中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
主题六：科学技术
一、阅读理解
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators(食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
1．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats.
C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age.
2．How does a pet cat assess different situations
A．By listening for sounds.
B．By touching familiar objects.
C．By checking on smells.
D．By communicating with other cats.
3．Which best explains the phrase "take ... up notch" in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster.
C．Act strangely. D．Do better.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat
D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】1．A
2．C
3．D
4．B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了猫咪的几种独特表达方式和它们高度敏锐的感官。首先，文章指出猫咪拥有出色的发声能力，它们能够通过不同的喵喵声与人类进行交流，并表达各种需求，如饥饿或寻求关爱。接着，文章描述了猫咪敏锐的嗅觉，它们通过嗅觉来评估环境和寻找危险信号，同时也利用嗅觉来识别和记住熟悉的气味，如主人的气味。最后，文章提到猫咪会模仿其他捕食者的习性，将外界发现的随机物品带回给主人，作为对主人的爱的表达。整篇文章突出了猫咪作为宠物的独特性和它们与人类之间深厚的情感联系。
【点评】考查阅读理解。推理判断题题、词义猜测题、和主旨大意题都是常考题型。推理判断题需要考生根据关键词，结合语境推断出所需要的信息；词义猜测题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，利用上下文、表示转折、并列或因果的词、定语从句等信息推断出词的意思；主旨大意题则需要考生掌握全文结构和行文脉络，重点关注每段的中心句或首句，利用关键词获取主旨大意。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的"For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护"，可知猫的喵喵叫是一种生存技能，故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的"However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells然而，猫能够区分不同情况的另一种方式是寻找熟悉的气味"，可知宠物猫通过辨别气味评估不同的情况，故选C。
3．词义猜测题，根据划线词后句"Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人"和"Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time猫会给它们的主人带礼物来表达它们对你的爱。这些可爱的小猎人只是在做一些从一开始就存在于他们本性中的事情"，可知"take ... up notch"大意是"做得更好，更进一步"，故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合段落中反复提到的关键词cats，以及第二段首句"Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻"和第三段首句"Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名，但猫将这种行为提升了一个档次"，可知本文主要着重理解猫的各种行为，故选B。
一、语法填空
（2023·新高考Ⅱ卷）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach ... the animals
Since June 2017, right before the 1． (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and 2． (confidence) speaking English. And who do they speak English 3．
Not the pandas, even though 4． language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. They talk to the flood of international tourists and to 5． (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China. They also need to be ready to give 6． (interview) in English with international journalists. This is 7． they need an English trainer.
So, what are they learning 8． (basic), how to describe a panda's life. It's been an honor to watch the panda programme develop 9． to see the pandas settle into their new home. As a little girl, I 10． (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up. Now, I'm living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.
【答案】1．arrival；2．confident；3．with / to；4．the；5．visiting；6．interviews；7．why；8．Basically；9．and；10．wished
【解析】【分析】本文是记叙文。讲述了作者在柏林动物园教英语。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及时态，短语，形容词的比较级，定语从句副词，非谓语动词，等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
1．句意：从2017年6月开始，就在两只新大熊猫"萌萌"和"娇青"到来之前，我一直在帮助动物园的熊猫饲养员更舒服、更自信地说英语。根据英语语法原则：冠词后面通常要跟名词，可知空白处需要arrive的名词形式arrival，是不可数名词，故答案为arrival。
2．句意：从2017年6月开始，就在两只新大熊猫"萌萌"和"娇青"到来之前，我一直在帮助动物园的熊猫饲养员更舒服、更自信地说英语。根据英语中and前后一致的原则，可知空白处和前文的comfortable并列，应用形容词形式，confidence的形容词形式是confident；故答案为confident。
3．句意：他们和谁说英语？根据句意：和谁说英语，可知要用固定搭配：speak with /to sb. "与某人交谈"，空白处缺少介词with /to，故答案为with /to。
4．句意：不是熊猫，尽管医学训练指导使用的语言实际上是英语。根据英语语法规则：单数可数名词前要有冠词，可知空白处特指用于医学训练指导使用的语言，表特指，应用定冠词修饰，故答案为the。
5．句意：他们与蜂拥而至的国际游客和来访的中国动物园管理员交谈，这些管理员经常来检查从中国租借来的大熊猫。根据英语语法规则：修饰名词要用形容词，可知空白处需要非谓语表示：到访的，来访的， visit对应的形容词visiting"来访的"符合文意，故答案为visiting。
6．句意：他们还需要准备好用英语接受国际记者的采访。根据固定搭配：give an interview/ give interviews接受采访,可知空白处要用名词的复数形式，故答案为interviews。
7．句意：这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因。根据句子结构：空白处引导表语从句，从句中结构完整，前文提到需要培训师的原因，可知空白处是表达"这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因"之意，应该用连接副词why引导表语从句，故答案为why。
8．句意：基本上地就是如何描述熊猫的生活。根据英语语法规则：修饰句子要用副词，可知空白处需要basic的副词形式是basically，当单词位于句首时，首字母要大写，故答案为Basically。
9．句意：我很荣幸能看到熊猫项目的发展，看到熊猫们在新家安顿下来。根据句子中的结构："to watch the panda programme develop"和"to see the pandas settle into their new home"，可知这两者是并列关系，应该用and连接，故答案为and。
10．句意：当（我）还是一个小女孩时，我希望长大后成为一名动物园管理员。根据下文Now, I'm living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.现在，我通过帮助熊猫饲养员用英语工作，间接地实现了这个梦想。可知作者已经长大，不再是小女孩，空白处谓语wish英语用过去式，根据句意：我希望长大后成为一名动物园管理员。可知这里指主动语态，故答案为wished。
二、阅读理解
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned together." Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
11．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation.
B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people's errors.
D．The design of Galton's experiment.
12．Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if
________.
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
13．What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups.
B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process.
D．The individual estimates.
14．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear.
B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful.
D．Approving.
【答案】11．B
12．D
13．C
14．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国统计学家在1907年3月7日出版的一本关于"群体智慧"效应的书，并对这一理论进行了介绍。
【点评】考查阅读理解。推断题、观点态度题和主旨题从题型上看属于有难度的题型，推断题和观点态度题需要考生根据关键词，推断出所需要的信息；主旨题，则需要考生掌握全文结构和行文脉络，重点关注每段的中心句或首句，利用关键词获取主旨大意。
11．段落大意题。根据第二段中的"This effect capitalizes on the fact……这种效应利用了事实……"、"Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate有些人倾向于高估，有些人倾向于低估"和"hen enough of these errors are averaged together然后把足够多的误差平均起来"以及"If people are similar and tend to make the same errors如果人们是相似的，容易犯同样的错误"，可知该段落主要是探讨了一些假设和推断，结合选项，可知即是这种效果的潜在逻辑，故选B。
12．细节理解题。根据"The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确"，可知即使估计值不是完全独立的，平均精度也会提高，故选D。
13．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion在对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么"，可知后续研究的焦点是讨论的过程，故选C。
14．观点态度题。根据文章最后一句话"Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous虽然纳瓦哈人领导的研究有局限性，还有许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的"，可知作者对Navaja 的研究是持支持态度的，故选D。
一、阅读理解
（2022·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Goffin's cockatoos, a
kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar
shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use
tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the
cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric
shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose
from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can
put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be
another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical（对称的） shapes. his ability to recognize that a shape will need to be
turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an
"allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin's
cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by
visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did
better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do
indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,
similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step,
according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely
entirely on visual clues（线索）, or
also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid.
2．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
3．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A．How far they are able to see.
B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【答案】1．B
2．C
3．D
4．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. ”虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具；以及“the birds were given five differently shaped ‘keys' to choose from. Inserting, the correct ‘keys' would let out the nut. ”研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来。可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age ”在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里。可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
3．考查推理判断。根据最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. ”根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状。可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
4．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Coffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. ”科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似。可推知，本文介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。“凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工”最适合作为本文标题。故选D。
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主题六：科学技术
一、阅读理解
（2024·全国甲卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators(食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
1．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats.
C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age.
2．How does a pet cat assess different situations
A．By listening for sounds.
B．By touching familiar objects.
C．By checking on smells.
D．By communicating with other cats.
3．Which best explains the phrase "take ... up notch" in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster.
C．Act strangely. D．Do better.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat
D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
一、语法填空
（2023·新高考Ⅱ卷）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach ... the animals
Since June 2017, right before the 1． (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and 2． (confidence) speaking English. And who do they speak English 3．
Not the pandas, even though 4． language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. They talk to the flood of international tourists and to 5． (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China. They also need to be ready to give 6． (interview) in English with international journalists. This is 7． they need an English trainer.
So, what are they learning 8． (basic), how to describe a panda's life. It's been an honor to watch the panda programme develop 9． to see the pandas settle into their new home. As a little girl, I 10． (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up. Now, I'm living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.
二、阅读理解
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned together." Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
11．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation.
B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people's errors.
D．The design of Galton's experiment.
12．Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if
________.
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
13．What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups.
B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process.
D．The individual estimates.
14．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear.
B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful.
D．Approving.
一、阅读理解
（2022·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Goffin's cockatoos, a
kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar
shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use
tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the
cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric
shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose
from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can
put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be
another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical（对称的） shapes. his ability to recognize that a shape will need to be
turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an
"allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin's
cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by
visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did
better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do
indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,
similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step,
according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely
entirely on visual clues（线索）, or
also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid.
2．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
3．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A．How far they are able to see.
B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
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