人教版（2019）必修第一册Welcome Unit Discovering Useful Structures 句子成分和句型结构课件(共39张PPT)

(共39张PPT)
The basic structure of sentence
句子基本成分与结构
（Grammar）
Welcome Unit
句子成分的定义: 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
P
DO
O
A
C
(subject)
S
V
(verb)
(object)
(predicative)
(adverbial)
(direct object)
I0
(object complement)
(indirect object)
（同位语）
appositive
（定语）
attribute
主语
状语
宾语补足语
直接宾语
表语
宾语
间接宾语
谓语
组成句子的各个部分了叫做句子的成份。句子的成份包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）、表语、定语、状语、补语（宾语补足语和主语补足语）等。如下：
1、 S：Subject (主语)
2、 V：Verb/Predicate(谓语)
3、 O：Object (宾语)
4、 Attribute（定语）
5、 Adverbial（状语）
6、 Predicative（表语）
7、 IO：Indirect Object（间接宾语）
8、 DO：Direct Object（直接宾语）
9、 C：Complement（补语）
10、SC: Subject Complement（主语补足语）
11、OS: Object Complement（宾语补足语）
句子成分
一、主语
1. 主语的定义。
They bought some flowers for their mothers.（代词）
Helping others is helping yourself.（动名词）
To have a rest is very comfortable a rest after hard work.(to do不定式)
Mary, pass the book to me, please.（名词）
That boy painted a nice picture.（名词）
在英语句子中，主语是一个叙述的主体，一般位于句子开头，但There be结构中，以及主语不是疑问词的疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于be 动词、情态动词、助动词或其他谓语动词之后。
The car runs fast.
She is kind.
Eight is a lucky number in China.
Swimming is my favorite.
To see is to believe.
What we need is time.
It is necessary to master a foreign language.
名词
动名词
动词不定式
代词
数词
主语从句
it :形式主语
1. Find out the subjects in the following sentences and think about their functions.
主语：句子叙述的主体，动作的发出者。
Subject是叙述的主体，说明动作是“谁，什么”发出的，一般位于句首。
Subject 主语
1.Jane is good at playing the piano.简擅长弹钢琴。
2.She went out in a hurry.她匆匆出去了。
3.Four plus four is eight. 四乘四等于八
4.To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
5.Smoking is bad for health.抽烟对眼睛有害
6.The young should respect the old. 年轻人应该尊重老年人。
7.What he has said is true. 他说的是真的。
（名词）
（代词）
（数词）
（不定式）
（动名词）
（名词化的形容词）
（句子）
主语在哪里
1.Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
2.The young should respect the old.
3.To be a teacher is my dream.
4.Seeing is believing.（眼见为实）
5.It is important to learn Enlish well.
二、谓语
1.谓语的定义。
Li Ming broke the window yesterday.（动词）
Mr. Wang is a famous professor. (系动词)
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具体的特征和状态。
谓语在哪里
They can speak English well.
He looked after two boys.
They enjoyed playing computer games.
We have finished reading this book.
谓语：表示主语的行为或状态；是英语句子的灵魂、核心。一般在主语之后。
谓语中最重要的是谓语动词 (通常由实义动词充当)，它有时态，语态的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响。
简单谓语：由动词或动词词组组成
He practices running every morning.
Tom looks forward to meeting the new exchange student.
复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词组成
He can speak English well.
I will return you the book tomorrow.
谓语
二、谓语
2.谓语的用法。
I am reading a novel by J．K. Rowling（现在进行时）
The six-year-old girl usually goes to school by bus.（一般现在时）
Effective measures have been taken to stop air pollution.
（现在完成时的被动语态)）
谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态、语态等信息变化。
We have finished reading this book.
They can speak English well.
助动词和情态动词须和
实义动词一起构成谓语
He looked after two boys.
找出谓语
三、宾语
宾语的定义。
You should remember words as many as possible.（名词）
John was late, but the teacher didn’t punish him.（代词）
They enjoy playing computer games。（动名词）
He can afford to buy a big house. (动词不定式)
I think (that) she is wrong. (宾语从句)
宾语表示受动者，即动作的对象或者承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词之后。
1.They saw an exhibition yesterday.
2. How many dictionaries do you have I have five.
3. She wants to join the club.
4. I enjoyed listening to popular music.
5. I think he is fit for his office.
6. People find it important to get a good education.
7. He told us a story.
3. Underline the objects.
名词
数词
动词不定式
动名词
宾语从句
形式宾语
间接宾语
直接宾语
宾语：动作的对象、承受者。
宾语由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，从句等或者是相当于名词的词或者是短语充当
3.宾 语
表示动作, 行为的对象
说明主语“做了什么”
（所做的事）
He is looking at the dog.
Can I ask some questions
宾语一般放在及物动词或介词后
宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语、介词之后．
四、表语
表语的定义。
She is a teacher.(在be动词后:am/is/are/was/were)
The flowers look beautiful.(在感官动词后：look/taste/smell/feel/sound)
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态，一般位于系动词之后。
The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
(在表示“变化”的系动词后：turn,grow,become...)
Please keep quiet.（在表示“保持”后：keep,remain,stay）
表语(predicative) :adj.形容词 n.名词 numeral数词 pp介词短语
在系动词后的部分就是表语,用以说明主语“是什么”“怎么样”.
The speech is exciting. 这个演讲怎么样？——很精彩
They seem to know the truth. 他们怎么样？——似乎知道实情
Time is precious. 时间怎么样？——很珍贵
He is a teacher. 他是什么？——是个老师
I’m tired today. 我怎么样？——我要累死了
That remains a puzzle. 那里怎么样？——存在疑惑
I don’t feel at ease. 我怎么样？——我感觉不爽
That’ s why he came here. 那是什么？——是他来这里的原因。
He is zero. He is a zero.
I am ten. I am a ten.
Ｓ L（是系动词） Ｐ(表语)
1. This 2. The dinner 3. He 4. Everything 5. He 6. The book 7. The weather 8. His face is 状态 smells 感官 fell 感官 looks 感官 is 状态 is 状态 became变化 turned 变化 an English dictionary.
good.
happy.
different.
tall and strong.
interesting.
warmer.
red.
五、定语
定语的定义。
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
The naughty boy was found playing by the river alone. (形容词)
There are few women leaders in this country.（名词）
Harry Potter written by J．K. Rowling is popular with teenagers.（非谓语动词）
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
He is a clever boy.
His father works in a steel work.
There are 54students in our class.
Do you known betty’s sister
He bought some sleepingpills.
There is a sleeping baby in bed.
His spoken language is good.
(形容词)
(名词)
(数词)
(名词的所有格)
(动名词)
(现在分词)
(过去分词)
定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰，限定作用的句子成分。
六、状语
状语的定义。
The PRC was founded in 1949. (时间状语)
The fire broke out because of the smoker’s carelessness.（原因状语）
They decided to meet at the school（地点状语）
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分称为状语。
即学即练
找出下列句子的状语。
I waited to see you.
I'm very pleased to see you.
He often went to school by bus.
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
Please call me if it is necessary.
He went to school in spite of his illness.
对句子中某一成分作进一步解释说明，与该成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。可以用作同位语的有名词(短语)代词、数词或从句等。
A 同位语 Appositive
名词 We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American.
我们有两个外籍教师，一个是加拿大人，一个是美国人。
代词 They each can get a chance to travel by air.
他们每个人都能得到一次坐飞机旅行的机会。
数词 We two will go to see you.
我们两个人将去看你。
从句 The news that he will come is true.
他要来的这则消息是真的。
1.简单句的定义。
The girl is beautiful.
The girl whose name is Liu Yifei is beautiful.
(简单句)
(复合句)
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫作简单句。
1.简单句的分类。
She is a doctor. 她是名医生。
The dish taste delicious.这道菜唱起来很美味。
主 系 表
主 系 表
Her face turned pale.她的脸色变得苍白。
主 系 表
主语+系动词+表语
状态 be The doctor are very patient.
持续 keep, remain, stay, He always kept silent.
像 seem, appear, look He seems (to be) very sad.
感官 feel, smell, sound, taste This kind of cloth feels very soft.
变化 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run She grew rich within a short time.
终止 prove, turn out His plan turned out a success.
连系动词（Link-verb）:起连系作用的词语。
常用作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、表语从句等。
(1)形容词作表语 You look younger than before.
(2)名词作表语 My father is a teacher.
(3)副词作表语 Everyone is here.
(4)介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre.
(5)不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English.
(6)动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses.
(7)从句作表语 That is why he didn't come to school yesterday.
1.简单句的分类。
The teacher entered the classroom with a book in hand.
老师拿着一本书走进了教室。
主 谓 宾 状
The boy goes to bed at 10 pm every day.
主 谓 宾 状
主语+谓语+宾语+状语
不及物动词VI：不需要宾语O，就可以独立完成的动作
S ＋ V
主 谓
He goes away.他走了。
The boy is crying. 这个小男孩在哭。
I run 我跑步。
Every second counts.分秒必争。
The girl sleeps .女孩睡觉。
单及物动词 Vt：需要一个宾语O（动作承受者）
I study English.我学习英语。
I hate smoking. 我讨厌抽烟。
They enjoy dancing. 他们享受跳舞。
She is writing a letter. 他在写信。
He knows that he is wrong. 他知道他错了。
S ＋ V ＋ O
主 谓 宾
非动作
She is outgoing.
Fermina looks annoyed.
Mr. Yan looks frightened.
The cake tastes delicious.
I am a designer.
Class two is confident.
practice
思考：
主谓宾
主系表的区别
S ＋ L ＋ P
主 系 表
主谓宾补结构：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语
Mike told me not to go.
The news made everyone of us very happy.
She asked the students their names.
We all heard him reading English aloud.
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
常见能够接宾补的动词有：
使役动词：keep, make, let, have, leave, get等；
感官动词或短语：see, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, smell等；
后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词：ask, tell, order, request, permit, persuade等。
阅读以下句子，将其按句型分类。
Read and classify.
1) I feel really bad.
2) There is a lot of work to be done this week.
3) You can make an appointment with your smart phone.
4) I get angry quite often.
5) There is public transport for us to take.
6) Bill recovered from his cold very quickly.
句 型 句子
主语+系动词+表语
主语+谓语+宾语+状语
there be 结构
1), 4)
3), 6)
2), 5)
预约
变得生气
从...恢复
主谓宾状：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语
I had my first maths class at senior high school.
I waited for him at the school gate.
One day, my students were talking about what they would like to be in the future.
I visited one of my friends yesterday.
此句型的谓语动词通常为及物动词或及物动词短语，副词或介词短语在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。
记笔记：简单句的五种基本句型列式如下：
Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
Ｓ Ｖ IO DＯ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
记笔记：主语和谓语是一句子中不可缺少的
总结
阅读以下句子成分，将它们组合成句。
Read and reorder.
1) look not happy young girl did the
2) the cold you get over in a week will
3) many people there not in the fitness center are
4) stays old man healthy the quite
5) in is smile his face the grea great
The young girl did not look happy.
You will get over the cold in a week.
There are not many people in the fitness center.
The old man stays quite healthy.
There is a great smile in his face.
指出下列划线部分的成分
We all study hard at English.
Betty likes her new bike.
My father is a policeman.
Were you at home last night
5. Winter is the coldest season of the year.
6. He often walks in the park.
宾语
谓语
表语
状语
定语
状语
7. Mary asked me to help her yesterday.
8. He bought me a nice present.
9. I will get you some tea.
10. He has read the novel twice.
11.He seemed unhappy when he heard the news.
12. Do you have something to eat
13. We made him our monitor.
14. There seems little hopes of success
宾语补足语
间宾
定语
谓语
表语
定语
宾语补足语
主语
Thank you