Module 2 My home town and my country 知识点总结讲义外研版英语八年级上册

MODULE 2 My home town and my country
序号 英文 词性和释文 拓展
1 hill n.小山、小丘
2 population n.（某一地区的）人口、全体居民 a population of… ……的人口
3 wide adj.宽的、宽阔的 adv. widely 形容词→名词： wide→width（宽度） long→length（长度） high→height（高度） deep→depth（深度）
4 million num.百万 millionaire百万富翁 millions of / one million
5 pretty adv.（口语）相当地、非常、很
6 pretty good 相当好
7 than prep.比 more than多于 less than少于
8 get v.变成、成为 ①get + adj.变得 get cold变冷 ②get sth.得到某物 ③get to到达
9 north n.北、北方 adj.在北方的、朝北的
10 south n.南、南方 adj.在南方的、朝南的
11 west n.西、西方的 adj.在西方的、朝西的 east n.东、东方的 adj.在东方的、朝东的 northeast东北
12 home town 故乡、家乡 hometown
13 especially adv.尤其
14 be famous for 因……而闻名 be famous for因…而闻名 Beijing is famous for the Great Wall. be famous as作为…而闻名 Lu Xun is famous as a writer.
15 university n.大学 a university一所大学
16 island n.岛屿、岛 an island
17 area n.地区、地域
18 low adj.矮的、低的
19 mountain n.山、山岳
20 countryside n.农村地区、乡下 village
21 umbrella n.雨伞 an umbrella一把雨伞
Key points
1、How + be +主语？，相当于What + be +主语+ like？，用于询问对方的情况，表达对对方的关心和问候。回答这种句型时，常用下列语句：It was great / wonderful. ; It’s OK. ; Not bad. It was pretty good.等。
Eg：How is the weather
= What is the weather like
How was your birthday party last night
= What was your birthday party like last night
2、ago 副词，意为“以前”。“一段时间+ago”表示从现在时间开始算起，多久以前，常与一般过去时连用。
Eg：I saw her a few minutes ago.
We went to Japan two years ago.
辨析：ago、before
ago “时间段+ago”表示从现在算起若干时间以前，常用于一般过去时。ago不能单独使用，只能用作副词。 My father went to Shanghai two days ago.
before 可用作介词，后接时间点，表示“在某一具体时间之前”；或接事情，表示“在做某事之前”，也可以用作副词或连词。 You must finish your homework before lunch.
3、In fact, it only became important in the 1980s.
①in fact 事实上
Eg: In fact, he is a Chinese teacher.
②in the 1980s 意为“在20世纪80年代”。表示“在……世纪……年代”用介词in，在表示整十的年份后加“s”或“'s”，在前面加定冠词the。
Eg: He graduated from Harvard in the 1900s/1900’s.
4、busy adj.热闹的、繁忙的、忙碌的，比较级：busier
busy用作“繁忙的、热闹的”时可修饰事物；意为“忙的”，通常指人经常或暂时埋头于一项工作。
Eg: My good friend Kate had a busy day last Saturday.
We live on a very busy road.
固定搭配：be busy with sth. = be busy (in) doing sth.忙于（做）某事
Eg：She is busy with homework.
= She is busy (in) doing homework.
5、Someday it will become as busy as Hong Kong, I’m sure.
①as…as意为“和…相同，与…一样”，表示两者之间的同级比较。第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词，中间要用形容词或副词的原级。其否定形式为not so/as…as，意为“不如…，比不上…”，表示前者不如后者。
Eg：Jack is as tall as me.
I can run as fast as you.
This street is not as/so busy as before.
②sure 形容词，意为“确信的，有把握的，肯定的”
be sure of/about sth. 对…有把握、确信… He is sure about hi success, but I’m not sure of mine.
be sure of doing sth. 一定会做某事、某事肯定会发生，主语必须是人 I left a message in order to be sure of keeping in touch with her.
be sure to do sth. 一定、务必做某事，主语不一定是人 Be sure to come here on time tomorrow.
be sure (that) + 从句 确信…，主语必须是人，其否定形式是be not sure…，表示主语对某事没有把握 Are you sure (that) you know how to get there I am sure that I will keep in touch with you.
sure 副词，意为“当然可以、没问题”，相当于certainly、of course.
Eg：—Excuse me, could you tell me where I can get the dictionary
Sure. There is a bookstore on Renmin Road.
6、population是集合名词，意为“人口”，常与定冠词the连用，作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
Eg：The world’s population is increasing faster and faster.
(1)表示“某地有多少具体的人口”可用“某地+has a population of+数字”=“The population of+某地+is+数字”。
Eg：—What’s the population of the city
The city of population of about 270000000. / The population of the city is about 270000000.
(2)当population与分数或百分数连用时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
Eg: About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers.
(3)表示人口的“多”或“少”，不用“much”或“little”，而要用“large”或“small”.
Eg: India has a large population.
Singapore has a small population.
(4)询问某国、某地有多少人口时，不用“How much… ”，而用“How large… ”，在问具体人口数量时用“What… ”
Eg：—How large is the population of your home town
The population of our home town is nearly twice as large as that of yours.
—What is the population of Canada
The population of Canada is about 40 million.
7、much 形容词，意思是“许多、很多”。
①辨析much、many; ②辨析too much、too many、much too； ③much+比较级；
Eg：I don’t have much money with me.
Mary’s room is much bigger than mine.
The weather is much too hot.
You eat too much meat.
The pair of shoes is much more comfortable.
8、辨析：other、the other、another、others、the others.
知识点：①another +数词+时间 = 数词+more +时间
eg: ten more minutes
②the others = the other +可数名词复数
③others = other+可数名词复数
—How many apples can I have
You can have two. The others are for Tom.
Catherine has two cousins. One is quiet, and the other is noisy.
If you want a ticket for a round trip, you will have to pay another $80.
I don't like this one, please show me another.
There are lots of people in the park on Sunday, some are walking, and others are climbing the hills.
9、in the east of 在…东部，指在某一地域范围之内的东部。方位名词前一定要加定冠词the.
Eg：Shanghai is in the east of China.
辨析：in、on、to.
in 表示在范围之内，强调两者的包含关系 Guangdong Province is in the south of China.
on 表示两地接壤，强调两者为相邻关系 Hunan Province is on the south of Hubei Province.
to 表示在某范围之外，强调两者既不相邻，也不包含 Japan is to the east of China.
10、especially 副词，意为“特别、尤其”，一般用来对前面所述的事件进行进一步的说明或补充，也可用以强调某一事物或方面，在句中作状语，不能位于句首。
Eg：She loves all kinds of sports, especially swimming.
11、enjoy 动词，意为“喜欢、享受…的乐趣”，是及物动词，后接名词或代词。
Eg：They are enjoying their dinner.
(1)后接动词时，要用动词的-ing形式；enjoy doing sth.
I enjoy listening to light music.
(2)后跟代词时，要用反身代词，构成enjoy oneself，意为“过得愉快、玩得高兴”，相当于have a good time / have fun.
Did you enjoy yourself at the party
12、反身代词：myself、yourself、herself、himself、itself、ourselves、themselves等。
反身代词表示“某人自己”。
(1)反身代词在句中用作宾语和表语（不能单独用作主语），和句子中的主语相呼应，表示主语动作的承受者或表现的特征是自己本身。
The girl is too young to look after herself.
(2)反身代词作主语或宾语的同位语，起强调主语或宾语的作用。
I myself can do this work well. （作主语的同位语）
You can ask the teacher herself. （作宾语同位语）
固定搭配：
leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下
help yourself (yourselves) 随便吃/喝
by oneself单独地
enjoy oneself 过得快乐、玩得开心
learn by oneself = teach oneself 自学
hurt oneself 伤害某人自己
take care of oneself 照顾好某人自己
come to oneself 苏醒
say to oneself 心里想、自言自语
Grammar
形容词和形容词的比较级
一、形容词的概念：
形容词用于修饰名词或不定代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。形容词在句中可作表语、定语、补语等。
Eg：She sang a nice song.
The fruit is very nice.
二、形容词的使用：
1、形容词的常见用法：
定语 形容词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词前面，称为前置定语。 The company is in a difficult situation. She is a good student, and she works hard.
表语 形容词可用在系动词后面作表语，修饰主语或说明主语的情况。 This bike is expensive. I am sorry, I’m busy now.
宾语补足语 位于动宾结构后，说明宾语的状态或特征。常用：keep/make/find等词+宾语+形容词. We must keep our classroom clean. We found the film quite interesting.
主语或宾语 主要是指“定冠词+某些形容词”，泛指一类人或事物与谓语动词的复数连用。 The rich are trying their best to help the hungry.
2、形容词的注意事项：
（1）形容词在修饰someone、anything等不定代词时，需要置于其后（形容词后置）。
Let me tell you something interesting.
（2）多个形容词修饰名词的顺序：
限定词（冠词/所有格/人称代词/指示代词等）——数量词——性质——尺寸——形状——新旧/年龄——颜色——出处（国籍）——材料——用途——名词。
a big round table
a dirty old brown coat
（3）-ed结尾和-ing结尾的形容词：
-ed形容词多表示人对事物的感受，只修饰人，译为“具有…感情的”，“感到....”；-ing形容词多表示事物对人产生的影响，一般用来修饰物，译为“令人…的”。
Eg：Zootopia is an interesting movie.
Everyone is excited about it.
（4）以—ly 结尾的形容词：
①friendly、deadly、lovely、lonely、likely、lively、ugly等，是形容词；
②有些—ly 结尾既是形容词，也是副词，daily、weekly、monthly、yearly。
三、形容词比较级的基本用法：
1、表示两个人或事物作比较时，形容词要用比较级形式，形容词比较级之后常用than引出比较的对象。
This pen is longer than that one.
New York is bigger than Cambridge.
2、表示两者之间的选择，意为“哪一个更……”
Who is taller, Lily or Lucy
3、形容词比较级的规则变化：
一般在形容词词尾加—er tall-taller
以不发音的字母e结尾的形容词，只在词尾加—r late-later
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词，先把y变为i，再加—er busy-busier
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词，需先双写这个辅音字母再加—er fat-fatter big-bigger
4、比较级的使用原则：
（1）自身不进行比较，排除自己的方法是使用any other;
He is taller than any other boy in his class.
（2）比较的对象必须是同类的人或事物。
My name is longer than yours.