名词性从句和定语从句
第一部分：名词性从句
考点一：考查名词性从句that和what的用法
1.（2024新课标I卷） On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in 63 is now northwestern Wyoming.
1. what
考查宾语从句。句意：1870年9月中旬，在一个凉爽、繁星点点的夜晚，四个男人在火洞河边的营火前放松，这里现在是怀俄明州的西北部。后文为介词in的宾语，is前缺主语，指物，主语用what引导宾语从句，作介词in的宾语，故填what。
2.（2024浙江1月卷）If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that’s _________ they’ll promote.
2. what
解析：考查表语从句。句意：如果他们的大多数客户都乐意大量购买，那他们就会推广。在表语从句中缺少宾语，且是指事物，所以应用连接代词what。故填what。
3.（2023天津3月卷）People who value their privacy are concerned about _________Google might do with the information it is gathering.
A．that B．what C．why D．how
3. B
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：重视隐私的人担心谷歌可能会对其收集的信息做些什么。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句。宾语从句中缺少宾语，表示“谷歌可能做的事情”，所以用连接代词what引导宾语从句。故选B。
4.（2021全国I卷）_____________is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.
4. What
解析：考查主语从句。句意为：这段经历让人叹为观止的是那些超凡脱俗的场景。引导主语从句,在从句中作主语,表示"……的东西",故填What。
5.（2021年天津卷改编）It seemed that I had become ________ my parents had wanted me to be.
5. what
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：似乎我已经成为了我父母希望我成为的人。动词become后面是宾语从句，从句缺少引导词，且从句中的be缺少表语，所填词应该起双重作用。故填what。
6.（2020天津卷改编）The student completed this experiment to make come true __________ Professor Joseph had said.
6. what
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：为了使约瑟夫教授所说的成为现实，这个学生完成了这个实验。_________ Professor Joseph had said作make的宾语从句，该从句中，空处在从句中作said的宾语，表示”……所说的话”，因此应用what引导该从句。故填what。
7.（2020年浙江卷）Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on ______ could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
7. what
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子，宾语从句部分缺主语，所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意，此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。
8.（2019全国I卷）While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
8. that
解析：考查同位语从句。根据句子结构分析可知，主句为there be句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，解释说明中心词evidence的内容，故填that。
9.（2019·江苏卷改编）Scientists have obtained more evidence ___________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
9. that
解析：考查同位语从句。句意：科学家已经获得更多证据，塑料正在进入人们的体内。从句不缺句子成分，且与evidence指代的是同一事件，用that引导同位语从句。故选B。
考点二：考查名词性从句if和whether的用法
10．（2023年浙江3月卷）Recently, scientists have started a debate on _______the computers will “think” like human in half a century.
A．where B．whether C．whose D．which
10. B
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：最近，科学家们开始就计算机是否会在半个世纪后像人类一样“思考”展开辩论。A. where哪里；B. whether是否；C. whose谁的；D. which哪一个。根据句意可知，此处是表示“是否”，用连接代词whether引导宾语从句。故选 B。
11.（2022年浙江1月卷）Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak ______ she could do so remotely.
11. if/whether
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：对于她的出席，Cobb开始询问邀请她的组织者是否可以远程进行。显然ask后面出现了一个宾语从句，宾语从句句意不完整，whether/if“是否”符合语境，故填whether或if。
12.（2020年北京卷）Oliver says if you're lucky enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them __________you can join in when it's possible.
12. if/whether
解析：考查连词。句意：问他们你是否有可能加入他们。____ you can join in when it's possible.是宾语从句，从句成分完整，但缺“是否”的意思，故填if/whether。
13.（2020·江苏卷改编）It is not a problem __________ we can win the battle; it’s just a matter of time.
13. whether
解析：考查主语从句。句意：我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题；这只是时间问题。根据下文it’s just a matter of time可知，此处指”我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题”，it是形式主语，whether引导的从句是真正的主语。故填whether。
考点三：考查名词性从句who, whoever, why, where, how的用法
14.（2023新课标II卷）They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is _________ they need an English trainer.
14. why。
解析：考查表语从句。句意：这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句中结构完整，应该用连接副词连接，前文提到需要培训师的原因，此处是表达“这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因”之意，应用why引导表语从句。故填why。
15.（2022新课标II卷）He saved my son’s life," said Mrs. Brown. "I don't know _________ to thank him.”
15. how
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：我不知道如何去感谢他。根据句子结构，设空处填写的是特殊疑问词+to do不定式结构作宾语。根据句意，how意为“如何”，符合句意。故填how。
16. (2022天津卷改编) Mental health involves________ you process things such as stress and anxiety.
16. how
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：心理健康包括如何处理诸如压力和焦虑之类的事物。分析句子结构可知，此处为连词引导的宾语从句作谓语动词involves的宾语，从句中不缺少主语和宾语，但句意不完整，根据句意可知，表示“如何，怎样”的连词how符合句意。故填how。
17.（2021年北京卷）The poor woman wasn't able to give him any information about ________ she lived．
17. where
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：这个可怜的老妇人不能说清楚她住在哪里。介词about后是宾语从句，根据句意，此处用where“在哪里；……的地方”符合句意，从句中作地点状语，故填where。
18.（2021年天津卷改编）What puzzles Lily's friends is ________ she always has so many crazy ideas.
18. why
解析：考查表语从句。句意：令Lily的朋友们感到困扰的是她为什么总是有这么多疯狂的想法。分析句子，该空需要一个表语从句的连接词，结合句意，应该是朋友们不明白Lily 为什么有这么多疯狂的想法。所以本句为why引导的表语从句。故填why。
第二部分：定语从句
考点一：考查定语从句关系代词that, which的用法
1.（2024新课标I卷）The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 64 brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
1. which/that
考查定语从句。句意：Mark Woodruff补充说：“这是当代设计的最高成就，在丝绸之路的尽头，中国亚热带西南部的植物群从温带的欧洲穿过山脉、干旱的土地和高山牧场，这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国，定义了英国园艺的丰富和荣耀。”空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词design，先行词指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which或that引导从句。故填which/that。
2.（2024全国甲卷）Yellowstone was the largest United States national park - 2.2 million acres - until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, 70 became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
2. which
考查定语从句。句意同上。本空所在句子为定语从句，先行词为Wrangell-Saint Elias，从句中作主语，指物，引导非限制性定语从句用which，故填which。
3.（2024浙江1月卷）Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way _________ will make them the most money.
3. that/which。
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：当然，商店不是慈善机构——他们以最赚钱的方式给商品定价。在定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为way，所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。
4.（2023全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
4. which/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。这里为定语从句的关系代词，先行词为“a place”，在定语从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
5.（2022新课标I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___________live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
5. that
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。设空处为关系词引导限制性定语从句，先行词等于关系词，设空处在从句中作指物的主语，先行词为species，且先行词前为all修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。
6.（2021新课标II卷）I decided that if I learned of a company ___________used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
6. which或that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构，_________ used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句，所以填which或that。
7.（2021北京卷）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ___________ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories.
7. that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：当你睡觉时，你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切，试图将新经历与旧记忆联系起来。分析句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that。
8.（2021浙江1月卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ___________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
8. that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。根据句意和句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，而先行词tool为物，故此处要填关系代词that或which。
9.（2020新课标卷）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum __________ opened in 1759.
9. which/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:例如，汉斯 斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
考点二：考查定语从句关系代词who, whom, whose, as的用法
10.（2024新课标II卷）Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ___56___ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
10. who
考查定语从句。句意：为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖，中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“Tang Xianzu”，在非限制性定语从句中担当主语，表示人，用关系代词who引导。故填who。
11.（2023全国甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _________Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.
11. as。
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。
12.（2023全国乙卷）The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman ________hair color looked just perfect.
12. whose。
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子里有一张女人的照片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是woman，关系词在从句中作hair的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
13.（2022浙江1月卷）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
13. that/who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。
14.（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
14. who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在1100公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。分析句子结合句意可知，此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词为Cao Shengkang，指人，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。
15.（2020全国III卷）In ancient China lived an artist, __________ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud.
15. whose
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
16.（2020天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
16. whose
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“Dr. Rowan’s ”，表示“……的” ，应用关系代词whose引导该从句，故填whose。
考点三：考查定语从句关系副词when, where, why的用法
17．（2023天津3月卷）Kenny still remembers the class discussion ________the teacher asked students to share what they wanted to be when they grew up.
A．why B．which C．that D．where
17. D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：Kenny仍然记得课堂上的讨论，老师要求学生们分享他们长大后想成为什么样的人。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the class discussion。先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，意为“在课堂讨论中”，是“模糊地点”，所以用关系副词where引导定语从句。故选D。
18.（2023全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America, _________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
18. where。
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
19.（2021天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands _________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
19. where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分可知，stands 作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands 在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。
20.（2020全国I卷）Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot __________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
20. where
【解析】句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
考点四：考查定语从句主谓一致的用法
21.（2020江苏卷）If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ___________ everyone.
21. suits
【解析】考查定语从句动词时态。句意：如果你从各个方面看问题，你可能会找到一个适合每个人 解决方案。句子描述的客观事实，应使用一般现在时；此处是定语从句谓语动词，先行词是a solution，从句谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。
考点五：考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”的用法
22.（2021天津卷）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from __________we can learn without repeating them.
22. which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：威廉 哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，_________ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。
23.（2020江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from ___________students can choose for free.
23. which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。名词性从句和定语从句
第一部分：名词性从句
考点一：考查名词性从句that和what的用法
1.（2024新课标I卷） On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in 63 is now northwestern Wyoming.
2.（2024浙江1月卷）If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that’s _________ they’ll promote.
3.（2023天津3月卷）People who value their privacy are concerned about _________Google might do with the information it is gathering.
A．that B．what C．why D．how
4.（2021全国I卷）_____________is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.
5.（2021年天津卷改编）It seemed that I had become ________ my parents had wanted me to be.
6.（2020天津卷改编）The student completed this experiment to make come true ______ Professor Joseph had said.
7.（2020年浙江卷）Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on ______ could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
8.（2019全国I卷）While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
9.（2019·江苏卷改编）Scientists have obtained more evidence ___________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
考点二：考查名词性从句if和whether的用法
10．（2023年浙江3月卷）Recently, scientists have started a debate on _______the computers will “think” like human in half a century.
A．where B．whether C．whose D．which
11.（2022年浙江1月卷）Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak ______ she could do so remotely.
12.（2020年北京卷）Oliver says if you're lucky enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them __________you can join in when it's possible.
13.（2020·江苏卷改编）It is not a problem __________ we can win the battle; it’s just a matter of time.
考点三：考查名词性从句who, whoever, why, where, how的用法
14.（2023新课标II卷）They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is _________ they need an English trainer.
15.（2022新课标II卷）He saved my son’s life," said Mrs. Brown. "I don't know _________ to thank him.”
16. (2022天津卷改编) Mental health involves________ you process things such as stress and anxiety.
17.（2021年北京卷）The poor woman wasn't able to give him any information about ________ she lived．
18.（2021年天津卷改编）What puzzles Lily's friends is ________ she always has so many crazy ideas.
第二部分：定语从句
考点一：考查定语从句关系代词that, which的用法
1.（2024新课标I卷）The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 64 brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
2.（2024全国甲卷）Yellowstone was the largest United States national park - 2.2 million acres - until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, 70 became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
3.（2024浙江1月卷）Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way _________ will make them the most money.
4.（2023全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
5.（2022新课标I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___________live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
6.（2021新课标II卷）I decided that if I learned of a company ___________used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
7.（2021北京卷）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ___________ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories.
8.（2021浙江1月卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ___________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
9.（2020新课标卷）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum __________ opened in 1759.
考点二：考查定语从句关系代词who, whom, whose, as的用法
10.（2024新课标II卷）Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ___56___ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
11.（2023全国甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _________Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.
12.（2023全国乙卷）The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman ________hair color looked just perfect.
13.（2022浙江1月卷）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
14.（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
15.（2020全国III卷）In ancient China lived an artist, __________ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud.
16.（2020天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
考点三：考查定语从句关系副词when, where, why的用法
17．（2023天津3月卷）Kenny still remembers the class discussion ________the teacher asked students to share what they wanted to be when they grew up.
A．why B．which C．that D．where
18.（2023全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America, _________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
19.（2021天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands _________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
20.（2020全国I卷）Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot __________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
考点四：考查定语从句主谓一致的用法
21.（2020江苏卷）If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ___________ everyone.
考点五：考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”的用法
22.（2021天津卷）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from __________we can learn without repeating them.
23.（2020江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from ___________students can choose for free.
