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语文部编版九年级上
商山早行
温庭筠
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在广袤无垠、熠熠生辉的中国古典诗词的天空中,羁旅行役诗歌是一个耀眼夺目的星座。
“艰难苦恨繁霜鬓,潦倒新停浊酒杯”的悲苦之愁;
“玉阶空伫立,宿鸟归飞急”的思归之愁;
“姑苏城外寒山寺,夜半钟声到客船”的漂泊之愁;
“遥知兄弟登高处,遍插茱萸少一人”的思亲之愁。
这些羁旅愁情的绝唱,纵使穿越千百年的雨雪风霜,仍然响彻在我们的耳畔。
今天,我们来学习从晚唐诗灿烂的余辉中走出来的著名诗人温庭筠的一首羁旅诗《商山早行》,并借此了解羁旅思乡类诗歌的意象和思想感情。
新课导入
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温庭筠,唐代诗人、词人。本名岐,字飞卿,太原祁(今山西祁县东南)人。
在晚唐的诗人中,与李商隐齐名,史称“温李” 。在晚唐的词家中,温庭筠填词最多,占有一定的地位,被誉为“花间派”鼻祖。
1、作者介绍
文学常识
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温庭筠有一外号“温八叉”。相传他才思敏捷,下笔可谓神速。在考试时,押官韵作赋,叉八次手,十六句的八韵贴诗就写完了。在古代,文思敏捷者,有数步成诗的曹植,而像他这样八叉手八韵成者再无第二人了。
(1)有才
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虽很有才气,但奇丑,且是个不幸的诗人,属于屡战屡败的考生,从四十岁到五十六岁一直考不了进士,真不知是上帝的公平还是不公平。
(2)不幸
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第一是曾卷入政治斗争之中;
第二是名声不好,平时不修边幅,随随便便,时常和歌妓们厮混在一起,要不然就和纨绔子弟在一起喝得酩酊大醉,然后借着酒意即兴吹拉弹唱,他极富音乐天分,有孔即吹,有弦即弹,根本用不着什么好琴名笛就能奏出美妙的音乐来。在民间,他的确是个大红人,相当于现在的“超男”;
(3)失败原因
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第三,他太狂傲。是个狂人,有点目中无人,得罪了不少权贵,他瞧不起别人,别人也看不惯他;
第四是考试作弊,他在考试中代人答卷,帮助他人作弊,并强行索取报酬,并且还大闹过考场,这一恶劣行径引起了一些公愤,成为他考学中的巨大障碍。
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总之,他是一个穷困潦倒,仕途失意的文人。
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此诗当是温庭筠离开长安赴襄阳投奔徐商经过商山时所作。诗人本来是太原祁人,但由于在长安南郊安了个家,所以在他的一些诗歌里,是把长安南郊说成他的故乡的。唐宣宗大中末年,他离开长安,出外宦游。当他在商洛一带的山区里跋涉的时候,还念念不忘 “故乡”;晚上住在茅店里,也在做着“杜陵梦”。
2、写作背景
文学常识
商山早行
温庭筠
晨起/动/征铎,客行/悲/故乡。
鸡声/茅店/月,人迹/板桥/霜。
槲叶/落/山路,枳花/明/驿墙。
因思/杜陵梦,凫雁/满回塘。
1、读准字音
yún
duó
hú
zhǐ
yì
fú
吟读,感知音韵美
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商山早行
温庭筠
晨起/动/征铎,客行/悲/故乡。
鸡声/茅店/月,人迹/板桥/霜。
槲叶/落/山路,枳花/明/驿墙。
因思/杜陵梦,凫雁/满回塘。
2、读准节奏,注意语气、语调、语速。
吟读,感知音韵美
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3、读出感情,体会词人在词中流淌的情。
吟诵《商山早行》需注意“动”“月”“槲”、“杜”、“回”等入声字短促有力。温庭筠的诗风清婉精丽,吟诵时语调轻缓,句末韵字“乡”“霜”“墙”“塘”等字要有意延长。
4、抽生齐读,用最能表现情感的方式来演绎这首词。
5、全班齐读,读出感情
吟读,感知音韵美
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晨起动征铎,客行悲故乡。
动:
征铎:
征:
铎:
诗意:黎明起床,车马的铃铛已叮当作响,出门人踏上旅途,还一心想念故乡,心里倍感悲伤。
1、译读,整体感知
译读,感知意境美
震动。
车行时悬挂在马颈上的铃铛。
大铃。
远行。
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鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜。
诗意:鸡声嘹亮,茅草店沐浴着晓月的余辉;足迹凌乱,木板桥覆盖着早春的寒霜。
译读,感知意境美
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槲叶落山路,枳花明驿墙。
槲:一种落叶乔木。叶子在冬天虽枯而不落,春天树枝发芽时才落。
明:使……明艳。
枳:一种落叶灌木或小乔木。春天开白花,果实似橘而略小,酸不可吃,可用作中药。
驿墙:驿站的墙壁。驿:古时候递送公文的人或来往官员暂住、换马的处所。
诗意:枯败的槲叶,落满了荒山的野路;淡白的枳花,鲜艳地开放在驿站的泥墙边。
译读,感知意境美
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因思杜陵梦,凫雁满回塘。
杜陵:地名,在长安城南(今陕西西安东南)。诗人曾自称为“杜陵游客”,这里的“杜陵梦”当是思乡之梦。
凫雁:凫,野鸭;雁,一种候鸟,春往北飞,秋往南飞。
回塘:岸边曲折的池塘。
诗意:回想昨夜梦见杜陵的美好情景,一群群鸭雁,正嬉戏在岸边的湖塘里。
译读,感知意境美
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清早起来出行,马车上的铃铛响声不断,出门人想念家乡倍感悲伤。 雄鸡唱晓,茅草店外残月当空,布满寒霜的板桥上,早已留有人迹。 槲树叶纷纷凋落,铺满山路;月光下驿站墙边的枳树花开得正鲜艳。于是,想到我昨夜梦会杜陵的故乡景色:故乡杜陵,凫和雁布满了曲折的池塘,自得其乐。
译读,感知意境美
2 、译文:
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1、题目中“早行”在诗中如何体现出来的?
直接表现:
晨起动征铎:清晨起床,车马铃声叮叮当当,旅客套马、驾车活动已暗含其中。
间接表现:
鸡声茅店月(未晚先投宿,鸡鸣早看天)
人迹板桥霜(莫道君行早,更有早行人)
枳花明驿墙(“明”反衬天暗,说明“早”)
悟读,感悟情感美
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2、本诗描写的景色是哪个季节的?
槲叶秋天即枯,经冬不谢,次年春枝抽芽时才纷纷飘落,枳花春季开花,可见是春季。
悟读,感悟情感美
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3、这首诗营造了两幅不同的画面,一幅是异乡的画面,一幅是故乡的画面,找出相应的诗句。
①描绘两幅画面的内容。
异乡:一座茅草店,沐浴在晓月的余辉中,木板桥上,覆盖着早春的寒霜,早已印着行人凌乱的足迹。枯败的檞叶,落满了山间荒径,驿站墙头枳花开放,闪烁着白色的光。唯有报晓的雄鸡啼声高亢,但它们并未给这灰白冷寂的世界带来丝毫生气。
故乡:春天来了,我的家乡杜陵,一群群凫雁,正欢快地嬉戏在曲折、温暖的池塘里。
悟读,感悟情感美
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②概括两幅画面的意境:
异乡:
故乡:
悟读,感悟情感美
凄清、冷寂;
温馨、美好。
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4、这两幅不同的画面运用了什么表现手法?结合诗句简要赏析。
明确:——虚实结合
这两幅画面虽然意境不同,但是表现的诗人的感情是一致的。表现的手法有异,一个以哀景写哀情,一个以乐景反衬哀情,一实一虚,虚实结合,虚实相生。实写异乡,虚写故乡, 表现了作者旅途中的孤独寂寞和对家乡的思念之情。
悟读,感悟情感美
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5、作者悲什么?“悲”换成“思”好不好,为什么?
(1)因思乡念亲而悲,但 “悲”字分量很重,意蕴深沉,它所表现的情感远远超越了“思”,更为深沉,更为厚重,更为浓烈。
(2)悲旅途不便,山险路陡,人情浇薄。
(3)悲生不逢时,仕途失意,前途未卜。
(4)奠定全诗感情基调,点明诗歌主旨。
悟读,感悟情感美
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6、“悲故乡”在全诗中的作用是什么?
“悲”定下了全诗的基调,“悲”故乡点明了题旨。
悟读,感悟情感美
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赏析名句:
鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜。
第二联历来脍炙人口,此诗颔联上下句除对仗外,其构成形式还有么特点?与我们学过的哪些诗词句子异曲同工?
品读,品析艺术美
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1、将此联改成“鸡声茅店映残月,人迹板桥落微霜”好不好,为什么?
这句诗可分解为代表十种景物的十个名词:鸡、声、茅、店、月、人、迹、板、桥、霜。不用动词、形容词,纯用名词组成诗句,不用一二闲字,不标明名词间的关系,使之间的关联有跳跃性,能调动读者的思考,让读者自由组合,获得广阔的想象理解的空间,组成的画面更丰满。这就是古典诗歌的“意象叠加”法。
悟读,感悟情感美
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2、意象叠加的实例:
1)枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马。(马致远《天净沙秋思》)
2)楼船夜雪瓜洲渡,铁马秋风大散关。(陆游《书愤》)
3)细草微风岸,危樯独夜舟。(杜甫《旅夜抒怀》)
4)桃李春风一杯酒,江湖夜雨十年灯。(黄庭坚《寄黄几复》)
悟读,感悟情感美
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3、宋代著名词人梅尧臣对三、四两句高度赞赏,说它是最好的诗,“状难写之景如在目前,含不尽之意见于言外”。你能体会出其“难写之景”和“不尽之意”吗?
明确:“难写之景”:古时旅客为保证安全,一般都是“未晚先投宿,鸡鸣早看天”。而本诗写的是早行,那么鸡声和月,就是很有特征性的景物。茅店又是具有山区特征的景物。“鸡声茅店月”五个字,便把旅客住在茅店里,听见鸡鸣就爬起来看天色,看见天上有月亮,就收拾行囊,准备赶路等很多内容,都绘声绘色地表现了出来。同样板桥、霜和霜上的人迹也都是具有特征性的景物。雄鸡报晓,夜 色朦胧时,诗人就起床出发,没想到此时外面已经到处都是人迹,自己已经不算早行了。这两句将早行的情景写得有声有色,形象生动,历历在目。
“不尽之意”:游子的羁旅愁思。
悟读,感悟情感美
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这首诗选取了一些富有意味的典型意象,运用意象叠加、相互映衬、虚实相生、情景交融、首尾呼应等手法,表现了作者旅途中的孤独寂寞,对家乡的思念之情以及仕途失意的落寞情怀。
悟读,感悟情感美
小结:
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羁旅诗通常表现客居他乡的艰难,漂泊无定的辛苦,对家乡亲人的思念,以及对安定幸福生活的期盼与向往。这些感情是人类亘古相通的,容易引起共鸣,所以羁旅诗大多浅显易懂。
延读,拓展思维美
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了解羁旅诗的常见特点。
1、意象:驿道、征铎、马、船(舟)、杜鹃、鸿雁、月、客、浮萍、飞蓬等
2、情感:旅途艰辛、漂泊无依、归期遥遥、孤独彷徨、思乡思亲、 怀才不遇 、幽怨愤慨等
3、思乡缘由:战乱频仍,背井离乡;山长水阔,有家难回;
久戍边关,遥无归期;宦游在外,身不由己 。
4、常用手法:借景抒情、虚实结合、渲染烘托,还有两种特殊的表现手法:
①乐景反衬哀情。
②侧面落笔(想象)。不说自己,却说家人想自己,令人倍觉凄凉。
延读,拓展思维美
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阅读下面这首诗,然后回答问题。
塞上听吹笛
高适
雪尽胡天牧马还,月明羌笛戍楼间。
借问梅花何处落,风吹一夜满关山。
(1)写景有“虚景”和“实景”之分,请具体说说这首诗写了哪些虚景和实景。
答:实景:
虚景:
中考链接
白雪、牧马、明月、羌笛、戍楼;
梅花、关山。
(2)整首诗表现出了什么样的思想感情?
答:此诗写战士们由听曲而想到故乡的梅花,想到梅花之落,表现出了他们的浓浓的思乡之情。
中考链接