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新人教版必修第三册Unit 5知识清单
重 点 单 词 1.bet n. 打赌;赌注 vi.&vt. 下赌注;用……打赌 vt. 敢说→bet/bet/betting (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2.spot vt. 看见;注意到;发现 n. 地点;处所;斑点;污迹→spotted/spotted/spotting (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 3.dare v. 胆敢;敢于 4.sort n. 品种;种类;类别 5.hug vt.& vi. 拥抱;抱紧→hugged/hugged/hugging (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 6.scene n. (戏剧或歌剧的)场;现场;场面 7.manner n. 举止;行为方式;方法;(pl.)礼貌;礼仪 8.duty n. 责任;义务;职责;值班 9.postpone vt. 延迟;延期;延缓 10.loan n. 贷款;借款 11.plastic n. 塑料 adj. 塑料制的;塑料的 12.aside adv. 到旁边;在旁边;留;存 13.frown n.&vi. 皱眉 14.indeed adv. 其实;实际上;当然;确实 15.odd adj. 奇怪的;怪异的;反常的 16.nowhere adv. 无处;哪里都不 17.extent n. 程度;限度;大小;范围 18.maintain vt. 维持;保持;维修;保养19.pursue vt. 追求;致力于 20.opera n. 歌剧 21.beneath adv.&prep. 在(或往)……下面;在……的表面之下 22.obligation n. 义务;职责;责任 23.tailor n. (男装)裁缝 vt. 专门制作;定做 24.clerk n. 职员;文书;店员 25.plot n. 故事情节;布局;阴谋 26.element n. 要素;基本部分 27.upper adj. 上面的;上层的;靠上部的 28.saying n. 谚语;格言;警句 29.external adj. 外部的;外面的;外来的; 外界的
词 汇 拓 展 1.apologise vi. 道歉;谢罪→apology n. 道歉;谢罪 2.ignore vt. 忽视;对……不予理会→ignorance n. 忽视;忽略→ignorant adj. 无知的 3.judge vt.& vi. 评价;评判;判断 n. 法官;审判员;裁判员→judg(e)ment n. 判断;辨别力 4.intention n. 打算;计划;意图;目的→intend v. 打算;计划 5.hesitate vi. 犹豫;迟疑;顾虑→hesitation n. 犹豫→hesitant adj. 迟疑的 6.eventually adv. 最后;终于→eventual adj. 最终的 7.option n. 可选择的事物;选择;选择权→optional adj. 可以选择的 8.normal adj. 典型的;正常的;一般的;精神正常的 n. 常态;通常标准;一般水平→(反) abnormal adj. 不正常的;不一般的 9.willing adj. 愿意;乐意→(反) unwilling adj. 不愿意;不乐意→willingness n.乐意;愿意 10.permission n. 准许;许可;批准;许可证→permit v.允许;许可→permitted/permitted/permitting (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 11.basis n. 基础;根据;基点→basic adj. 基本的;基础的→basically adv. 基本上;大体上 12.servant n. 仆人;用人→serve vt. 服务;提供;端上→service n.服务 13.patience n. 耐心;忍耐力;毅力→patient adj. 耐心的 n. 病人→patiently adv. 耐心地→(反) impatient adj. 没有耐心的 14.musical n. 音乐剧 adj. 音乐的→musician n. 音乐家→music n. 音乐 15.indicate vt.&vi. 表明;显示 vt. 象征;暗示→indication n. 迹象;标示 16.sail vi.&vt. (船)航行;(人)乘船航行→sailor n.水手→sailing n. 航行;帆船运动 17.broad adj. 宽阔的;广阔的;广泛的→broaden v.变宽;扩大;增长 18.stair n. 楼梯;梯级→downstairs adv. 顺楼梯而下;在楼下;往楼下
重 点 短 语 1．on the basis of在某事的基础上；根据某事 2．take out a loan取得贷款 3．in return作为回报；作为回应 4．make a bet打个赌 5．as a matter of fact事实上；其实；说真的 6．by accident偶然地；意外地 7．to be honest说实话；坦率地说 8．ought to应该；应当 9．be about to do sth.即将或正要(做某事) 10．in case以防；以防万一 11．to...extent到……程度；在……程度上 12．on duty值班；值勤 13．in a．..manner以一种……的方式；带着一副……的样子 14．in that case既然那样；假使那样的话 15．be willing to do sth.愿意或乐意做某事
重 点 句 型 1．They see a poor young man walking outside their house. 他们看到一个贫穷的年轻人在他们的房子外面走着。 2．May we ask what you’re doing in this country and what your plans are 我们可以问问你在这个国家正在做什么和你的计划是什么吗？ 3．And it was the ship that brought you to England. 就是那艘船把你带到了英国。 4．That’s why we’ve given you the letter. 那就是我们给你这封信的原因。 5．Then he folds the bill and slowly unfolds it again，as if looking at something he can’t believe is there. 然后，他折上那张钞票，又再次慢慢地打开，好像正在看他不敢相信会在那里的东西似的。
课文语法填空
The play 1． (base) on a short story written by Mark Twain, who is best 2． (know) for his novels, of which there is a short story whose name is The Million Pound Bank Note. The story happened 3． the early 20th century, and Henry Adams, an American young man, 4． (carry) out to the sea by a strong wind when he was sailing. 5． (luck), he was spotted and rescued by a British ship and landed in London, 6． he found no money on him, no friends and no job at all. He was lost and alone in London. He didn't know what to do. 7． (walk) on the street, he heard someone 8． (call) him, and then he went in a house and was asked many 9． (question) and then given 10． letter with a large sum of money in it. He was asked not to open it until two o'clock in the afternoon.
【答案】1．is based；2．known；3．in；4．was carried；5．Luckily；6．where；7．Walking；8．calling；9．questions；10．a
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了文学名著《百万英镑》的故事背景。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及时态语态，非谓语动词，介词，副词，定语从句，名词，冠词以及固定搭配等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
1．句意：该剧是根据马克·吐温的短篇小说改编的，他以他的小说最为出名，其中有一个短篇小说的名字是《百万英镑》。此处是谓语动词，与主语the play之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，故填 is based 。
2．句意：该剧是根据马克·吐温的短篇小说改编的，他以他的小说最为出名，其中有一个短篇小说的名字是《百万英镑》。此处是过去分词作表语，故填 known 。
3．句意：故事发生在20世纪初，美国年轻人 Henry Adams 在航海时被大风吹到海里。在二十世纪初，应用介词in，故填in。
4．句意：故事发生在20世纪初，美国年轻人 Henry Adams 在航海时被大风吹到海里。此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语 the early 20th century ，可知应用一般过去时，且与主语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，故填 was carried 。
5．句意：幸运的是，他被一艘英国船只发现并救出，然后在伦敦登陆，在那里他发现身上没有钱，没有朋友，也没有工作。此处副词修饰整个句子，作状语，故填 Luckily 。
6．句意：幸运的是，他被一艘英国船只发现并救出，然后在伦敦登陆，在那里他发现身上没有钱，没有朋友，也没有工作。 he found no money on him, no friends and no job at all是非限制性定语从句，先行词是London ，在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where，故填where。
7．句意：走在街上，他听到有人在叫他，然后他走进一所房子，被问了很多问题，然后给了他一封信，里面有一大笔钱。此处动名词作主语，故填 Walking 。
8．句意：走在街上，他听到有人在叫他，然后他走进一所房子，被问了很多问题，然后给了他一封信，里面有一大笔钱。 someone 和call在逻辑上是主谓关系，现在分词表主动，此处作宾补，故填calling。
9．句意：走在街上，他听到有人在叫他，然后他走进一所房子，被问了很多问题，然后给了他一封信，里面有一大笔钱。many后接可数名词复数，故填 questions 。
10．句意：走在街上，他听到有人在叫他，然后他走进一所房子，被问了很多问题，然后给了他一封信，里面有一大笔钱。此处是泛指，应用不定冠词，故填a。
知识点
1.apologise vi.道歉;谢罪
[教材原句] Wang Zheng apologised to Chen because he couldn’t offer her more money.(P50) 王铮因无法向陈提供更多的钱而道歉。
【词块必记】
(1)apologise to sb for (doing) sth因(做)某事向某人道歉
(2)apology n.道歉;辩白
make an apology to sb for sth因某事向某人道歉
accept/refuse one’s apology接受/拒绝某人的道歉
owe sb an apology应向某人道歉
[佳句背诵]
I would appreciate it if you could accept my apology and forgive me.
如果你能接受我的歉意并原谅我,我将不胜感激。
【即时练】
单句语法填空/完成句子
①I have an ________ (apologise) to make to you—I'm afraid I opened your letter by mistake.
②)I apologise ________ losing my temper.
③After a while, she apologised ________ me for the way she behaved at the beginning.
④It is my sincere hope that you can understand situation and accept my ________ (apologise)．
⑤I ____________ the fact that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
我应为星期五下午不能和你一起去书店向你道歉。
⑥(2021·北京高考书面表达)I'm writing ________________________ with you this weekend.
我写信是为本周末不能和你一起外出而向你道歉。
2.judge vt.评价;评判;判断 n.法官;审判员;裁判员
[教材原句] Should we judge people based on how much money they have (P51) 我们是否应该根据人们有多少钱来判断他们呢
归纳点拨 (1)judge ... from/by ... 从……来判断…… as far as I can judge 据我判断；我认为 (2)judging by/from 从……来看；根据……来判断 (3)judgement n. 看法；判决；判断
名师点津 judging from/by表示“从……来看；根据……来判断”，用在句首时为一个独立成分，不受句子主语和时态的影响，只用现在分词作状语而不采用过去分词的形式。
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①________ (judge) from what you say in your letter, you don't sound well.
②I don't think you have the right to pass ________ (judge) on others.
③We would like to thank all the ________ (judge) who gave so generously of their time.
④_______ (judge) from the look on his face, the news must have been terrible.
⑤You should make a _______(judge) about the present situation, and then take proper measures.
(2)词汇复现(替换加蓝词汇)
⑥In my opinion, the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future._________
(3)完成句子
⑦______________, they are having a wonderful time.
从她的信上看，他们正过得非常愉快。
3.spot vt.看见;注意到;发现 n.地点;处所;斑点;污迹
[教材原句] The next morning I was spotted by a ship.(P52) 第二天早上,我被一艘船发现了。
[用法感知]写出下列句中spot的含义
①Which has spots, the leopard or the tiger？________
②Neighbours spotted smoke coming out of the house.________
③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I tied a rope around his waist to keep him near to our spot. .________
④(牛津高阶)His jacket was covered with spots of mud.________
归纳点拨 (1)spot sb.doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事 be spotted with 散布；点缀着 (2)on the spot 当场；在现场 a tourist spot 旅游景点
名师点津 spot作“地点，处所”讲，用作定语从句的先行词时，从句如缺状语则用where引导定语从句；从句如缺主语或宾语则用that/which引导定语从句。
【即时练】
⑤Although she wore a pair of sunglasses,she _______( spot) by the media reporters.
⑥On the way, we spotted a man holding (hold) a piece of paper that said：“Lost my job.Family to feed.”
⑦He spotted his friend _______(talk) with someone in the distance.
4.patience n.耐心;忍耐力;毅力
[教材原句] Patience.If you don’t mind,may I ask you how much money you have (P52) 请耐心点。如果你不介意的话,我能问一下你有多少钱吗
【考点必记】
(1)beyond one’s patience无法忍受
out of patience不耐烦;失去耐心
with patience=patiently耐心地
lose patience with对……失去耐心
(2)patient adj.耐心的;能忍受的 n.病人
be patient with...对……有耐心
【即时练】
(1)完成句子
①He walked so slowly that his brother ___________ with him.
他走得太慢，以至于他哥哥对他失去了耐心。
②She is ___________ young children, so she is fit for the job.
她对小孩子很有耐心，所以适合这份工作。
单句语法填空
③Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out _______ patience.
④His rudeness was beyond my _______ (patient) and I wanted to leave.
⑤I really appreciate her_______with her_______; she always looks after them _______.(patient)
5.hesitate vi.犹豫;迟疑;顾虑
[教材原句] Why does the owner think Henry hesitates to pay the bill (P55) 为什么店主认为亨利不愿付账
[归纳点拨]
(1)hesitate to do sth. 迟疑做某事；不愿做某事 hesitate about ... 对……犹豫不决 (2)hesitation n. 犹豫；踌躇 without hesitation 毫不犹豫 have no hesitation in doing sth. 做某事毫不犹豫
【即时练】[单句语法填空]
(1)Since then,I have not hesitated _______ (be) in the presence of others,especially when they need company.
(2)Please have no_______ (hesitate) in writing to me if you want me to do something for you in China.
(3)I hesitated _______ taking his side until I knew the whole story.
(4)_______ hesitation,I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.
6.permit vt.& vi.允许;准许;使有可能
[经典例句] I’ll come tomorrow,weather permitting.要是天气许可,我明天一定来。
【考点必记】
(1)permit+n./pron.+doing sth允许某事
permit sb to do sth允许某人做某事
weather/time permitting=if weather/time permits天气/时间允许的话
(2)permission n.准许;许可;批准;许可证
ask for permission请求许可
without permission未经许可=without being permitted
with sb’s permission在某人许可的情况下
[佳句背诵]
No photos are to be taken of the exhibits without permission.
未经许可不得拍摄展品照片。
【即时练】单句语法填空
①You will need ________ (permit) from your parents to go on the trip.
②As a punishment, she was not permitted ________ (attend) any school activities.
③We do not permit ________ (smoke) in the office.
【单句表达】
④没有许可他们不得离开这个国家。
They cannot leave the country __.
7.by accident偶然地;意外地
[教材原句] As a matter of fact,I landed in Britain by accident.(P52) 实际上,我意外地来到英国。
【词块必记】
by chance=by accident偶然;碰巧
by design=on purpose故意地;蓄意地
by mistake错误地
【即时练】
(1)单句语法填空
①—Did the boys break the window ________ purpose
—No.They did it when they were playing football.
②The scientists discovered a 4,000-year-old bowl ________ accident.
(2)词汇升级
③While walking in the park，I met one of my friends by accident/chance.________
(3)完成句子
④I found the key________ when I was cleaning the room.
我在打扫房间时，偶然找到了钥匙。
⑤Do you think he did it ________ or ________
你认为他做那件事是有意的还是无意的？
8.in return作为回报；作为回应
[教材原句]When we help someone, should we expect to get something in return
当我们帮助别人时，我们应该期望得到回报吗？
[归纳点拨]
in return for ... 作为对……的回报 in turn 轮流；依次；反过来 by turns 轮流；交替地
【即时练】
(1)完成句子
①An excellent teacher is believed to be one who devotes himself to the children but ______________.
人们认为，一位优秀的教师应是全身心地投入到孩子身上并且不求任何回报。
②I wish I could do something ______________ I have received from him.
我希望能做些事情来回报他对我的好意。
(2)单句语法填空
③We offer an excellent education to our students.______ return，we expect students to work hard.
④The students clean the classroom every day_______ turns.
⑤In return _______ parents，we should remember that taking care of them is the unshakable responsibility.
9.n case以防；以防万一
[教材原句]In case it happens to you on a trip abroad, what would you do
如果你在国外旅行时遇到这种情况，你会做什么？
[归纳点拨]
in case of 万一；如果发生…… in this/that case 在这种/那种情况下 in any case 无论如何 in no case 决不(置于句首，引起部分倒装) as is often the case 这是常有的事
【即时练】
(1)单句语法填空
①You'd better take a book_______ case you have to wait for a long time.
②In _______ case will I turn against my motherland.
③_______ is often the case, solving one problem can cause or uncover another.
④In case _______ fire, break the glass and push the red button.
(2)完成句子
⑤We should try our best to save natural resources ______________ one day.
我们应该尽力保护自然资源，以防某天它们被耗尽。
⑥There is no simple answer, _____________________ in science.
科学上没有简单的答案，这是常有的事情。
10.“find+宾语+宾语补足语”结构
[教材原句] About a month ago,I was sailing,and towards night I found myself carried out to sea by a strong wind.(P52) 大约一个月之前,我正在(海湾外)航行,将近傍晚时我发现我被一阵强风刮到海上去了。
[剖析] found myself carried out ... 是“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构。反身代词myself作found的宾语；过去分词carried作宾语补足语。
[名师点津] 与find用法相同的动词还有:see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,keep等。
【即时练】单句语法填空
①(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)After making sure that David could run if he wanted, I turned to find him ________ (come) towards me.
②After the operation you may find it difficult ________ (chew) and swallow.
③I still find it terrifying to find myself ________ (surround) by large numbers of horses.
④(2022·全国甲卷)As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself________ (greet) by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello.
【单句表达】
⑤我很遗憾听到你发现很难适应在中国的生活和学习。
I’m sorry to hear that you find it ___________________________.
11.“it is/was ... that ... ”强调句型
[教材原句]And it was the ship that brought you to England.
这么说，是这艘船把你带到了英国。
[用法感知]
①In my view, it is table manners that you should pay special attention to when attending the dinner party.(强调宾语table manners)
依我看来，参加晚宴时你应该特别注意餐桌礼仪。
②Was it in the park that he met our new teacher
他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗？
③When was it that he made up his mind to take this course
他是什么时候决定上这门课程的？
④It was not until he got home 30 minutes later that he found he had left his bag in the taxi.
直到他到家三十分钟后他才发现他把包落在了出租车上。
【词块必记】
(1)强调句型的构成：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who ... ，当被强调的部分为主语时，句子的谓语动词与被强调的主语保持一致。
(2)强调句的一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who ...
(3)强调句的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that/who ...
(4)对“not ... until ... ”进行强调时，应使用句型“It is/was not until ... that ... ”。若not until ... 置于句首时，句子要部分倒装。
[名师点津] (1)强调句型通常用来强调句子的主语、宾语和状语，不能强调谓语。对句子的谓语动词强调时用“do/does/did＋动词原形”。
(2)判断句子是否为强调句型的方法：把it is/was和that/who去掉，再把被强调部分归位到它本来的位置，句子完整，则为强调句。
【即时练】单句语法填空
①(2022·北京高考)It is the fitness level of our body ________ helps us fight these diseases.
②(2021·浙江高考)It wasn't until 1980—32 years into his career—________ he landed the role it would seem he was made for in Airplane!
③It is the mother ________ is expected to reorganize her busy schedule.
单句表达
④(2021·全国甲卷)到底是为什么有些人比我们其他人更聪明更有创造力？
________________ some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us
12.be about to do sth即将或正要(做某事)
[教材原句] Yes,I was about to go get the letter.Wait!(P52) 好的,我正要去拿信呢,等一下!
[归纳点拨]
be about to do ... when ... 正要做……这时…… be doing ... when ... 正在做……这时/突然…… be on the point of doing ... when ... 正要做……这时…… had just done ... when ... 刚做完……这时……
【即时练】(1)单句语法填空
①I was about________( leave) when it began to rain heavily.
我正要离开，这时开始下起了大雨。
②I ________( drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
我正开车去伦敦，突然发现我走错了路。
③He had walked for about a mile ________ a volunteer searcher found him.
(2)一句多译
我正要放弃，这时老师鼓励我不要灰心。
④ I ________________________ the teacher encouraged me not to lose heart.
⑤I ________________________ the teacher encouraged me not to lose heart.
1.【即时练】答案：①apology ②for ③to④ apology⑤owe you an apology for⑥to apologise to you for my not being able to go out
2.【即时练】答案：①Judging ②judg(e)ment ③judges ④Judging ⑤judgement⑥As far as I can judge⑦Judging by her letter
3. 答案：①斑点 ②看见；注意到；发现 ③地点；处所 ④污迹⑤ was spotted⑥holding⑦ talking
4.【即时练】答案:① lost patience ②very patient with③with④patience⑤ patience; patients;patiently
5.【即时练】答案:(1)to be (2)hesitation(3)about/in/at/over(4)Without
6.【即时练】答案:①permission ②to attend ③smoking 答案：④without permission
7.答案：①on②by③came across④by accident/by chance ⑤on purpose/by design;by accident/by chance
8.答案:①asks for nothing in return ②in return for the kindness ③In ④ by⑤for
9答案：① in② no ③As ④of ⑤ in case they run out ⑥as is often the case
10.答案：①coming ②to chew ③surrounded④greeted⑤it hard to adjust to living and studying in China
11. 答案: ①that ②that ③who/that答案：④Why is it that
12.答案: ① to leave②was driving③when④was about to give up when⑤was on the point of giving up when
语法点
Grammar 情态动词(Modal verbs)
一、情态动词表特别语气
1. can/could
(1)表示能力, 意为“能, 会”; could主要指过去的能力。
Then I can spare some time to learn it again, so that we can practice together every day. 然后我就可以抽出时间重新学习它, 这样我们就可以每天一起练习。
In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.
在这些地方, 病人能够在康复过程中亲近大自然。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn’t manage it.
我本来希望送给彼得一件礼物祝贺他结婚, 但没有做到。
(2)表示请求或许可。
当请求允许做某事时, 两者均可用, 但用could语气更委婉。当表示允许某人做某事时, 一般要用can, 而不用could。
*—Can/Could I use your bike tomorrow morning
—Yes, you can.
——我明天早晨能用你的自行车吗
——是的, 可以。
(3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度时, 意为“怎么能, 怎么会”, 主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中, 用could时语气较委婉。
*How can you be so careless! 你怎么那么粗心呀!
【知识延伸】can与be able to的区别
①can只能用在一般现在时, 而be able to可用于更多的时态。
*He will be able to tell you the news soon.
他将能够很快就告诉你这个消息。
②表示过去特定的能力或经过努力才具备的能力, 只能用be able to。
*I talked with her for a long time, and finally I was able to make her believe me.
我和她谈了很长时间, 最终, 我让她相信了我。
2. must
表示现在或将来必须要做某事, 多是出于义务、责任或强制命令, 指说话人的主观意志。
Students must provide their presentations on CDs before Friday, March 23.
学生们必须在3月23日周五之前提供他们的展示光盘。
must用法点拨
(1)回答must引出的问句时, 如果是否定的回答, 不能用mustn’t, 而要用needn’t或don’t have to。
—Must we hand in our English exercise books
——我们必须交英语练习册吗
—Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to. /No, you needn’t. )
——是的, 你必须要交。(不, 你不必)。
(2) must用于疑问句中, 可以用来表示责备、抱怨的感彩, 意为“偏要, 硬要”。mustn’t的意思是“禁止”, 而不是“不必”。
*Must you interrupt me now Can’t you see I’m on the phone
你非要现在打断我吗 难道你没看见我在打电话吗
【知识延伸】
have to表示“必须, 不得不”, 意义与must很接近, 但must表示主观意志, 而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事, 并且可用于更多的时态。
I work not because I have to, but because I want to.
我工作不是因为我不得不工作, 而是因为我想工作。
*We must promote our environmental awareness and behave ourselves. 我们必须提高环保意识, 并规范我们的行为。
3. may/might
(1)表示请求时, 两者都可用, 只是 might 表示的语气较委婉(但并不表示过去); 表示许可时, 通常要用 may而不用might。
*You may come in now.
你现在可以进来了。(表示许可)
*Might I have a look at your new computer
我可以看看你的新电脑吗 (表示请求)
(2)may表示祝福与愿望, 多用于书面语中, 构成句型: May+you/n. +动词原形+. . .
*May you have a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快!
【知识延伸】may well+动词原形, 表示“很可能”; may/might as well do sth. 不妨做某事。
*He may well be surprised at the result.
他很可能会对这个结果感到意外。
*To start with, you might as well learn to speak Mandarin.
首先, 你最好学会说普通话。
4. shall
(1)shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中时表示征求意见。
*Shall I get you some tea 我给你倒点茶好吗
(2)用于第二、三人称的陈述句时, 往往表示给对方(you)或第三者(he, she, they)以允诺、命令、决心、警告或威胁等, 在法律、条约、协定等文件中可以表示义务、规定等。
*You shall fail if you don’t work harder.
如果你不再努力点儿, 你就会失败。(警告)
*Each citizen shall carry his identification card when travelling. 旅游时每个市民务必带上身份证。(规定)
5. should/ought to
(1)表示责任、义务, 意为“应该, 应当”。
I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences.
我想知道父母是否总是说出真相, 无论结果如何。
You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.
你应该重新评估你的目标, 并激励自己设立新的目标。
(2)should表示惊讶、赞叹或不满, 意为“竟然”。
*It’s strange that he should be late. 真奇怪, 他竟然会迟到。
6. will/would
(1)will表示“意愿, 意志”, would表示过去时间的“意愿、意志”。
*I promise I will do my best to provide best service for the Asian Games.
我许诺我会尽最大努力为亚洲运动会提供最好的服务。
*I told her to stop crying, but she just wouldn’t listen.
我告诉她别哭, 但是她不愿意听。
(2)表示征求意见或提出请求。主要用于第二人称疑问句中, will和would均可用, would此时不表示过去, 而是表示委婉语气。
*Will/Would you pass me the book 请你把书递给我好吗
(3)will表示某种倾向或习惯性动作, 意为“总会, 老是”; would表示过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
*Fish will die without water. 没有水, 鱼会死去。
*When my parents were away, my grandmother would take care of me. 我父母外出的时候, 祖母总是照看我。
【知识延伸】would与used to的区别
(1)would表示过去经常性且反复发生的动作, 没有与现在对比的含义。
*When we were boys, we would go swimming every summer.
当我们是孩子的时候, 我们每年夏天常常去游泳。
(2)used to表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态, 且现在已终止, 强调今昔对比。
*People used to believe that the earth was flat.
过去, 人们总以为地球是扁平的。(现在已不再这样认为)
7. need, dare
(1)need表示必要性, 意为“需要”, dare表示“敢于”; need和dare作情态动词时常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中, 无人称和数的变化, 疑问句和否定句中不加助动词。
*You needn’t come here this afternoon.
你今天下午不必来这里。
*How dare you say I’m unfair 你怎么敢说我不公平
(2)need和dare用作实义动词时, 有词形变化。在否定句、疑问句中要加助动词。
*You don’t need to hurry. You have enough time.
你不需要着急。你有足够的时间。
*He doesn’t dare (to) answer. 他不敢回答。
二、情态动词表推测
1. must表示有把握的推测, 只用于肯定句中, 意为“一定, 肯定”。
I like eating fried tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy to cook.
我喜欢吃西红柿炒鸡蛋, 并且我认为它炒起来一定很简单。
*I’m sure that you must be concerned about Robert the moment you left for London.
我确信你一去伦敦就会很担心Robert。
2. can/could表示推测, 意为“可能”, 用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
*Tom has gone to Beijing, so you can’t see him in our school now. 汤姆已经去北京了, 所以你现在在我们学校看不到他。
can表示客观可能性(理论上或是逻辑判断上), 意为“可能会”。
*It can be rather hot in our hometown in March.
在我们家乡三月份可能会很热。
3. may/might意为“可能, 也许”, 指可能性小的猜测。might比may语气更不确定, 表示的可能性更小。
*He may be at home, but I am not sure.
他或许在家, 但是我不确定。
I tell my mom that if we’re forced to eat things, we may become ill.
我告诉我妈妈, 如果我们被迫吃东西, 我们可能会生病。
4. should表推测, 暗含很大的可能, 意为“应该, 理应”。
*It’s 4: 30. They should be in New York by now.
现在是四点半, 他们现在应该到达纽约了。
情态动词表示推测时, 可能性的大小
肯定句: must>can/could>should>may>might
否定句: can’t/couldn’t>shouldn’t >may not>might not
三、情态动词+have done
情态动词+have done
must have done 对过去的肯定推测译为“过去肯定……” It must have rained last night, for the road was quite wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了, 因为路面十分潮湿。
can’t/ couldn’t have done 对过去的否定推测译为“过去不可能做了……” He couldn’t have known the decision, but someone told him. 他一定不知道这个决定, 但是有人告诉他了。
could have done 本来能够做而没做 You could have made greater progress, but you didn’t try your best. 你本能够取得更大的进步, 但是你并没有尽全力。
may/might(not) have done 可能(没有)做过某事 You may have dropped it when you were shopping in the market. 你或许是在市场买东西的时候(把它)掉了。
should(not)/ought (not)to have done 本来该做而没做/本来不该做而做了 You should have come to school if you were really serious about your study. 要是你真的对待学习认真的话, 你本应该来上学的。
needn’t have done 本来不必做却做了 You needn’t have telephoned him, for he had known the result. 你本不必打电话给他, 因为他已经知道结果。
单句语法填空
1. She said the bus ______ (leave) at five the next morning.
2. I wasn’t sure whether he ______ (lend) me his book the next morning.
3. He was fifty-six. In two years he ______ (be) fifty-eight.
4. Whenever she had time, she ______ (help) them in their work.
5. The girl was going ______ (cry) loudly if she didn’t see her mother.
6. He said that if it didn’t rain he ______ (go) to the park.
7. He didn’t know that the experience ______ (change) his whole life.
8. The boy was about ______ (open) the door when someone knocked at the door.
9. The girl said that she ______ (take) her mother for holiday the next month.
10. He asked what ______ (replace) the old material in the future.
1 was leaving 2 would lend 3 would be 4 would help 5 to cry
6 would go 7 would change 8 to open 9 would take/was taking 10 would replace
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版必修第三册Unit 5知识清单
重 点 单 词 1. n. 打赌;赌注 vi.&vt. 下赌注;用……打赌 vt. 敢说→ / / (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2. vt. 看见;注意到;发现 n. 地点;处所;斑点;污迹→ / / (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 3. v. 胆敢;敢于 4. n. 品种;种类;类别 5. vt.& vi. 拥抱;抱紧→ / / (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 6. n. (戏剧或歌剧的)场;现场;场面 7. n. 举止;行为方式;方法;(pl.)礼貌;礼仪 8. n. 责任;义务;职责;值班 9. vt. 延迟;延期;延缓 10. n. 贷款;借款 11. n. 塑料 adj. 塑料制的;塑料的 12. adv. 到旁边;在旁边;留;存 13. n.&vi. 皱眉 14. adv. 其实;实际上;当然;确实 15. adj. 奇怪的;怪异的;反常的 16. adv. 无处;哪里都不 17. n. 程度;限度;大小;范围 18. vt. 维持;保持;维修;保养 19.pursue vt. 20.opera n. 21.beneath adv.&prep. 22.obligation n. 23.tailor n. vt. 24.clerk n. 25.plot n. 26.element n. 27.upper adj. 28.saying n. 29.external adj.
词 汇 拓 展 1.apologise vi. 道歉;谢罪→ n. 道歉;谢罪 2.ignore vt. 忽视;对……不予理会→ n. 忽视;忽略→ adj. 无知的 3.judge vt.& vi. 评价;评判;判断 n. 法官;审判员;裁判员→ n. 判断;辨别力 4. n. 打算;计划;意图;目的→intend v. 打算;计划 5.hesitate vi. 犹豫;迟疑;顾虑→ n. 犹豫→ adj. 迟疑的 6. adv. 最后;终于→eventual adj. 最终的 7.option n. 可选择的事物;选择;选择权→ adj. 可以选择的 8.normal adj. 典型的;正常的;一般的;精神正常的 n. 常态;通常标准;一般水平→(反) adj. 不正常的;不一般的 9.willing adj. 愿意;乐意→(反) adj. 不愿意;不乐意→ n.乐意;愿意 10. n. 准许;许可;批准;许可证→permit v.允许;许可→ / / (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 11. n. 基础;根据;基点→ adj. 基本的;基础的→ adv. 基本上;大体上 12. n. 仆人;用人→serve vt. 服务;提供;端上→ n.服务 13. n. 耐心;忍耐力;毅力→patient adj. 耐心的 n. 病人→ adv. 耐心地→(反) adj. 没有耐心的 14. n. 音乐剧 adj. 音乐的→ n. 音乐家→music n. 音乐 15.indicate vt.&vi. 表明;显示 vt. 象征;暗示→ n. 迹象;标示 16.sail vi.&vt. (船)航行;(人)乘船航行→ n.水手→ n. 航行;帆船运动 17.broad adj. 宽阔的;广阔的;广泛的→ v.变宽;扩大;增长 18.stair n. 楼梯;梯级→ adv. 顺楼梯而下;在楼下;往楼下
重 点 短 语 1．_________________在某事的基础上；根据某事 2．_________________取得贷款 3．_________________作为回报；作为回应 4．_________________打个赌 5．_________________事实上；其实；说真的 6．_________________偶然地；意外地 7．_________________说实话；坦率地说 8．_________________应该；应当 9．_________________即将或正要(做某事) 10．_________________以防；以防万一 11．_________________到……程度；在……程度上 12．_________________值班；值勤 13．_________________以一种……的方式；带着一副……的样子 14．_________________既然那样；假使那样的话 15．_________________愿意或乐意做某事
重 点 句 型 1．They __________________________________ outside their house. 他们看到一个贫穷的年轻人在他们的房子外面走着。 2．May we ___________________________________________________ 我们可以问问你在这个国家正在做什么和你的计划是什么吗？ 3．And__________________________________brought you to England. 就是那艘船把你带到了英国。 4．_________________ we’ve given you the letter. 那就是我们给你这封信的原因。 5．Then he folds the bill and slowly unfolds it again，_________________looking at something he can’t believe is there. 然后，他折上那张钞票，又再次慢慢地打开，好像正在看他不敢相信会在那里的东西似的。
课文语法填空
The play 1． (base) on a short story written by Mark Twain, who is best 2． (know) for his novels, of which there is a short story whose name is The Million Pound Bank Note. The story happened 3． the early 20th century, and Henry Adams, an American young man, 4． (carry) out to the sea by a strong wind when he was sailing. 5． (luck), he was spotted and rescued by a British ship and landed in London, 6． he found no money on him, no friends and no job at all. He was lost and alone in London. He didn't know what to do. 7． (walk) on the street, he heard someone 8． (call) him, and then he went in a house and was asked many 9． (question) and then given 10． letter with a large sum of money in it. He was asked not to open it until two o'clock in the afternoon.
知识点
1.apologise vi.道歉;谢罪
[教材原句] Wang Zheng apologised to Chen because he couldn’t offer her more money.(P50) 王铮因无法向陈提供更多的钱而道歉。
【词块必记】
(1)apologise to sb for (doing) sth因(做)某事向某人道歉
(2)apology n.道歉;辩白
make an apology to sb for sth因某事向某人道歉
accept/refuse one’s apology接受/拒绝某人的道歉
owe sb an apology应向某人道歉
[佳句背诵]
I would appreciate it if you could accept my apology and forgive me.
如果你能接受我的歉意并原谅我,我将不胜感激。
【即时练】
单句语法填空/完成句子
①I have an ________ (apologise) to make to you—I'm afraid I opened your letter by mistake.
②)I apologise ________ losing my temper.
③After a while, she apologised ________ me for the way she behaved at the beginning.
④It is my sincere hope that you can understand situation and accept my ________ (apologise)．
⑤I ____________ the fact that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
我应为星期五下午不能和你一起去书店向你道歉。
⑥(2021·北京高考书面表达)I'm writing ________________________ with you this weekend.
我写信是为本周末不能和你一起外出而向你道歉。
2.judge vt.评价;评判;判断 n.法官;审判员;裁判员
[教材原句] Should we judge people based on how much money they have (P51) 我们是否应该根据人们有多少钱来判断他们呢
归纳点拨 (1)judge ... from/by ... 从……来判断…… as far as I can judge 据我判断；我认为 (2)judging by/from 从……来看；根据……来判断 (3)judgement n. 看法；判决；判断
名师点津 judging from/by表示“从……来看；根据……来判断”，用在句首时为一个独立成分，不受句子主语和时态的影响，只用现在分词作状语而不采用过去分词的形式。
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①________ (judge) from what you say in your letter, you don't sound well.
②I don't think you have the right to pass ________ (judge) on others.
③We would like to thank all the ________ (judge) who gave so generously of their time.
④_______ (judge) from the look on his face, the news must have been terrible.
⑤You should make a _______(judge) about the present situation, and then take proper measures.
(2)词汇复现(替换加蓝词汇)
⑥In my opinion, the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future._________
(3)完成句子
⑦______________, they are having a wonderful time.
从她的信上看，他们正过得非常愉快。
3.spot vt.看见;注意到;发现 n.地点;处所;斑点;污迹
[教材原句] The next morning I was spotted by a ship.(P52) 第二天早上,我被一艘船发现了。
[用法感知]写出下列句中spot的含义
①Which has spots, the leopard or the tiger？________
②Neighbours spotted smoke coming out of the house.________
③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I tied a rope around his waist to keep him near to our spot. .________
④(牛津高阶)His jacket was covered with spots of mud.________
归纳点拨 (1)spot sb.doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事 be spotted with 散布；点缀着 (2)on the spot 当场；在现场 a tourist spot 旅游景点
名师点津 spot作“地点，处所”讲，用作定语从句的先行词时，从句如缺状语则用where引导定语从句；从句如缺主语或宾语则用that/which引导定语从句。
【即时练】
⑤Although she wore a pair of sunglasses,she _______( spot) by the media reporters.
⑥On the way, we spotted a man holding (hold) a piece of paper that said：“Lost my job.Family to feed.”
⑦He spotted his friend _______(talk) with someone in the distance.
4.patience n.耐心;忍耐力;毅力
[教材原句] Patience.If you don’t mind,may I ask you how much money you have (P52) 请耐心点。如果你不介意的话,我能问一下你有多少钱吗
【考点必记】
(1)beyond one’s patience无法忍受
out of patience不耐烦;失去耐心
with patience=patiently耐心地
lose patience with对……失去耐心
(2)patient adj.耐心的;能忍受的 n.病人
be patient with...对……有耐心
【即时练】
(1)完成句子
①He walked so slowly that his brother ___________ with him.
他走得太慢，以至于他哥哥对他失去了耐心。
②She is ___________ young children, so she is fit for the job.
她对小孩子很有耐心，所以适合这份工作。
单句语法填空
③Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out _______ patience.
④His rudeness was beyond my _______ (patient) and I wanted to leave.
⑤I really appreciate her_______with her_______; she always looks after them _______.(patient)
5.hesitate vi.犹豫;迟疑;顾虑
[教材原句] Why does the owner think Henry hesitates to pay the bill (P55) 为什么店主认为亨利不愿付账
[归纳点拨]
(1)hesitate to do sth. 迟疑做某事；不愿做某事 hesitate about ... 对……犹豫不决 (2)hesitation n. 犹豫；踌躇 without hesitation 毫不犹豫 have no hesitation in doing sth. 做某事毫不犹豫
【即时练】[单句语法填空]
(1)Since then,I have not hesitated _______ (be) in the presence of others,especially when they need company.
(2)Please have no_______ (hesitate) in writing to me if you want me to do something for you in China.
(3)I hesitated _______ taking his side until I knew the whole story.
(4)_______ hesitation,I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.
6.permit vt.& vi.允许;准许;使有可能
[经典例句] I’ll come tomorrow,weather permitting.要是天气许可,我明天一定来。
【考点必记】
(1)permit+n./pron.+doing sth允许某事
permit sb to do sth允许某人做某事
weather/time permitting=if weather/time permits天气/时间允许的话
(2)permission n.准许;许可;批准;许可证
ask for permission请求许可
without permission未经许可=without being permitted
with sb’s permission在某人许可的情况下
[佳句背诵]
No photos are to be taken of the exhibits without permission.
未经许可不得拍摄展品照片。
【即时练】单句语法填空
①You will need ________ (permit) from your parents to go on the trip.
②As a punishment, she was not permitted ________ (attend) any school activities.
③We do not permit ________ (smoke) in the office.
【单句表达】
④没有许可他们不得离开这个国家。
They cannot leave the country __.
7.by accident偶然地;意外地
[教材原句] As a matter of fact,I landed in Britain by accident.(P52) 实际上,我意外地来到英国。
【词块必记】
by chance=by accident偶然;碰巧
by design=on purpose故意地;蓄意地
by mistake错误地
【即时练】
(1)单句语法填空
①—Did the boys break the window ________ purpose
—No.They did it when they were playing football.
②The scientists discovered a 4,000-year-old bowl ________ accident.
(2)词汇升级
③While walking in the park，I met one of my friends by accident/chance.________
(3)完成句子
④I found the key________ when I was cleaning the room.
我在打扫房间时，偶然找到了钥匙。
⑤Do you think he did it ________ or ________
你认为他做那件事是有意的还是无意的？
8.in return作为回报；作为回应
[教材原句]When we help someone, should we expect to get something in return
当我们帮助别人时，我们应该期望得到回报吗？
[归纳点拨]
in return for ... 作为对……的回报 in turn 轮流；依次；反过来 by turns 轮流；交替地
【即时练】
(1)完成句子
①An excellent teacher is believed to be one who devotes himself to the children but ______________.
人们认为，一位优秀的教师应是全身心地投入到孩子身上并且不求任何回报。
②I wish I could do something ______________ I have received from him.
我希望能做些事情来回报他对我的好意。
(2)单句语法填空
③We offer an excellent education to our students.______ return，we expect students to work hard.
④The students clean the classroom every day_______ turns.
⑤In return _______ parents，we should remember that taking care of them is the unshakable responsibility.
9.n case以防；以防万一
[教材原句]In case it happens to you on a trip abroad, what would you do
如果你在国外旅行时遇到这种情况，你会做什么？
[归纳点拨]
in case of 万一；如果发生…… in this/that case 在这种/那种情况下 in any case 无论如何 in no case 决不(置于句首，引起部分倒装) as is often the case 这是常有的事
【即时练】
(1)单句语法填空
①You'd better take a book_______ case you have to wait for a long time.
②In _______ case will I turn against my motherland.
③_______ is often the case, solving one problem can cause or uncover another.
④In case _______ fire, break the glass and push the red button.
(2)完成句子
⑤We should try our best to save natural resources ______________ one day.
我们应该尽力保护自然资源，以防某天它们被耗尽。
⑥There is no simple answer, _____________________ in science.
科学上没有简单的答案，这是常有的事情。
10.“find+宾语+宾语补足语”结构
[教材原句] About a month ago,I was sailing,and towards night I found myself carried out to sea by a strong wind.(P52) 大约一个月之前,我正在(海湾外)航行,将近傍晚时我发现我被一阵强风刮到海上去了。
[剖析] found myself carried out ... 是“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构。反身代词myself作found的宾语；过去分词carried作宾语补足语。
[名师点津] 与find用法相同的动词还有:see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,keep等。
【即时练】单句语法填空
①(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)After making sure that David could run if he wanted, I turned to find him ________ (come) towards me.
②After the operation you may find it difficult ________ (chew) and swallow.
③I still find it terrifying to find myself ________ (surround) by large numbers of horses.
④(2022·全国甲卷)As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself________ (greet) by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello.
【单句表达】
⑤我很遗憾听到你发现很难适应在中国的生活和学习。
I’m sorry to hear that you find it ___________________________.
11.“it is/was ... that ... ”强调句型
[教材原句]And it was the ship that brought you to England.
这么说，是这艘船把你带到了英国。
[用法感知]
①In my view, it is table manners that you should pay special attention to when attending the dinner party.(强调宾语table manners)
依我看来，参加晚宴时你应该特别注意餐桌礼仪。
②Was it in the park that he met our new teacher
他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗？
③When was it that he made up his mind to take this course
他是什么时候决定上这门课程的？
④It was not until he got home 30 minutes later that he found he had left his bag in the taxi.
直到他到家三十分钟后他才发现他把包落在了出租车上。
【词块必记】
(1)强调句型的构成：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who ... ，当被强调的部分为主语时，句子的谓语动词与被强调的主语保持一致。
(2)强调句的一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who ...
(3)强调句的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that/who ...
(4)对“not ... until ... ”进行强调时，应使用句型“It is/was not until ... that ... ”。若not until ... 置于句首时，句子要部分倒装。
[名师点津] (1)强调句型通常用来强调句子的主语、宾语和状语，不能强调谓语。对句子的谓语动词强调时用“do/does/did＋动词原形”。
(2)判断句子是否为强调句型的方法：把it is/was和that/who去掉，再把被强调部分归位到它本来的位置，句子完整，则为强调句。
【即时练】单句语法填空
①(2022·北京高考)It is the fitness level of our body ________ helps us fight these diseases.
②(2021·浙江高考)It wasn't until 1980—32 years into his career—________ he landed the role it would seem he was made for in Airplane!
③It is the mother ________ is expected to reorganize her busy schedule.
单句表达
④(2021·全国甲卷)到底是为什么有些人比我们其他人更聪明更有创造力？
________________ some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us
12.be about to do sth即将或正要(做某事)
[教材原句] Yes,I was about to go get the letter.Wait!(P52) 好的,我正要去拿信呢,等一下!
[归纳点拨]
be about to do ... when ... 正要做……这时…… be doing ... when ... 正在做……这时/突然…… be on the point of doing ... when ... 正要做……这时…… had just done ... when ... 刚做完……这时……
【即时练】(1)单句语法填空
①I was about________( leave) when it began to rain heavily.
我正要离开，这时开始下起了大雨。
②I ________( drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
我正开车去伦敦，突然发现我走错了路。
③He had walked for about a mile ________ a volunteer searcher found him.
(2)一句多译
我正要放弃，这时老师鼓励我不要灰心。
④ I ________________________ the teacher encouraged me not to lose heart.
⑤I ________________________ the teacher encouraged me not to lose heart.
语法点
Grammar 情态动词(Modal verbs)
一、情态动词表特别语气
1. can/could
(1)表示能力, 意为“能, 会”; could主要指过去的能力。
Then I can spare some time to learn it again, so that we can practice together every day. 然后我就可以抽出时间重新学习它, 这样我们就可以每天一起练习。
In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.
在这些地方, 病人能够在康复过程中亲近大自然。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn’t manage it.
我本来希望送给彼得一件礼物祝贺他结婚, 但没有做到。
(2)表示请求或许可。
当请求允许做某事时, 两者均可用, 但用could语气更委婉。当表示允许某人做某事时, 一般要用can, 而不用could。
*—Can/Could I use your bike tomorrow morning
—Yes, you can.
——我明天早晨能用你的自行车吗
——是的, 可以。
(3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度时, 意为“怎么能, 怎么会”, 主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中, 用could时语气较委婉。
*How can you be so careless! 你怎么那么粗心呀!
【知识延伸】can与be able to的区别
①can只能用在一般现在时, 而be able to可用于更多的时态。
*He will be able to tell you the news soon.
他将能够很快就告诉你这个消息。
②表示过去特定的能力或经过努力才具备的能力, 只能用be able to。
*I talked with her for a long time, and finally I was able to make her believe me.
我和她谈了很长时间, 最终, 我让她相信了我。
2. must
表示现在或将来必须要做某事, 多是出于义务、责任或强制命令, 指说话人的主观意志。
Students must provide their presentations on CDs before Friday, March 23.
学生们必须在3月23日周五之前提供他们的展示光盘。
must用法点拨
(1)回答must引出的问句时, 如果是否定的回答, 不能用mustn’t, 而要用needn’t或don’t have to。
—Must we hand in our English exercise books
——我们必须交英语练习册吗
—Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to. /No, you needn’t. )
——是的, 你必须要交。(不, 你不必)。
(2) must用于疑问句中, 可以用来表示责备、抱怨的感彩, 意为“偏要, 硬要”。mustn’t的意思是“禁止”, 而不是“不必”。
*Must you interrupt me now Can’t you see I’m on the phone
你非要现在打断我吗 难道你没看见我在打电话吗
【知识延伸】
have to表示“必须, 不得不”, 意义与must很接近, 但must表示主观意志, 而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事, 并且可用于更多的时态。
I work not because I have to, but because I want to.
我工作不是因为我不得不工作, 而是因为我想工作。
*We must promote our environmental awareness and behave ourselves. 我们必须提高环保意识, 并规范我们的行为。
3. may/might
(1)表示请求时, 两者都可用, 只是 might 表示的语气较委婉(但并不表示过去); 表示许可时, 通常要用 may而不用might。
*You may come in now.
你现在可以进来了。(表示许可)
*Might I have a look at your new computer
我可以看看你的新电脑吗 (表示请求)
(2)may表示祝福与愿望, 多用于书面语中, 构成句型: May+you/n. +动词原形+. . .
*May you have a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快!
【知识延伸】may well+动词原形, 表示“很可能”; may/might as well do sth. 不妨做某事。
*He may well be surprised at the result.
他很可能会对这个结果感到意外。
*To start with, you might as well learn to speak Mandarin.
首先, 你最好学会说普通话。
4. shall
(1)shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中时表示征求意见。
*Shall I get you some tea 我给你倒点茶好吗
(2)用于第二、三人称的陈述句时, 往往表示给对方(you)或第三者(he, she, they)以允诺、命令、决心、警告或威胁等, 在法律、条约、协定等文件中可以表示义务、规定等。
*You shall fail if you don’t work harder.
如果你不再努力点儿, 你就会失败。(警告)
*Each citizen shall carry his identification card when travelling. 旅游时每个市民务必带上身份证。(规定)
5. should/ought to
(1)表示责任、义务, 意为“应该, 应当”。
I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences.
我想知道父母是否总是说出真相, 无论结果如何。
You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.
你应该重新评估你的目标, 并激励自己设立新的目标。
(2)should表示惊讶、赞叹或不满, 意为“竟然”。
*It’s strange that he should be late. 真奇怪, 他竟然会迟到。
6. will/would
(1)will表示“意愿, 意志”, would表示过去时间的“意愿、意志”。
*I promise I will do my best to provide best service for the Asian Games.
我许诺我会尽最大努力为亚洲运动会提供最好的服务。
*I told her to stop crying, but she just wouldn’t listen.
我告诉她别哭, 但是她不愿意听。
(2)表示征求意见或提出请求。主要用于第二人称疑问句中, will和would均可用, would此时不表示过去, 而是表示委婉语气。
*Will/Would you pass me the book 请你把书递给我好吗
(3)will表示某种倾向或习惯性动作, 意为“总会, 老是”; would表示过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
*Fish will die without water. 没有水, 鱼会死去。
*When my parents were away, my grandmother would take care of me. 我父母外出的时候, 祖母总是照看我。
【知识延伸】would与used to的区别
(1)would表示过去经常性且反复发生的动作, 没有与现在对比的含义。
*When we were boys, we would go swimming every summer.
当我们是孩子的时候, 我们每年夏天常常去游泳。
(2)used to表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态, 且现在已终止, 强调今昔对比。
*People used to believe that the earth was flat.
过去, 人们总以为地球是扁平的。(现在已不再这样认为)
7. need, dare
(1)need表示必要性, 意为“需要”, dare表示“敢于”; need和dare作情态动词时常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中, 无人称和数的变化, 疑问句和否定句中不加助动词。
*You needn’t come here this afternoon.
你今天下午不必来这里。
*How dare you say I’m unfair 你怎么敢说我不公平
(2)need和dare用作实义动词时, 有词形变化。在否定句、疑问句中要加助动词。
*You don’t need to hurry. You have enough time.
你不需要着急。你有足够的时间。
*He doesn’t dare (to) answer. 他不敢回答。
二、情态动词表推测
1. must表示有把握的推测, 只用于肯定句中, 意为“一定, 肯定”。
I like eating fried tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy to cook.
我喜欢吃西红柿炒鸡蛋, 并且我认为它炒起来一定很简单。
*I’m sure that you must be concerned about Robert the moment you left for London.
我确信你一去伦敦就会很担心Robert。
2. can/could表示推测, 意为“可能”, 用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
*Tom has gone to Beijing, so you can’t see him in our school now. 汤姆已经去北京了, 所以你现在在我们学校看不到他。
can表示客观可能性(理论上或是逻辑判断上), 意为“可能会”。
*It can be rather hot in our hometown in March.
在我们家乡三月份可能会很热。
3. may/might意为“可能, 也许”, 指可能性小的猜测。might比may语气更不确定, 表示的可能性更小。
*He may be at home, but I am not sure.
他或许在家, 但是我不确定。
I tell my mom that if we’re forced to eat things, we may become ill.
我告诉我妈妈, 如果我们被迫吃东西, 我们可能会生病。
4. should表推测, 暗含很大的可能, 意为“应该, 理应”。
*It’s 4: 30. They should be in New York by now.
现在是四点半, 他们现在应该到达纽约了。
情态动词表示推测时, 可能性的大小
肯定句: must>can/could>should>may>might
否定句: can’t/couldn’t>shouldn’t >may not>might not
三、情态动词+have done
情态动词+have done
must have done 对过去的肯定推测译为“过去肯定……” It must have rained last night, for the road was quite wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了, 因为路面十分潮湿。
can’t/ couldn’t have done 对过去的否定推测译为“过去不可能做了……” He couldn’t have known the decision, but someone told him. 他一定不知道这个决定, 但是有人告诉他了。
could have done 本来能够做而没做 You could have made greater progress, but you didn’t try your best. 你本能够取得更大的进步, 但是你并没有尽全力。
may/might(not) have done 可能(没有)做过某事 You may have dropped it when you were shopping in the market. 你或许是在市场买东西的时候(把它)掉了。
should(not)/ought (not)to have done 本来该做而没做/本来不该做而做了 You should have come to school if you were really serious about your study. 要是你真的对待学习认真的话, 你本应该来上学的。
needn’t have done 本来不必做却做了 You needn’t have telephoned him, for he had known the result. 你本不必打电话给他, 因为他已经知道结果。
单句语法填空
1. She said the bus ______ (leave) at five the next morning.
2. I wasn’t sure whether he ______ (lend) me his book the next morning.
3. He was fifty-six. In two years he ______ (be) fifty-eight.
4. Whenever she had time, she ______ (help) them in their work.
5. The girl was going ______ (cry) loudly if she didn’t see her mother.
6. He said that if it didn’t rain he ______ (go) to the park.
7. He didn’t know that the experience ______ (change) his whole life.
8. The boy was about ______ (open) the door when someone knocked at the door.
9. The girl said that she ______ (take) her mother for holiday the next month.
10. He asked what ______ (replace) the old material in the future.
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