(共40张PPT)
Unit 2
How often do you exercise
Section B 2a-3c
Read the article again and answer the questions.
2c
1. How many percent of the students do not exercise at all
_________________________________
2. How many percent of the students use the Internet every day
_________________________________
Ninety percent students.
Twenty percent students.
3. How often do most students watch TV
_________________________________
What do they usually watch
_________________________________
4. What does the writer think is the best way to relax Why
5. Do you think the students in No. 5 are healthy
Why or why not
Most students watch TV every day.
They usually watch sports, game shows.
It’s healthy for the mind and the body.
_________________________________
Exercise.
No, I don’t think so.
Because most students use Internet or watch TV on their free time. They don’t like exercising. It’s unhealthy.
2d
According to the article and the pie charts, write sentences with the percentages using always, usually or sometimes.
1. 90%：____________________________________________
2. 85%: ____________________________________________
3. 45%: ____________________________________________
4. 10%:____________________________________________
5. 13%:____________________________________________
6. 2%: ____________________________________________
Eighty percent of the students always watch TV.
Ninety percent of the students always use the Internet.
Forty-five percent of the students usually exercise.
Ten percent of the students sometimes use the Internet.
Thirteen percent of the students usually watch TV.
Two percent of the students sometimes watch TV.
Language points
1. We found that only fifteen percent of our students exercise every day.
percent 名词，“百分之……”
e.g. 我们班里80%的学生每天都锻炼。
Eighty percent of the students in our class exercise every day.
易错提醒：“基数词 + percent +of the + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由该结构中名词的形式来决定。
2. And twenty percent do not exercise at all!
not … at all “一点也不”
e.g. 那个故事一点也没有趣。
他们根本不喜欢那次度假。
那位老人一点也不会用电脑。(翻译)
The story isn’t interesting at all.
They didn’t enjoy the vacation at all.
The old man can’t use the computer at all.
3. We all know that many students often go online. (教材P13 2b)
online adj. & adv. 在线（的）；联网（的）
(1) online在此作副词，意为“在线；联网”。
It is faster if you apply online.
We plan to build an online database.
(2) online还可作形容词，意为“在线的；联网的”。
Online shopping is both cheap and convenient, so many people like shopping online.
Language points
4. … but we were surprised that ninety percent of them use the Internet every day,…
be surprised that + 从句 因……而惊讶
I’m surprised that he came here in time.
知识拓展
be surprised at sth 对某事感到惊讶
We are very surprised at the news.
be surprised to do sth 做某事而感到惊讶
They were surprised to meet him.
5. The answers to our questions about watching television were also interesting.
对我们提出的有关看电视的问题的答案也挺有意思。
1）句子主语为 the answers ，故谓语用 were。
2） 表示“…的答案”要用“answer to…”
如：① There’s no easy answer to this problem.
这个问题没有简单的答案。
② Her answer to your question is a big “NO”!
她对你所提的问题的答案是一个大大的“不”字！
3）表示“有关…的（问题）”用question about…
如：① He asked us some questions about our daily habits.
他问了一些有关我们日常习惯的问题。
② Her questions about you were not so friendly.
她有关你的那些问题并不那么友善。
6. The answers to our questions about watching television were also interesting.
对我们提出的有关看电视的问题的答案也挺有意思
7. Although many students like to watch sports, game shows are the most popular.
although 连词，“尽管，虽然；即使”
e.g. 尽管天气很冷，但是我们还是去钓鱼了。(翻译)
We went fishing although it was cold.
注意：although引导的从句不能与but连用，有although就没有but
e.g. 尽管他离家很早，但是他还是迟到了。(翻译)
Although he left home early, he was late.
8. It is good to relax by using the Internet or watching game shows, but we think the best way to relax is through exercise. (教材P13 2b)
by在此处表示方式，作_______讲，后接_____________________。
“通过”
名词、代词或动词-ing
She made the toy _________.
He makes a living __________.
I learnt it _________.
如：她亲手做了这个玩具。
他靠绘画谋生。
我自学的。
by hand
by painting
by myself
by
乘·····：
靠近；在···旁边：
不迟于；在···之前：
由···所作：
I often go to school ________.
Tom sits _____________.
Mom told me to come back ________.
The novel __________ is interesting.
我经常骑自行车上学。
汤姆坐在窗边。
妈妈叫我10点前回来。
莫言的小说很有趣。
by bike
by the window
by 10:00
by Mo Yan
9. …but we think the best way to relax is through exercise.
through 介词，“以，凭借”
e.g. 他通过报纸上的一个广告找到这份工作。 (翻译)
He found the job through an advertisement in the newspaper.
through还有“穿过”之意。表示“从……内部过”。
e.g. 昨天他们穿过了森林。 (翻译)
They went through the forest yesterday.
through 指“穿过、通过…”，强调从物体中间穿过。
across 指“穿过、通过…”，强调从物体表面穿过。
over 指“越过…”，强调从物体上方越过。
past 指“经过…”，强调从物体旁边经过。
It is healthy for the mind and the body.
它(锻炼)有益于身心健康。
A good idea came into my mind.我想到了一个好主意。
[拓展]
make up one's mind
作出决定；下定决心
Both skirts fit me well—I can't make up my mind which one to buy.
两条裙子都很适合我——我很难决定买哪一件。
10.It is healthy for the mind and the body.
11. Exercise such as playing sports is fun…
such as 意为“像……这样”，表示列举。
结构常为：名词+ such as + 例子
e.g. She likes animas such as rabbits and birds.
她喜欢像兔子、小鸟这样的小动物。
注意：其后面不可列举出所有的事物。如：
我了解四种语言，例如英语、汉语。
I know four language, such as, English and Chinese. (√)
I know four language, such as, English, French, Japanese and Chinese. (×)
12. Exercise such as playing sports is fun, and you can spend time with your friends and family as you play together. (教材P13 2b)
spend v. 度过；花费
On weekends, my brother and I often spend time on the beach.
I spent 150 yuan on this pair of shoes.
spend在此作及物动词，意为“度过”。此外，spend还可表示“花费（时间、金钱）”，此时常用于以下结构：
sb. spend(s) time/money on sth.
sb. spend(s) time/money (in)doing sth.某人花费时间在某物上/做某事
Stephen Hawking spent his whole life understanding the universe.
13. Old habits die hard. (教材P13 2b)
die常用作不及物动词，意为_________________
die _______→death _______→dead _______→dying __________
v. 死亡
n.死亡
adj. 死的
adj. 垂死的
“消失;灭亡;死亡”
The famous singer _______ at the age of thirty-two.
这位著名歌唱家去世，享年32岁。
我的宠物咪咪的死让我很难过。
我的宠物两周前死了。
这个人已经死了两年了。
小女孩看到她那只奄奄一息的猫时哭了。
_________ of my pet Mimi made me very sad.
My pet _______ two weeks ago.
The man ______________ for two years.
The little girl cried when she saw her _______ cat.
died
The death
died
has been dead
dying
在空闲时间
询问某人关于某事
画画
上网
去野营
玩电脑游戏
做运动
例如；像……这样
百分之……的学生
in the free time
ask sb. about sth.
draw pictures
go online
go camping
play computer games
play sports
such as
... percent of the students
向某人询问某事
...的答案
每周四至六次
一点也不…
上网
至少
每周三或四次
做某事的最好方式
例如
和某人一起度过时光
开始做某事
ask sb. about sth.
the answers to
four to six times a week
not…at all
go online
at least
three or four times a week
the best way to do sth.
such as
spend time with sb.
start doing sth.
Phrases Summary
Warm up
We have a lot of good habits. How often do you____
exercise every day
read books after shcool
usually help with housework
drink juice in the moring
go to the dentist once a month
go to bed early every night
dentist[ dent st]
n. 牙医;牙科医生
Healthy
However, we also have some bad habits. How often do you______
always eat hamburgers
always stay up late
However[ha ev (r)] adv.然而；不过
watch TV too long
play computer games
eat junk food
fight with someone
Unhealthy
This is Jane.
Pre-writing
Jane is a 16-year-old high school student in the United States.
American Teenager magazine asked her about her habits.
Do you want to know the rusult
American Teenager [ ti ne d (r)]
《美国青少你》
magazine[ m ɡ zi n]
n. 杂志；期刊
Look at the information in the chart in 3a and work in pairs and role play conversations. Please use frequency words.
always
always
usually
often
sometimes
hardly ever
hardly ever
never
Reporter：Hi, Jane! How often do you exercise
Jane：I exercise every day. I always exercise.
Reporter：How often do you read books
Jane：I always read books
Reporter：How often do you…
Jane：…
Jane’s daily activities can be classified into(分类) _________ and _________.
good habits
bad habits
Everyone has both ___________and ___________. So does Jane.
good habits
bad habits
Jane is a 16-year-old high school student in the United States. American Teenager magazine asked her about her habits. Jane has a lot of good habits. She always exercises and she reads books ________. Also, she _______drinks juice and she ________________stays up late. However, she has some bad habits, too. She _______ watches TV for more than two hours a day, and she _________ eats hamburgers. Her parents are not very happy because she _______________helps with housework and she _______ goes to the dentist for teeth cleaning. She says she is afraid!
every day
often
usually
sometimes
hardly ever/seldom
never
hardly ever/seldom
Look at the information in the chart and complete the report.
3a
Jane is a 16-year-old high school student in the United States. American Teenager magazine asked her about her habits. Jane has a lot of good habits. She always exercises and she reads books every day. Also, she hardly ever drinks juice and she never stays up late. However, she has some bad habits, too. She usually watches TV for more than two hours a day, and she sometimes eats hamburgers. Her parents are not very happy because she hardly ever helps with housework and she never goes to the dentist for teeth cleaning. She says she is afraid.
introduce the topic
(引出话题)
personal information
(个人信息)
talk about good habits
(谈论好习惯)
talk about bad habits
(谈论坏习惯)
Find out the structure of the passage.
1. Jane is a 16-year-old high shcool student in the United States.
复合形容词
“十六岁的”
如：我有一个16岁的妹妹。
I have a ___________ sisiter.
我姐姐16岁了。
My sister is ___________.
16-year-old
16 years old
2. However, she has some bad habits, too.(教材P15 3a)
however与but均可意为______________，表示转折。
“然而；不过”
【易混辨析】however与but
however 副词 可位于句首、句中、句末，一般用______与句子的其他成分隔开。 较为正式。
but 连词 常位于它所引出的从句之首，其后通常________隔开。 较为口语化。
逗号
不用逗号
如：天开始下雨了，不过我们还是出去寻找那个男孩儿了。
It began to rain. _________, we went out to look for the boy.
这是一个晴朗的早晨，但是很冷。
It is a sunny morning, _____ very cold.
However
but
3. She usually watches TV for more than two hours a day, and she sometimes eats hamburgers.(教材P15 3a)
more than相当于over，意为__________，常用于数词前，反义短语为less than____________。
“不到；少于”
“超过;多于”
如：我在青岛住了10多年。
I lived in Qingdao for ______________ ten years.
他每晚的睡眠时间不到7个小时。
He sleeps ________ seven hours every night.
There are ______________ 5,000 students in our school.
我们学校有5000多名学生。
more than
more than
less than
Take the health pare your results with your partner's. Who's healthier
4
point[p nt]
n. 得分；点
v. 指；指向
Almost every day. (教材P16 4)
(1) almost 常用来表示程度，意为______________，同义词是______。
“几乎；差不多”
nearly
I heard _______ all the stories about him.
Today, _______ everyone has a smart phone.
今天，几乎每个人都有一部智能手机。
如：我几乎听到了所有关于他的故事。
almost
almost
None/n n/ pron.没有一个 (教材P16 4)
【易混辨析】none与no one
none
no one
意为“没有人”
即可指人, 也可指物。
只能指人
通常与of短语连用，作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数。
不能与of短语连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
常用来回答how many或how much（提问价格的情况除外）引导的特殊疑问句。
常用来回答 who引导的特殊疑问句。
意为“没有一个”
I tried many different ways of doing it, but ______ them _____ successful.
如：我尝试了许多不同的方法，但都没有成功。
Sam's history teacher was asking him some questions. However, _______ his answers ______ correct.
萨姆的历史老师问了他一些问题。然而，他的回答没有一个是正确的。
将近15分钟，但没有人能找到合适的。
It was almost 15 minutes but ______ was able to find the right one.
none of
were
none of
was
no one
Self Check
1. Complete the chart with activities you do and don't do. What about your mother/father
always usually often sometimes hardly ever never
I
My mother or father
2.Write five sentences using the information from 1.
1. I always exercise.
2. I usually use the Internet.
3. My mother often watches TV at night.
4. My father hardly ever helps with housework.
5. My parents sometimes go for a walk after supper.
3. Fill in the blanks in the conversation.
A: What do Tom and Mike ________ do on weekends
B: They sometimes go to the musuem.
A: ________ do they go to the shopping center
B: ________ ever. Maybe about twice a month.
A: ________ do they watch TV
B: Mike never watches TV, but Tom watches TV________ day.
A: Oh, I'm just like Tom. I ________ watch TV, too.
usually
How often
Hardly
How often
every
always
3a
Look at the information in the chart and complete the report.
every day
usually
sometimes
often
hardly ever
never
hardly ever
Summary
How can we write a passage to introduce one's habits
Beginning
交代人物背景或引出主题
Everyone has both good habits and bad habits. So do/does+人
分别介绍 good habits and bad habits.
Body
She has some good habits.
简明介绍，运用频率副词或短语
However, she also has some bad habits.
简明介绍，运用频率副词或短语
Ending
如何改变不好习惯并陈述好习惯的重要性。
主语+should try to change one's bad habits. First,... Then...
All in all, good habits can make us successful/ healthier/ better...
巧衔接
罗列好习惯和坏习惯时可用and, also等词作为列举的连接纽带，从写好习惯转到写坏习惯时可用however作为对比和转折的连接纽带。
添佳句
Good habits will benefit people forever.
好习惯使人终生受益。
Old habits die hard, so I’ll start changing before it’s too late!
旧习难改，因此我会尽早改。人教版八年级上册教案Unit 2 How often do you exercise （第一课时）I. Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge objects Name of activities. Adverbs of frequency. What do you usually do on weekends I often go to the movies.2. Ability objects Writing skill. Listening municative competence3. Moral object Keep a diary every day in English.II. Teaching Key Points exercise shop swing dance, use the internet, eat junk food III. Teaching Difficulties Always, usually, often, sometimes Hardly ever , never What does she do on weekends She often goes to the movies.IV. Teaching Methods Discover method. Listening and writing methods；Pairwork.V. Teaching Aids A tape recorder. A projectorVI. Teaching Procedures Step 1 Greet the classStep 2 talk with the students about what they did in the Summer vacation and where they went. Step 2 Section A 1a First, look at the picture. Ask a few students to say what a person does on weekends. Then do each activity. Ask students to repeat each one. One girl is shopping. Another girl is eating This boy is watching TV. The woman is doing the dishes Point out the sample answer. Then ask students to make a list of the weekend activities Then ask the students who finishes first to write the answers on the board. Check the answers on the board and ask students to correct their own activities.Help with the housework, watch TV read books exercise shop swing dance, use the internet, eat junk foodStep 3 1b 1 Listen and write the activities next to the correct frequency words. 2.Explain to the students100 percent-------- always90 percent----------- usually70 percent---------- often40 percent---------- sometimes5 percent ----------- hardly ever 0 percent ----------- neverStep 4 1c Pairwork First ask two students to read the sample. A:What do you usually do on weekends B: I usually watch TV. A: Do you go shopping B: No, I never go shopping Now work with a partner. Make your own conversations about the people in the picture. For example. Step 5 Summary In this class we’ve learnt some names of activities: watching TV, reading, exercising, shopping. And we also leant some adverbs of frequency: always, usually, usually, sometimes, hardly, ever, never. Step 6 Homework Now homework: Remember the new words and the phrases in the class, and recite the dialogue in 1c. Prepare lessons before class. Step 7 Blackboard Design Unit 1 How often do you exercise Watch TV read books Skateboard exercise Shop What does she usually do on weekends She often goes shopping. 第二课时I. Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge ObjectsAdverbs of frequency.Names of activities.How often2. Ability ObjectsListening skill. Reading skill. Writing municative competence.3. Moral objectsDo more exercise and keep healthy.II. Teaching Key PointsEvery day , once a week, twice a week, three times a week, once a month, twice a monthWatch TV, surf the Internet, read English books, go to the moviesIII. Teaching DifficultiesHow often do you watch TV ----Twice a week.What does he do on weekends ----He sometimes watched TV.How often does Cheng Tao watch TV ----He watches TV twice a week.IV. Teaching MethodsDiscover method Listening and reading municative qpproach.V. Teaching AidsA tape recorder. VI. Teaching ProceduresStep 1 Greet the class.Step 2 Go over the contents in the first periodStep 3 2a1.Now please look at the list of activities and how often, ask the students to read them first. watch TV go to the movies read books exercise shop2. Now please look at the heading. How often Ever day Once a week Twice a week Three times a weekOnce a month Twice a monthAsk the students to write five statements about how often they do different activities. For example, I play soccer three times a week. I visit the doctor twice a year… and so on.Step 4 Listening practiceFirst Number the activities (1-5) in the order you hear them and then check the answers.Listen again, match the activities in 2a with how often Cheng Tao does them. Check the answersStep 5 2c Fill in the chart and make conversations. A: How often do you watch TV B:I watch TV every day. A: What’s your favorite program B: Animal World A: How often do you watch TV B: Twice a week.Step 6 2d. Role-play the conversationPractice the conversation, consolidate the important knowledgesum up all kinds of important phrasesStep 7 Summary :Grammar Focusthe use of these words: always, often usually, sometimes, never, hardly ever, never,.How often do you watch TV Twice a week.Step 8 Homework1. Remember adverbs of frequency: every day, once a week, once a month, twice a month. 2. Make new conversations to talk about how often people do things. 3. Complete the exercises in 3a, 3b, and 3c. 第三课时I. Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge ObjectsNew words.How often do you drink milk I like drinking milk, I drink milk every day.2. Ability ObjectsReading and writing municative competence.3. Moral ObjectStudy hard and to be a good student.II. Teaching Key points1. junk, food, milk, fruit, vegetables, sleep, interview, healthy2. How often do you drink milk I like drinking milk, I drink milk every day.III. Teaching DifficultyHow often do you drink milk ----I drink milk every day.How often do you exercise ----I exercise every day.How many hours do you sleep every night ----Nine.IV. Teaching MethodsReading method. Writing method mnicative approach.V. Teaching AidA tape recorder A slide showVI. Teaching ProceduresStep 1 Greet the class and check the homework.1. The exercises in in 3a, 3b, and 3c.2. Check the important phrases we learnt in the first two classes.3. Review the conversation.Step 2 Section B 1a.Show the new words on the screen and teach students how to read. And ask them to repeat. Then match the words with the picture. Check the answers.Step 3 Ask and answer questions . Use the words in 1a. Then make new conversationsdrink milk, want sb to sth, It’s good for sb to do sth.Step 4 Listening PracticeListen to an interview about two people’s daily habits. Circle your answer to each question. Check the answer.Listen again. Fill in the blanks in the survey. Check the answer.1d. Student A is the reporter . Student B is Tina or Bill .Ask and answer questionsHow often do you eat fruit How often do you drink coffee How many hours do you sleep every dayHow often do you eat junk food How often do you exercise How often do you go shopping Step 5 An activityAsk students to talk about how often their family members do things. For example,My mother cooks dinner every day. We eat in a restaurant once a week.My father goes to the United States once a year.Step 6 SummaryStep 7 Homework1Remember the words and the new phrases in the class, 2.Use the activities in 2a to make new conversations 第四课时I. Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge objects New words. Ask and answer questions.2. Ability objects Listening skill. Reading skill. Writing municative competence.II. Teaching Key PointsUnderstand the long article, How many percent of the students do not exercise at all How often do most students watch TV What does the writer think is the best way to relax How many percent of the students use the internet every day Do you think the students at No. 5 are healthy III. Teaching Difficultiespercent, although(though), more than, less than, health, healthy, healthily., maybe, full , one to three times a week.IV. Teaching methodsListening and speaking methods. Listening and writing methods. Pairwork.V. Teaching AidsA tape recorder. A projector.VI. Teaching Procedures.Step 1 Greet the class and check the homework.Step 2 Section B 2bThe students will have a few minutes read and understand the long articleFind the important phrases in the article.The teacher will explain the use of some wordsStep 3 Read the article again and answer the questions( 2c)1.How many percent of the students do not exercise at all2. How often do most students watch TV 3. What does the writer think is the best way to relax 4. How many percent of the students use the internet every day 5. Do you think the students at No. 5 are healthy Step 4 2d According to the article and the pie charts, write sentences with the percentages using always , usually, or sometimes100 percent-------- always90 percent----------- usually70 percent---------- often40 percent---------- sometimes5 percent ----------- hardly ever 0 percent ----------- neverStep 5 2eChoose one of these free time activities or think of your own. Then ask your classmates how often they do this activity and make a pie chart. Show the pie chart to your class.Step 6 3aFirst read phrases in the chart to the class. Then complete the report according to the information. Check the answers.Step 8 Summary and HomeworkIn this class we’ve leant some useful phrases in the long article and the students will be asked to retell the article with their own words. 第五课时I. Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge objects Vocabulary in this unit. Writing practice 2. Ability Objects Reading skill. Writing skill. Drawing municative competence.II. Teaching Key PointVocabulary in this unit.III. Teaching DifficultyWriting practice using the target language in this unit.IV. Teaching MethodsWriting method. Reading method. Practice method Communicative Approach.VI. Teaching ProceduresStep1 Ask the students to retell the articleStep2 Finish the exercises in the text book, and check the answers.Step3 Sum up The important phraseshow often多久一次help with the housework帮做家务every dayevery Mondayonce a week一周一次twice a month一月两次three times a weekone to three times a month一月三到四次go shoppinghave dance and piano lessonsswing dance摇摆舞hardly ever=hardly=almost not几乎不eat a healthy breakfasteat junk food吃垃圾食品drink coffeedrink milkdo exercise= do sportsuse the Internet用互联网surf the Internet 网上冲浪fifteen percent of the students百分之十五的学生at least至少use it for funwatch game showshow many percent of the studentsgo to the dentist for teeth cleaninghave some bad /good habitsa 16-year-old high school student 一个十六岁的高中学生in the United States在美国stay up late 熬夜到很晚game shows 游戏类节目free time activities业余活动the answer to the question问题的答案through exercise通过锻炼less than a week 不到一周old habits die hard旧习难改go to the dentist去看牙医the most popular最受欢迎的Step 4 Homework: Remember the phrases in this Unit 第六课时I. Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge objects Vocabulary in this unit. Writing practice 2. Ability Objects Reading skill. Writing skill. Drawing municative competence.II. Teaching Key PointVocabulary in this unit.III. Teaching DifficultyWriting practice using the target language in this unit.IV. Teaching MethodsWriting method. Reading method. Practice method Communicative Approach.语法部分hardly ever He hardly ever eats hamburgers We could hardly say a word.我几乎说不出话来。how often多久一次 how long多长时间 how far多远 how soon多久以后（时间状语一般 是in+一段时间） How soon will he finish his homework In two hours. 他还要多长时间完成作业？---- 两小时后。区分use、 with 和 in use 在句中作谓语 with在句中作状语，表示方式，指“用（工具等） in在句中作状语，表示方式，指“用（语言、声音、材料等） He writes with a pen. She told us a story in English.be free= have tine 有空be free to do something自由地做某事 We will be free this Sunday.be full=be busy繁忙 ，装满, 饱了be full of …充满…, 装满…The basketball is full of apples.I don’t want to eat anything, I’m full.6．ask sb. about sth 问某人有关某事 ask sb (not) to do sth. ask for help请求帮助 be good for …对…有益 be good at 擅长… be good with善于应对…He is good with the children.他管理孩子有一套。Here are the results这是调查结果although=though作连词，意为“虽然；尽管”,用来引导让步状语从句。（在英语表达习惯中，although/though不和but在同一个句子中出现。） Although he five years old , he can play the guitar well = He is five years old but he can play the guitar well. through表示从某个空间或内部“穿过；横过”She walked through the forest. over 表示从物体的上方“越过”A bird flew over the tree. across表示从某物的表面“横过，穿过”。The man went across the street.such as 意为“例如，诸如”，多用来列举同类人或事中的几个例子，后面直接加名词性短语。She can speak many languages, such as French, English and Japanese.12. Ninety percent of the students always use the internet. Ten percent of the money is Tom’s.Homework: Go over the grammar focus and do some exercises in the English exercise book. 复备内容
