中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
主题七：自然生态与环境保护
一、语法填空
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust's Woolbeding Gardens. This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.
The latest 1． (engineer)techniques are applied to create this protective 2． (function)structure that is also beautiful. The design features ten steel "sepals(尊片)"made of glass and aluminium(铝). These sepals open on warm days 3． (give)the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. In cold weather, the structure stays 4． (close)to protect the plants.
Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 5． (walk)visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for 6． first time. These plants included modern Western 7． (favourite)such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too
The Glasshouse stands 8． a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing(追溯)the steps along the Silk Route 9． brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the 10． (rich)of gardening in England.
二、阅读理解
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
"With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application, "said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable "
Using a global dataset of 1. 9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差)data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of af lowering plant instead of the grass right next to it, "said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
"Quite a lot, "Daru explained." Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places -and even species -that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. "
11．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A．They are becoming outdated.
B．They are mostly in electronic form
C．They are limited in number
D．They are used for public exhibition.
12．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data D．Mobile applications
13．What has led to the biases according to the study
A．Mistakes in data analysis.
B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures
C．Improper way of sampling.
D．Unreliable data collection devices.
14．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A．Review data from certain areas.
B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users.
D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
一、阅读理解
（2023·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and the iranswer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
"Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range," says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. "Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits," says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
1．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
2．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A．The European settlers' behavior.
B．The expansion of bears' range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
3．What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers' advocates.
4．What can be ierere from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does. "Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says. "You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
5．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor.
6．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine.
7．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans.
B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs.
D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
8．What is the basis for John's work
A．Nature can repair itself.
B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse.
D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.
（2023·新高考Ⅱ卷）阅读理解
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you're lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant's experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while" was assigned the categories "sitting at beach" and "listening to waves."
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a "nature language" began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
"We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
9．What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A．Pocket parks are now popular.
B．Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C．Many cities are overpopulated.
D．People enjoy living close to nature.
10．Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A．To compare different types of park-goers.
B．To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C．To analyze the main features of the park.
D．To find patterns in the visitors' summaries.
11．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A．Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B．Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C．The same nature experience takes different forms.
D．The nature language enhances work performance.
12．What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A．Language study. B．Environmental conservation.
C．Public education. D．Intercultural communication.
一、阅读理解
1．（2020·新课标Ⅱ）阅读理解
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist
on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and
fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur
made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have（showcased）nutria
fur made into clothes in different styles. "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free
fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year",
says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided
to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like
the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and
let go into the wild. "The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native
species (物种) .It's destroying the environment. It's them or us."
says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades, but when the
market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied
like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for
Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but
he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year,
so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan
says," To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone
throwing paint on them—1 think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here
in New York." Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come
around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.
She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
（1）What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn
A．To promote guilt-free fur. B．To expand the fashion market.
C．To introduce a new brand. D．To celebrate a winter holiday.
（2）Why are scientists concerned about nutria
A．Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B．Nutria are an endangered species.
C．Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D．Nutria are illegally hunted.
（3）What does the underlined word "collapsed" in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Boomed. B．Became mature.
C．Remained stable. D．Crashed.
（4）What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan
A．It's formal. B．It's risky.
C．It's harmful. D．It's traditional.
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
主题七：自然生态与环境保护
一、语法填空
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust's Woolbeding Gardens. This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.
The latest 1． (engineer)techniques are applied to create this protective 2． (function)structure that is also beautiful. The design features ten steel "sepals(尊片)"made of glass and aluminium(铝). These sepals open on warm days 3． (give)the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. In cold weather, the structure stays 4． (close)to protect the plants.
Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 5． (walk)visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for 6． first time. These plants included modern Western 7． (favourite)such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too
The Glasshouse stands 8． a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing(追溯)the steps along the Silk Route 9． brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the 10． (rich)of gardening in England.
【答案】1．engineering；2．functional；3．to give；4．closed；5．walks；6．the；7．favorites；8．as；9．which/that；10．richness
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了Heatherwick Studio的Glasshouse温室展示了丝绸之路对现代英国园艺的影响，结合创新设计，为植物提供适宜环境，同时其周围的丝绸之路花园重现了历史，展示了通过丝绸之路传入英国的多种植物。
【点评】考查语法填空。本题考点涉及形容词、非谓语动词、谓语动词、冠词、名词、介词、定语从句等知识点的考查。要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
1．句意：最新的工程技术被应用于创造这个保护功能的结构，也很漂亮。根据常见结构"冠词+（形容词）+名词"，可知空格处需填入形容词作定语，修饰名词techniques，表示"最新的工程技术"，故填engineering。
2．句意：最新的工程技术被应用于创造这个保护功能的结构，也很漂亮。根据常见结构"冠词+（形容词）+名词"，可知空格处需填入形容词作定语，修饰名词structure，故填functional。
3．句意：这些萼片在温暖的日子打开，给里面的植物阳光和新鲜空气。根据句意，空格处应是句子的目的状语，表示"为了给里面的植物阳光和新鲜空气"，所以应使用动词不定式作目的状语，故填to give。
4．句意：在寒冷的天气里，该结构保持关闭以保护植物。空格前的系动词stayed后应使用形容词形式，表示"处于关闭状态"，故填closed。
5．句意：此外，围绕温室的丝绸之路花园将带领游客走过一段受古丝绸之路影响的旅程，丝绸和许多植物物种都是通过古丝绸之路首次来到英国的。根据句子结构，可知空格处缺少谓语动词；主语"he Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse围绕温室的丝绸之路花园"和谓语动词walk构成主动的关系，表示"围绕温室的丝绸之路花园将带领游客走过一段受古丝绸之路影响的旅程"；文章整体使用一般现在时态，介绍了刚建成不久的he National Trust's Woolbeding Gardens，用的是一般现在时态，所以空格处也应使用一般现在时态，故填walks。
6．句意：此外，围绕温室的丝绸之路花园将带领游客走过一段受古丝绸之路影响的旅程，丝绸和许多植物物种都是通过古丝绸之路首次来到英国的。For the first time 是固定短语，意"第一次，首次"，在句中表示"丝绸和许多植物物种都是通过古丝绸之路首次来到英国"，故填the。
7．句意：这些植物包括现代西方人最喜欢的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。分析句子结构，可知空格前的形容词modern Western应是作定语，修饰空格处的名词；favorite可作名词，是可数名词；在句中表示"现代西方人最喜欢的像迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香（的东西）"，应使用复数形式，故填favorites。
8．句意：这座温室是当代设计的一大成就，它将中国西南部的植物安置在丝绸之路的尽头，丝绸之路将植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国，从而定义了英国丰富的园艺。根据句意，可知空格后的"a great achievement in contemporary design当代设计的一项伟大成就"是句子主语The Glasshouse的身份，所以空格处应使用"介词as+身份名词"的结构，说明The Glasshouse的身份，故填as。
9．句意：这座温室是当代设计的一大成就，它将中国西南部的植物安置在丝绸之路的尽头，丝绸之路将植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国，从而定义了英国丰富的园艺。分析句子结构，结合句意，可知空格处缺少限制性定语从句的引导词；定语从句中缺少谓语动词brought前的主语，应使用关系代词；先行词the Silk Route指物，故填which/that。
10．句意：这座温室是当代设计的一大成就，它将中国西南部的植物安置在丝绸之路的尽头，丝绸之路将植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国，从而定义了英国丰富的园艺。根据常见结构"冠词+（形容词）+名词"，可知空格处需填入名词，rich的名词形式richness是不可数名词，意"丰富"，故填richness。
二、阅读理解
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
"With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application, "said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable "
Using a global dataset of 1. 9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差)data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of af lowering plant instead of the grass right next to it, "said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
"Quite a lot, "Daru explained." Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places -and even species -that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. "
11．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A．They are becoming outdated.
B．They are mostly in electronic form
C．They are limited in number
D．They are used for public exhibition.
12．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data D．Mobile applications
13．What has led to the biases according to the study
A．Mistakes in data analysis.
B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures
C．Improper way of sampling.
D．Unreliable data collection devices.
14．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A．Review data from certain areas.
B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users.
D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】11．B
12．C
13．C
14．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在全球取样的生物多样性数据存在的缺陷以及弥补这一缺陷的方法。斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，尽管数字记录（如照片和视频）在记录地球物种多样性方面非常有用，但这些记录存在偏差，不能完美反映全球生物多样性的真实模式。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题和推断题两种常考题型，细节题要注意通过关键词从文中寻找答案；推断题需要对已有信息进行加工处理，推断出需要的信息。
11．细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们在探测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化方面很有用，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种记录并不完美"，可知关于现在收集的物种记录，我们知道的是这些记录都是以电子数据的形式存在的，故选B。
12．推理判断题。根据第三段"Using a global dataset of 1. 9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patternsDaru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式"，可知Daru的研究对象主要是观察到的数据，故选C。
13．推理判断题。根据第四段"Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features他们的研究表明，大量的观测记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖。此外，这些数据是有偏见的，倾向于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引人或引人注目特征的物种"，可知是不合理的采样方式导致了偏差的出现，故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据最后一段"Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places -and even species -that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份"，可知Daru建议生物多样性应用程序为公民科学家提供指导，引导其合理取样，故选D。
一、阅读理解
（2023·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and the iranswer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
"Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range," says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. "Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits," says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
1．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
2．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A．The European settlers' behavior.
B．The expansion of bears' range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
3．What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers' advocates.
4．What can be ierere from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】1．A
2．C
3．A
4．B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到现在的2000多头，同时也带来了一些问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. "灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们。可知，美国人对灰熊既害怕，又敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A。
2．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. "1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》；以及第四段中的"Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted."如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C。
3．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. "如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上。可知，是环保组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A。
4．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"Obviously, if precautions aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. 'Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,' says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula."显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。"我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，" James Jonkel 说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家。可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。
（2023·新高考I卷）阅读理解
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does. "Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says. "You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
5．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor.
6．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine.
7．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans.
B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs.
D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
8．What is the basis for John's work
A．Nature can repair itself.
B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse.
D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.
【答案】5．C
6．D
7．B
8．A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了约翰利用大自然的自我修复能力，设计实验、验证试验、付诸实施的过程。
【点评】考查阅读理解。细节题、推断题、和主旨题都是常考题型。细节题需要根据关键词从文中找出答案；推断题需要考生根据关键词，结合语境推断出所需要的信息；主旨题则需要考生掌握全文结构和行文脉络，重点关注每段的中心句或首句，利用关键词获取主旨大意。
5．段落大意题。根据第一段中的“observing how nature solved problems观察大自然如何解决问题”和“John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making约翰开始怀疑这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱”以及第二段中的“asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals 问问题。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌 哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质 ”，可知约翰喜欢提问，故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it生态机器里的动植物把污泥当作食物，开始吃起来”，可知约翰给容器里放入污泥的目的是为了对生态机器进行测试，故选D。
7．推理判断题。根据第五段第一句话“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作”，可知该段提到福州是为了证明约翰的想法在实践中起到了很大的作用，故选B。
8．细节理解题。根据最后一段中约翰的原话“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式”，可知约翰的工作的基础是大自然的自我修复能力，故选A。
（2023·新高考Ⅱ卷）阅读理解
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you're lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant's experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while" was assigned the categories "sitting at beach" and "listening to waves."
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a "nature language" began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
"We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
9．What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A．Pocket parks are now popular.
B．Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C．Many cities are overpopulated.
D．People enjoy living close to nature.
10．Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A．To compare different types of park-goers.
B．To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C．To analyze the main features of the park.
D．To find patterns in the visitors' summaries.
11．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A．Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B．Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C．The same nature experience takes different forms.
D．The nature language enhances work performance.
12．What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A．Language study. B．Environmental conservation.
C．Public education. D．Intercultural communication.
【答案】9．B
10．D
11．C
12．B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了野生自然对人类很重要研究人员呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
【点评】考查阅读理解。涉及推理判断题，细节理解题。解答推理判断题要根据原文中的信息与选项信息结合起来进行正确推断，得出答案；解答细节理解题要完全符合原文，不能主观臆断。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。 可知选项 Wild nature is hard to find in cities.符合题意，故答案为B。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段 The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant's experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while" was assigned the categories "sitting at beach" and "listening to waves."然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分成不同的类别。例如，一个参与者的“我们坐在沙滩上听了一会儿海浪”的经历被分配到“坐在沙滩上”和“听海浪”的类别。 可知选项 To find patterns in the visitors' summaries.符合题意，故答案为D。
11．推理判断题。根据第五段内容Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. 命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式。可知自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。选项The same nature experience takes different forms.符合题意，故答案为C。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. ”要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。可知选项 Environmental conservation.符合题意，故答案为B。
一、阅读理解
1．（2020·新课标Ⅱ）阅读理解
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist
on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and
fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur
made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have（showcased）nutria
fur made into clothes in different styles. "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free
fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year",
says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided
to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like
the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and
let go into the wild. "The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native
species (物种) .It's destroying the environment. It's them or us."
says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades, but when the
market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied
like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for
Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but
he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year,
so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan
says," To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone
throwing paint on them—1 think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here
in New York." Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come
around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.
She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
（1）What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn
A．To promote guilt-free fur. B．To expand the fashion market.
C．To introduce a new brand. D．To celebrate a winter holiday.
（2）Why are scientists concerned about nutria
A．Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B．Nutria are an endangered species.
C．Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D．Nutria are illegally hunted.
（3）What does the underlined word "collapsed" in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Boomed. B．Became mature.
C．Remained stable. D．Crashed.
（4）What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan
A．It's formal. B．It's risky.
C．It's harmful. D．It's traditional.
【答案】（1）A
（2）A
（3）D
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示了担忧。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段“Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.”美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监Cree McCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail.”科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡。故选A。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第五段”The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. ”毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed 是和D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Model Paige Morgan says, ‘To give people a guilt –free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least in New York. '” 为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
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