监控实现自动化植物种植，通过精确供水减少水资源消耗，并提供实时生长数据。该系统缩短了食品从产地到餐桌的距离，减少了运输排放，无需使用农药和其他化学物质，同时BMF员工也致力于可持续生活方式，如步行或骑自行车上班、鼓励回收和减少垃圾。
【点评】考查阅读理解。细节题、推断题、和主旨题都是常考题型。细节题需要根据关键词从文中找出答案；推断题需要考生根据关键词，结合语境推断出所需要的信息；主旨题则需要考生掌握全文结构和行文脉络，重点关注每段的中心句或首句，利用关键词获取主旨大意。
20．细节理解题。根据第一段中的"While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm（BMF）shortens it even more虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)甚至缩短了旅程"，可知巴比伦微型农场(BMF)缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离，故选C。
21．细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants此外，还有一个方便的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据。由于该系统是自动化的，它大大减少了种植植物所需的水量"，可知这块方便的应用程序提供植物的目前状况，故选B。
22．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免使用一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少废物"和"We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学物质"，可知巴比伦微型农场(BMF)的员工有着强烈的环保意识，故选D。
23．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第三段首句"Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology具体来说，这是一个依靠新技术的农场"、第四段首句"Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions（排放）from transporting plants from soil to salad此外，在同一栋建筑里有一个系统，这意味着从土壤到沙拉的零排放"和最后一段首句"BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday livesBMF员工在日常生活中践行可持续发展"，可知文章主要介绍了巴比伦微型农场的优势，故选A。
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there's a kiosk（小亭）for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
"You enter the fare gates（检票口）and you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story," says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit - known as BART. "You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story."
It's that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March. Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. "We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest," Trost says. "And as of right now, we've received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist."
Ridership on transit（交通）systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so.
"At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories," she says.
And you'll never be without something to read.
24．Why did BART start the kiosk program
A．To promote the local culture. B．To discourage phone use.
C．To meet passengers' needs. D．To reduce its running costs.
25．How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A．By popularity. B．By length.
C．By theme. D．By language.
26． What has Trost been doing recently
A．Organizing a story contest.
B．Doing a survey of customers.
C．Choosing a print publisher.
D．Conducting interviews with artists.
27．What is Trost's opinion about BART's future
A．It will close down. B．Its profits will decline.
C．It will expand nationwide. D．Its ridership will increase.
【答案】24．C
25．B
26．A
27．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了旧金山湾区的一个快速交通系统（BART）在车站设立了小亭，提供一分钟、三分钟或五分钟长度的短篇故事或诗歌打印服务。自去年三月推出以来，乘客们已打印了近20,000篇短篇故事和诗歌，其中既有经典作品也有新创作。该项目旨在向乘客介绍当地作家，目前已收到约120篇投稿，获奖作品将加入小亭的供应。BART的首席通讯官阿莉西亚·特罗斯特认为，通过改善乘客体验，如提供短篇故事，可以吸引更多乘客使用公共交通工具。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题和推断题两种常考题型，细节题要注意通过关键词从文中寻找答案；推断题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，推断出需要的信息。
24．推理判断题。根据第一段"Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed你是否有过这样的经历:到火车站时，你发现自己忘了带东西看 是的，我们都有手机，但我们中的许多人仍然喜欢走老路，阅读印刷的东西"和第二段中的"Well, there's a kiosk（小亭）for that嗯，有一个售货亭"，可知BART启动自助亭计划是为了满足顾客需求，故选C。
25．细节理解题。根据第三段中的"you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story你会看到一个亮着灯的报刊亭，它告诉你可以买一个一分钟、三分钟或五分钟的故事"和"You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story你选择你想要的长度，它就会给你一个像收据一样的短篇故事 "，可知小亭中的故事是按照长度分类的，故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据第五段中的"We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest我们想做一些事情，我们打电话给海湾地区的艺术家，让他们为比赛提交故事"，可知Trost最近在准备举办一场比赛，故选A。
27．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories所以我绝对认为我们会因为短篇小说而获得更多的乘车者"，可知在Trost看来，BART的读者会增加，故选D。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
"With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application, "said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable "
Using a global dataset of 1. 9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差)data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of af lowering plant instead of the grass right next to it, "said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
"Quite a lot, "Daru explained." Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places -and even species -that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. "
28．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A．They are becoming outdated.
B．They are mostly in electronic form
C．They are limited in number
D．They are used for public exhibition.
29．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data D．Mobile applications
30．What has led to the biases according to the study
A．Mistakes in data analysis.
B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures
C．Improper way of sampling.
D．Unreliable data collection devices.
31．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A．Review data from certain areas.
B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users.
D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】28．B
29．C
30．C
31．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在全球取样的生物多样性数据存在的缺陷以及弥补这一缺陷的方法。斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，尽管数字记录（如照片和视频）在记录地球物种多样性方面非常有用，但这些记录存在偏差，不能完美反映全球生物多样性的真实模式。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题和推断题两种常考题型，细节题要注意通过关键词从文中寻找答案；推断题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，推断出需要的信息。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们在探测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化方面很有用，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种记录并不完美"，可知关于现在收集的物种记录，我们知道的是这些记录都是以电子数据的形式存在的，故选B。
29．推理判断题。根据第三段"Using a global dataset of 1. 9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patternsDaru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式"，可知Daru的研究对象主要是观察到的数据，故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据第四段"Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features他们的研究表明，大量的观测记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖。此外，这些数据是有偏见的，倾向于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引人或引人注目特征的物种"，可知是不合理的采样方式导致了偏差的出现，故选C。
31．细节理解题。根据最后一段"Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places -and even species -that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份"，可知Daru建议生物多样性应用程序为公民科学家提供指导，引导其合理取样，故选D。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often "no. " The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset(心态)and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks-like identifying the main idea in a reading passage-to ones that require mental abstraction-such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called "shallowing hypothesis(假说). " According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print
Audio(音频)and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly tum to these technologies -say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing leaning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
32．What does the underlined phrase "shine through" in paragraph 2 mean
A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain.
C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice.
33．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly.
D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
34．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A．They can hold students' attention
B．They are more convenient to prepare.
C．They help develop advanced skills.
D．They are more informative than text.
35．What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【答案】32．D
33．D
34．A
35．C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文， 文章主要讨论了阅读屏幕上的文本与阅读纸质文本在理解上存在差异，同样地，听和看内容与阅读书面文字在覆盖相同材料时的效果也不尽相同。这主要是因为阅读屏幕内容时，人们容易分心、以娱乐心态对待且倾向于多任务处理。研究表明，长文本的阅读在纸质上通常比屏幕上更有效，这与纸张的物理特性和人们的心理态度有关。此外，音频和视频虽然感觉更具吸引力，但成人在阅读新闻故事时，比听或看相同内容更能记住更多内容。因此，虽然数字文本、音频和视频在教育上都有其作用，但在需要高度精神集中和反思的情况下，纸质文本仍然是最佳选择。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节理解题、推理判断题和词义猜测题两种常考题型，细节理解题要注意通过关键词从文中寻找答案；推理判断题需要考生根据关键词，结合语境推断出所需要的信息；词义猜测题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，利用上下文、表示转折、并列或因果的词、定语从句等信息推断出词的意思。
32．词义猜测题。根据划线词前的"When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现"，和划线词后的"when experimenters move from posing simple tasks-like identifying the main idea in a reading passage-to ones that require mental abstraction-such as drawing inferences from a text当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章中的主要思想)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时"，可知阅读文本的好处在实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章中的主要思想)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时变得非常明了，故选D。
33．推理判断题。根据第四段中的" According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print根据这一理论，人们接触数字文本时的心态与社交媒体相适应，社交媒体通常不那么严肃，而且比阅读纸质书时投入的脑力更少"，可知 the shallowing hypothesis认为数字文本适用于社交媒体，故选D。
34．细节理解题。根据第五段中的"Audio(音频)and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly tum to these technologie音频和视频比文本更吸引人，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术"，可知音频和视频能更吸引大学生的注意力，故选A。
35．推理判断题。根据最后一段"Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing leaning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，特别是在提供印刷版无法获得的资源时。然而，为了最大限度地学习需要精神集中和反思的地方，教育者不应该假设所有的媒体都是一样的，即使它们包含相同的单词"，可知在最后一段中作者省略的意思是印刷文本在教育中不能完全被取代，故选C。
（2024·浙江） 阅读理解
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We' re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we've reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental "junk food" in order to manage our time most effectively.
36．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test
A．Take an examination alone.
B．Show respect for the researchers.
C．Share their treats with others.
D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
37．According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ____.
A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
38．What does the author suggest readers do
A．Absorb new information readily.
B．Be selective information consumers.
C．Use diverse information sources.
D．Protect the information environment.
39．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less, Read More
B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later, the Better
D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】36．D
37．C
38．B
39．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神"垃圾食品"。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和标题归纳两个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
36．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat."每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
37．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"But as we've reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat."但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
38．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental ‘junk food' in order to manage our time most effectively."因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神"垃圾食品"的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
39．考查标题归纳。根据第二段"As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We' re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers."作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。可知，本文介绍了在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神"垃圾食品"。故选D。
（2023·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and the iranswer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
"Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range," says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. "Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits," says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
40．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
41．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A．The European settlers' behavior.
B．The expansion of bears' range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
42．What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers' advocates.
43．What can be ierere from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】40．A
41．C
42．A
43．B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到现在的2000多头，同时也带来了一些问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
40．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. "灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们。可知，美国人对灰熊既害怕，又敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A。
41．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. "1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》；以及第四段中的"Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted."如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C。
42．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. "如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上。可知，是环保组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A。
43．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"Obviously, if precautions aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. 'Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,' says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula."显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。"我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，" James Jonkel 说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家。可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned together." Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
44．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation.
B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people's errors.
D．The design of Galton's experiment.
45．Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if
________.
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
46．What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups.
B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process.
D．The individual estimates.
47．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear.
B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful.
D．Approving.
【答案】44．B
45．D
46．C
47．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国统计学家在1907年3月7日出版的一本关于"群体智慧"效应的书，并对这一理论进行了介绍。
【点评】考查阅读理解。推断题、观点态度题和主旨题从题型上看属于有难度的题型，推断题和观点态度题需要考生根据关键词，推断出所需要的信息；主旨题，则需要考生掌握全文结构和行文脉络，重点关注每段的中心句或首句，利用关键词获取主旨大意。
44．段落大意题。根据第二段中的"This effect capitalizes on the fact……这种效应利用了事实……"、"Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate有些人倾向于高估，有些人倾向于低估"和"hen enough of these errors are averaged together然后把足够多的误差平均起来"以及"If people are similar and tend to make the same errors如果人们是相似的，容易犯同样的错误"，可知该段落主要是探讨了一些假设和推断，结合选项，可知即是这种效果的潜在逻辑，故选B。
45．细节理解题。根据"The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确"，可知即使估计值不是完全独立的，平均精度也会提高，故选D。
46．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion在对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么"，可知后续研究的焦点是讨论的过程，故选C。
47．观点态度题。根据文章最后一句话"Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous虽然纳瓦哈人领导的研究有局限性，还有许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的"，可知作者对Navaja 的研究是持支持态度的，故选D。
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
48．What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills.
B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Solving philosophical problems.
D．Promoting the use of a digital device.
49．What does the underlined word "declutter" in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
50．What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods.
C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses.
51．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends.
C．Evaluate their effects. D．Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】48．B
49．A
50．C
51．A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一本旨在帮助读者远离不必要的网上活动的书。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推理判断题和词义猜测题两种常考题型，细节题要注意通过关键词从文中寻找答案；推理判断题需要考生根据关键词，结合语境推断出所需要的信息；词义猜测题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，利用上下文、表示转折、并列或因果的词、定语从句等信息推断出词的意思。
48．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism …… and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you 这本书的目的是为数字极简主义提供案例，……然后教你如何采用这种哲学，如果你认为它适合你的话”，可知这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式，故选B。
49．词义猜测题。根据划线词后的“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动”，可知作者建议的方法是30天内远离可选的在线活动，即“清除clear up”在线活动。故选A。
50．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid你将听到这些参与者的故事，了解哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到的你应该避免的陷阱”，可知在第一部分的最后章节里作者呈现了很多的实例，故选C。
51．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances你可以把这些做法看作是一个工具箱，旨在帮助你努力建立一个适合你特殊情况的极简主义生活方式”，可知作者建议读者把文中的实践付诸于自己的实际生活，故选A。
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to cl中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
专题03阅读理解说明文
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators(食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
1．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats.
C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age.
2．How does a pet cat assess different situations
A．By listening for sounds.
B．By touching familiar objects.
C．By checking on smells.
D．By communicating with other cats.
3．Which best explains the phrase "take ... up notch" in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster.
C．Act strangely. D．Do better.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat
D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
"I didn't like the ending," I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn't have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I'd pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn't guess, I'd pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end - that's hard. It's hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn't seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what's right for the characters.
That's why this issue (期)of Writer's Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you're doing. If it's short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won't tell you what your ending should be - that's up to you and the story you're telling - but it might provide what you need to get there.
5．Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie
A．To discuss a novel. B．To submit a book report.
C．To argue for a writer. D．To ask for a reading list.
6．What did the author realize after seeing Prof Gracie
A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B．Readers are often carried away by characters
C．Each type of literature has its unique ending
D．A story which begins well will end well
7．What is expected of a good ending
A．It satisfies readers' taste.
B．It fits with the story development.
C．It is usually positive.
D．It is open for imagination.
8．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims
A．To give examples of great novelists.
B．To stress the theme of this issue.
C．To encourage writing for the magazine.
D．To recommend their new books.
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
The Saint Lukas train doesn't accept passengers -it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
"People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning," says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia's public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train's equipment allows for basic checkups. "I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned," says Ducke. " They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. "
9．How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains
A．It runs across countries.
B．It reserves seats for the seniors.
C．It functions as a hospital.
D．It travels along a river.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A．It is heavily populated.
B．It offers training for doctors.
C．It is a modern city.
D．It needs medical aid.
11．How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply
A．About a year. B．About ten months.
C．About two months. D．About two weeks.
12．What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint Lukas' services
A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious.
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard community's artistic creativity. We invite you to join us for the coming ARTS FIRST. We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making activities. The festival is a public event for Harvard and community members of all ages.
Light Awash in Watercolor
Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab. Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors, 1880 -1990: Into the Light.
Spineless Artists:Invertebrate Creativity
From webs to cocoons, invertebrates(无脊椎动物) create some of nature's most delicate and beautiful designs. Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance,inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft(手工艺)materials.
Wheel Throwing
Join instructors from the Ceramics Program and great potters from Quincy, Cabot and Mather Houses for demonstrations using the potter's wheel. Then create your own masterpiece!
Knitting and Pom-PomMaking
Join the Harvard Undergraduate Knitting Circle to make pom-poms and tassels out of thread, or pick up a pair of needles and learn to knit(编织).
13．What do we know about ARTS FIRST
A．It is an exhibition of oil paintings.
B．It offers art courses for all ages.
C．It presents recreational activities.
D．It is a major tourist attraction.
14．Which program will you join if you're interested in drawing pictures
A．Light Awash in Watercolor.
B．Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity.
C．Wheel Throwing.
D．Knitting and Pom-Pom Making.
15．What can you do together with Javier Marin
A．Practice a traditional dance. B．Make handcrafts.
C．Visit a local museum D．Feed invertebrates.
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution（变革）.
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code（代码）that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of "narrow-AI" to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a "tipping point" in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
16．What does the phrase "In the wrong hands" in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．If read by someone poorly educated.
B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C．If written by someone less competent.
D．If translated by someone unacademic.
17．What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A．It is packed with complex codes.
B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C．It provides step-by-step instructions.
D．It is intended for AI professionals.
18．What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A．Observe existing regulations on it.
B．Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
19． What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To recommend a book on AI.
B．To give a brief account of AI history.
C．To clarify the definition of AI.
D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm（BMF）shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod（容器）to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions（排放）from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. "We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment," said a BMF employee.
20．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A．It guarantees the variety of food.
B．It requires day-to-day care.
C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance.
D．It relies on farmer's markets.
21．What information does the convenient app offer
A．Real-time weather changes.
B．Current condition of the plants.
C．Chemical pollutants in the soil.
D．Availability of pre-seeded pods.
22．What can be concluded about BMF employees
A．They have a great passion for sports.
B．They are devoted to community service.
C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D．They have a strong environmental awareness.
23．What does the text mainly talk about
A．BMF's major strengths. B．BMF's general management.
C．BMF's global influence. D．BMF's technical standards.
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there's a kiosk（小亭）for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
"You enter the fare gates（检票口）and you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story," says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit - known as BART. "You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story."
It's that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March. Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. "We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest," Trost says. "And as of right now, we've received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist."
Ridership on transit（交通）systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so.
"At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories," she says.
And you'll never be without something to read.
24．Why did BART start the kiosk program
A．To promote the local culture. B．To discourage phone use.
C．To meet passengers' needs. D．To reduce its running costs.
25．How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A．By popularity. B．By length.
C．By theme. D．By language.
26． What has Trost been doing recently
A．Organizing a story contest.
B．Doing a survey of customers.
C．Choosing a print publisher.
D．Conducting interviews with artists.
27．What is Trost's opinion about BART's future
A．It will close down. B．Its profits will decline.
C．It will expand nationwide. D．Its ridership will increase.
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
"With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application, "said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable "
Using a global dataset of 1. 9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差)data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of af lowering plant instead of the grass right next to it, "said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
"Quite a lot, "Daru explained." Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places -and even species -that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. "
28．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A．They are becoming outdated.
B．They are mostly in electronic form
C．They are limited in number
D．They are used for public exhibition.
29．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data D．Mobile applications
30．What has led to the biases according to the study
A．Mistakes in data analysis.
B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures
C．Improper way of sampling.
D．Unreliable data collection devices.
31．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A．Review data from certain areas.
B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users.
D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often "no. " The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset(心态)and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks-like identifying the main idea in a reading passage-to ones that require mental abstraction-such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called "shallowing hypothesis(假说). " According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print
Audio(音频)and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly tum to these technologies -say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing leaning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
32．What does the underlined phrase "shine through" in paragraph 2 mean
A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain.
C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice.
33．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly.
D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
34．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A．They can hold students' attention
B．They are more convenient to prepare.
C．They help develop advanced skills.
D．They are more informative than text.
35．What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
（2024·浙江） 阅读理解
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We' re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we've reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental "junk food" in order to manage our time most effectively.
36．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test
A．Take an examination alone.
B．Show respect for the researchers.
C．Share their treats with others.
D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
37．According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ____.
A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
38．What does the author suggest readers do
A．Absorb new information readily.
B．Be selective information consumers.
C．Use diverse information sources.
D．Protect the information environment.
39．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less, Read More
B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later, the Better
D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
（2023·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and the iranswer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
"Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range," says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. "Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits," says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
40．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
41．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A．The European settlers' behavior.
B．The expansion of bears' range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
42．What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers' advocates.
43．What can be ierere from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned together." Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
44．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation.
B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people's errors.
D．The design of Galton's experiment.
45．Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if
________.
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
46．What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups.
B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process.
D．The individual estimates.
47．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear.
B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful.
D．Approving.
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
48．What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills.
B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Solving philosophical problems.
D．Promoting the use of a digital device.
49．What does the underlined word "declutter" in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
50．What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods.
C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses.
51．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends.
C．Evaluate their effects. D．Identify the ideas behind them.
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does. "Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says. "You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
52．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor.
53．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine.
54．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans.
B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs.
D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
55．What is the basis for John's work
A．Nature can repair itself.
B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse.
D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.
（2023·新高考Ⅱ卷）阅读理解
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you're lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant's experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while" was assigned the categories "sitting at beach" and "listening to waves."
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a "nature language" began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
"We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
56．What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A．Pocket parks are now popular.
B．Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C．Many cities are overpopulated.
D．People enjoy living close to nature.
57．Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A．To compare different types of park-goers.
B．To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C．To analyze the main features of the park.
D．To find patterns in the visitors' summaries.
58．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A．Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B．Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C．The same nature experience takes different forms.
D．The nature language enhances work performance.
59．What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A．Language study. B．Environmental conservation.
C．Public education. D．Intercultural communication.
（2023·全国乙卷）阅读理解
What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer "uncool" for boys to like cooking.
60．What do people usually think of British food
A．It is simple and plain. B．It is rich in nutrition.
C．It lacks authentic tastes. D．It deserves a high reputation.
61．Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV
A．Authoritative. B．Creative. C．Profitable. D．Influential.
62．Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now
A．20%. B．24%. C．25%. D．33%.
63．What might the author continue talking about
A．The art of cooking in other countries.
B．Male chefs on TV programmes.
C．Table manners in the UK.
D．Studies of big eaters.
（2023·浙江）
阅读理解
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
"Solar projects need to be good neighbors," says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. "They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy." InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to "low-impact" solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. "These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape," says Macknick.
64．What do solar developers often ignore
A．The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B．The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C．The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D．The most recent advances in solar technology.
65．What does InSPIRE aim to do
A．Improve the productivity of local farms.
B．Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C．Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D．Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
66．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To conserve pollinators. B．To restrict solar development.
C．To diversify the economy. D．To ensure the supply of energy.
67．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay
B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture
D．Solar Farms: A New Development
（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）阅读理解
Human speech contains more than 2, 000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure(结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300, 000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
68．Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on
A．Its variety. B．Its distribution.
C．Is quantity. D．Its development.
69．Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B．They could not open and close their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
70．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential application of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
71．What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A．It is key to effective communication.
B．It contributes much too cultural diversity.
C．It is a complex and dynamic system.
D．It drives the evolution of human beings.
（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）阅读理解
The elderly residents(居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity(慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: "I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school."
"I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they've gone to bed."
"It's good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I'm enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful. "
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Pen fold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: "Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions: We are looking forward to the benefits and faun the project can bring to people here."
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: "We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities."
72．What is the purpose of the project
A．To ensure harmony in care homes.
B．To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C．To raise money for medical research.
D．To promote the elderly people's welfare.
73．How has the project affected Ruth Xavier
A．She has learned new life skills.
B．She has gained a sense of achievement.
C．She has recovered her memory.
D．She has developed a strong personality.
74．What do the underlined words "embark on" mean in paragraph 7
A．Improve. B．Oppose. C．Begin. D．Evaluate.
75．What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs
A．It is well received. B．It needs to be more creative.
C．It is highly profitable. D．It takes ages to see the results.
（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）阅读理解
Like most of us, I try
to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken
dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner
invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula
went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made
six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where
nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes against the
moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story. It's
jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away —
from "ugly" (but quite cat able) vegetables rejected
by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage
cans.
Producing food that no
one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes
food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes," if food waste
were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in
the world. "
If that's hard to
understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my
refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time —
but for him, it's more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries
nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C.,
which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered
more than 807, 500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished
(有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted
infields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry
them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious,
yet so often we just don't think. "Everyone can play a part in reducing
waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly
shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat."
Curtin says.
76．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A．We pay little attention to food waste.
B．We waste food unintentionally at times.
C．we waste more vegetables than meat.
D．We have good reasons for wasting food.
77．What is a consequence of food waste according to the text
A．Moral decline. B．Environmental harm.
C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation.
78．What does Curtin's company do
A．It produces kitchen equipment.
B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C．It helps local farmers grow fruits.
D．It makes meals out of unwanted food.
79．What does Curtin suggest people do
A．Buy only what is needed. B．Reduce food consumption.
C．Go shopping once a week. D．Eat in restaurants less often.
（2022·全国乙卷）阅读理解
Can a small group of drones（无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure（基础设施）worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient（高效）across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
80．What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A．The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B．Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C．The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D．Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
81．What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Personnel safety. B．Assistance from drones.
C．Inspection and repair. D．Construction of infrastructure.
82．What function is expected of the rail drones
A．To provide early warning. B．To make trains run automatically.
C．To earn profits for the crews. D．To accelerate transportation.
83．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
（2022·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Goffin's cockatoos, a
kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar
shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use
tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the
cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric
shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose
from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can
put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be
another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical（对称的） shapes. his ability to recognize that a shape will need to be
turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an
"allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin's
cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by
visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did
better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do
indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,
similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step,
according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely
entirely on visual clues（线索）, or
also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
84．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid.
85．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
86．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A．How far they are able to see.
B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
87．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
（2022·新高考Ⅱ卷）阅读理解
As
we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in processing oxygen
as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early
60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
"Think
of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for
20 years and it will become dry and easily broken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a
heart specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart.
Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't
been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your
aging heart.
Levine
and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not
exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided
into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight
training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic
exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After
two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
"We
took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old
hearts," says Levine. "And the reason they got so much stronger and
fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise." But the hearts of those
who participated in less intense exercise didn't change, he says.
"The
sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven't already, is in late middle
age when the heart still has flexibility," Levine says. "We put
healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing
happened to them at all."
Dr.
Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine's
findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with
far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine
make the biggest difference.
88．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A．The right way of exercising. B．The causes of a heart attack.
C．The difficulty of keeping fit. D．The aging process of the heart.
89．In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design
A．Diet plan. B．Professional background.
C．Exercise type. D．Previous physical condition.
90．What does Levine's research find
A．Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B．High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C．It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D．The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
91．What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest
A．Making use of the findings.
B．Interviewing the study participants.
C．Conducting further research.
D．Clarifying the purpose of the study.
（2022·新高考Ⅱ卷）阅读理解
Over
the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service
campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their
phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet
the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans
are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos.
Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That
is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted (分心) driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big
change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly
to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior,
lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They
want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An
idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called
the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash
could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating
system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had
just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's
hands-free driving laws.
"We
need something on the books that can change people's behavior,"
said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices
by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going
to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
92．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A．Ineffective. B．Unnecessary. C．Inconsistent. D．Unfair.
93．What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A．Where a driver came from.
B．Whether a driver used their phone.
C．How fast a driver was going.
D．When a driver arrived at the scene.
94．What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A．Advice. B．Data. C．Tests. D．Laws.
95．What is a suitable title for the text
A．To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer
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