湖南省长沙市2025届零诊暨毕业班摸底测试英语试题（含解析）
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| 名称 | 湖南省长沙市2025届零诊暨毕业班摸底测试英语试题（含解析） |  | |
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长沙市2025届零诊暨毕业班摸底测试英语试题
考试时间：120分钟 试题总分：150分
注意事项
1.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、班级、学校在答题卡上填写清楚。
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。在试卷上作答无效。
3.考试结束后，请将答题卡交回，试卷自行保存。满分150分，考试用时120分钟。
第一部分 听力（共两节，满分30分） 略
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Beautiful Guatemala is a land rich in diversity and cultural heritage. Whether you hope to summit a volcano, hike through the jungle or explore ancient ruins, Guatemala will not disappoint.
Tikal National Park
Tikal National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most famous places in Guatemala. Tikal covers an estimated 46 miles (around 74 km) and is one of the most extraordinary archaeological sites in Central America. It is here, centuries ago, that the ancient Mayan civilisation boomed.
Chichicastenango
“Chichi,” as it’s known by the local Kiche population, hosts the largest market in Central America. The town comes alive on Thursdays and Sundays when vendors (小贩) come from surrounding areas to display their goods. The market bursts with varied colours and a lively atmosphere, stocking everything from vividly-colored cloth to traditional carved wooden masks.
Guatemala City
Brightly graffitied (涂鸦) walls line the busy streets in Guatemala City where you’ll find trendy stores, relaxing bars, and diverse art galleries. Make sure to check out La Esquina, an indoor food market with some of the best food stalls in the city. The Museo Popol Vuh is a leading museum in the world of Mayan art. Here you will be able to spend a couple of hours appreciating the incredible and comprehensive collection of Mayan as well as colonial art.
Acatenango Volcano
Volcano Acatenango towers almost 4,000 metres above the surrounding landscape just outside Antigua. The hike to the summit of this volcano is one of the toughest, yet most popular, in Guatemala. Not only will you get to appreciate the breathtaking views, but you will also have a bird’s-eye view of the nearby (and extremely active) Volcan Fuego.
1. What’s the best choice for someone interested in Mayan history
A. Tikal National Park. B. Chichicastenango. C. Guatemala City. D. Acatenango Volcano.
2. What do we know about Guatemala City
A. It hosts the largest market in Central America. B It is a perfect destination for art lovers.
C. You can buy vivid cloth and masks there. D. Museo Popol Vuh is a great food market.
3. What is special about Acatenango Volcano
A. A bird view of Guatemala City. B. The highest tower in Guatemala.
C. The hike to the volcano summit. D. It is an extremely active volcano.
B
Ms. McIntyre, 38, worked as a publisher. She suffered brain cancer and her health got worse despite some medical treatment. But she realized that in a way, she was luckier than some other people. She had insurance to help pay for her medical care. But Ms. McIntyre and her husband, Mr. Gregory, knew that many people with cancer face tough decisions because of the costs of medical care and wind up owing far more than they can pay.
Though her health was failing, Ms. McIntyre decided to help pay off the medical debts of as many people as she possibly could. The couple began donating money to a group called RIP Medical Debt, which is committed to working to pay off the unpaid medical debts of others. The group can pay off medical bills for about 100 times less money than they cost. In other words, for every 100 donated, the group can pay off 10,000 in unpaid medical bills.
Unfortunately, Ms. McIntyre passed away before long. Mr. Gregory posted a message for Ms. McIntyre on her social media accounts. “If you’re reading this, I have passed away,” the post began. Then the post explained, “To celebrate my life, I’ve arranged to buy up others’ medical debts and then destroy the debts.”
The couple had set up a page on a website to raise money for this purpose. They had hoped to raise about $20,000. Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts.
Mr. Gregory planned a special event in December to celebrate Ms. McIntyre’s life and to announce how many millions of dollars of medical debts her efforts had paid for.
4. Why did Ms. McIntyre feel luckier than some other people
A. The doctors eventually cured her. B. Her disease didn’t become worse.
C. She had security about medical care. D. She had a decent job before being ill.
5. How did Ms. McIntyre and her husband help others
A. By paying for their daily debts. B. By giving away money to them.
C. By purchasing medical insurance for them. D By ridding them of debts from treatments.
6. What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A. The couple’s anticipation. B. The public involvement. C. The operation of a website. D. The increase of medical debts.
7. Which of the following words can best describe Ms. McIntyre
A. Influential and understanding. B. Humorous and elegant. C. Cautious and promising. D. Enthusiastic and adaptable.
C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
D
In many languages, the word for “mother/mom” takes an m-sound. Is there any reason for such near-universality
Linguists(语言学家) generally argue for “the arbitrariness of the sign”: no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped. A rare exception is onomatopoeia, where words representing the bark of a dog (bow-wow) and the buzz made by a bee are more or less similar to the sound. Yet most things are not subject to naming this way.
What about mama It does not sound like a mother, but the fact is that some sounds are more widespread than others around the world. There are many dozens of observed consonants which are rare and hard for non-natives to learn.
In contrast, a few—such as b, m, p, t, d and k—show up far more frequently, in nearly every spoken language in the world. That is almost certainly because they are easy to make. A baby vocalising will, at first, make a vowel-like sound, usually something like “ah”, which requires little in the way of control over the mouth. If they briefly close their mouth and continue vocalising, air will come out of their nose, thus making the m-sound that is used in “mother” around the world.
Though the “mamas” bear the most obvious similarity, the “papas” have striking commonalities, too. Babies can easily stop their breath when they close their lips (rather than going on breathing through the nose). This produces a b-or a p-sound. It is surely for this reason that so many names for “father” use these consonants: papa in English, abb in Arabic and baba in Mandarin. T-and d-sounds are similarly basic, involving a simple tap of the tongue against the teeth: hence daddy, tatay (Tagalog) or tayta (Quechua).
Father and mother are, therefore, an oddity. F-is not especially easy to utter(发音); th-sounds are even harder. English, Greek and Spanish are unusual in having them. Even Anglophone children may struggle with th-sounds when they are five, or older still in many cases.
Anyway, it is hard to find linguistic universals amid the world’s dazzling variety.
12. What does the underlined word “quadruped” in Paragraph 2 most probably refer to
A. Pronunciation B. Sound C. Bee D. Animal
13. “Mamas” and “papas” are used so universally because ________.
A. the sounds of the two words sound alike B. air will come out of baby’s mouth directly
C. the sounds can be easily and naturally uttered D. babies can continue their breath when closing their lips
14. According to the passage, which of the following words might be the most difficult to articulate
A. Forthcoming. B. Programme. C. Magnificent. D. Magazine.
15. What is the passage mainly about
A. Inspiration from babies’ smile and talks. B. Linguists’ efforts to the research of sounds.
C. Connection between the word mum and dad. D. Reasons for similar sounds in unrelated languages.
第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A European street today may smell like coffee, fresh-baked bread and cigarettes. ___16___ Historians and scientists across Europe have now gotten together with perfumers (香水制造者) and museums for a unique project called “Odeuropa”—to capture what Europe smelled like between the 16th and early 20th centuries.
To successfully finish this three-year-long project, the researchers need to find all the old scents of Europe-and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape. To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence that will be trained to scan historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of smells. ___17___.
The “Encyclopedia (百科全书) of Smell Heritage” will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and olfactory (嗅觉的) practices. ___18___, enabling future generations to access and learn about the scented past.
___19___, such as doctors. In the past, herbs were often used by European doctors to heal the sick. They smell special and their scents should be included in the encyclopedia. But just as history is filled with interesting and pleasant smells, it’s also filled with stinky (非常难闻的) ones.
“I find it particularly interesting to make the audience know about a whole range of scents such as a stinky canal,” said Caro Verbeek, a scent historian and member of the Odeuropa team. “It will make us more aware of how we relate to smell today and how differently smells were appreciated in the past. With current technology, almost every scent can be produced. ___20___. People haven’t always talked or written about them.”
A. It expressed a longing for the countryside life
B. But what did it smell like hundreds of years ago
C. Why is it filled with interesting and pleasant smells
D. It will become a record for the smell heritage of Europe
E. The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents
F. The encyclopedia will also include descriptions of people for whom smell was important
G. The team will then use the information to create an encyclopedia of smells from Europe’s past
第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Have you ever heard of and seen Canadian geese Do you know that they ___21___ fresh grass and seeds
Canadian geese have a good ___22___ for their politeness. They always bow down to you whenever you walk by. However, I have recently found that they can sometimes be ___23___ to their peers, especially on occasions when they quarrel for food——yes, these ___24___ gentlemen do quarrel, just for something to eat
Yesterday I witnessed two Canadian Geese arguing ___25___ for a clump(草丛) of beautiful fresh grass. The clump was ___26___ right in the middle of them, while the two were shouting noisily, stretching their necks as long as they could to look aggressively at each other. It’s ___27___ to witness the “impolite” side of Canadian geese. Hence, I couldn’t help ___28___ my morning walk, standing still to watch these “gentlemen” quarreling. Interestingly, after a short while, a truck roared past their feast, disturbing their ___29___ conversation. The two geese were equally ___30___ by the massive “monster”, thus giving up their conversation.
Would they start quarreling again I stood still, ___31___ the ridiculous question and waited. Beyond my expectation, right after the truck’s passing by, the two geese immediately lost their ___32___for quarreling as if they had forgotten all about what had happened. Even the two turned around and left the ___33___ in opposite directions as if nothing had happened. They left only me there, imagining what might have happened without the ___34___.
They got along harmoniously again. Sometimes it’s not that bad to be ___35___.
21 A. draw on B. focus on C. feed on D. try on
22. A. desire B. reputation C. affection D. appetite
23. A. generous B. faithful C. weird D. rude
24. A. well-informed B. well-dressed C. well-behaved D. well-balanced
25. A. fiercely B. blindly C. cautiously D. gently
26. A. deserted B. located C. fixed D. laid
27. A. frequent B. rare C. common D. constant
28. A. restricting B. changing C. pausing D. speeding
29. A. desperate B. simple C. serious D. disharmonious
30. A. frightened B. annoyed C. crashed D. injured
31. A. finding out B. dealing with C. looking into D. wondering about
32 A. passion B. reason C. talent D. anxiety
33. A. scene B. destination C. landscape D. park
34. A. looker-on B. passer-by C. truck D. clump
35. A. upset B. forgetful C. mean D. greedy
第二节（共10小题；每小题1. 5分, 满分15分）
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Despite strict laws and heavy fines, traffic in Greece still remains dangerous. This is particularly the case in large cities ____36____ traffic is greatly affected by many factors. Here is some advice for drivers in Greece.
Road planning is ____37____ (enormous) complex (复杂的) in large Greek cities. There are many dangerous junctions (交叉路口). Athens is known ____38____ the most difficult city for drivers. It is hard to find the right way, so new drivers may easily get ____39____ (confuse) there.
In many large cities, drivers can feel the lack of usual road signs. Such signs as “winding road” are quite rare. When ____40____ (approach) a crossroads, drivers should always slow down.
Crossroads ____41____ (equip) with traffic lights are another dangerous place. Do not start moving immediately after the green light appears.
Parking space should be selected with ____42____ (careful). Drivers should also consider that parking ____43____ (prevent) in the central part of some large cities.
Roads in the country are the most terrible roads for foreign drivers. In spite of the speed limit of 80 km/h, local drivers rarely move at ____44____ speed below 120 km/h.
While moving, drivers are not allowed _____45_____ (speak) on the phone as they need to monitor traffic and other drivers.
第四部分 写作（共两节, 满分40分）
第一节（满分15分）
46. 假定你是李华，近日参加了学校的创意手工作品展，外籍笔友David对你的作品很感兴趣。请用英语给他写封邮件，介绍你的作品及感受。
注意：
1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear David,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours
Li Hua
第二节（满分25分）
47. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I met Gunter on a cold, wet and unforgettable evening in September. I had planned to fly to Vienna and take a bus to Prague for a conference. Due to a big storm, my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half. I touched down in Vienna just 30 minutes before the departure of the last bus to Prague. The moment I got off the plane, I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.
That was when I met Gunter. I told him where I was going, but he said he hadn't heard of the bus station. I thought my pronunciation was the problem, so I explained again more slowly, but he still looked confused. When I was about to give up, Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend. After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century, Gunter put his phone down and started the car.
Finally, with just two minutes to spare we rolled into the bus station. Thankfully, there was a long queue (队列) still waiting to board the bus. Gunter parked the taxi behind the bus, turned around, and looked at me with a big smile on his face. "We made it," he said.
Just then I realised that I had zero cash in my wallet. I flashed him an apologetic smile as I pulled out my Portuguese bankcard. He tried it several times, but the card machine just did not play along. A feeling of helplessness washed over me as I saw the bus queue thinning out.
At this moment, Gunter pointed towards the waiting hall of the bus station. There, at the entrance, was a cash machine. I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message: "Out of order. Sorry."
注意：
（1）续写词数应为150个左右；
（2）请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
湖南省长沙市2025届零诊暨毕业班摸底测试英语试题参考答案
1—3 . ABC 4—7. CDBA 8—11. BACA 12—15 . D CAD 16—20. BGDFE
21—25 . CBDCA 26—30 BBCDA 31—35. DAACB
36. where 37. enormously 38. as 39. confused 40. approaching 41. equipped 42. carefulness 43. is prevented 44. a 45. to speak
Dear David,
Delighted to know you are interested in the exhibition of creative handmade works held in our school last week, I am writing to share it with you.
All works were made by us students, which were created from waste and used materials. I made a shopping bag from a pair of worn-out jeans, spending countless minutes designing, decorating and perfecting it. My works has received lots of likes.
I find it enjoyable and meaningful to make handmade works from recyclables. And I’ve developed my innovative ability as well.
Yours, Li Hua
Para 1
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. He looked at me in disbelief, asking me what to do. Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment. “If I miss this last bus to Prague, I’ll be late for the conference which is so important that I can’t afford to miss it!” I explained. “May I have your phone number I will call you and return the money I owe you. I promise I will keep my word or you keep my watch!” I added, handing him my watch as well as my business card. Gunter accepted my business card but rejected my watch. He wrote down his phone number and gave it to me. “Just keep your promise, Sir.” A feeling of gratitude washed over me as I heard his words. Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its departure.
Para 2
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him. We chatted happily on the way to the airport. I told him that thanks to his generosity and timely help, everything had gone smoothly. When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down. I also gave him an attractive souvenir I had bought at Prague, which he accepted with delight. We became good friends and kept in touch with each other regularly. I felt blessed to have such a warm-hearted friend like Gunter.
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
A
1—3 . ABC
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了拥有丰富文化遗产的拉丁美洲国家Guatemala一些著名景点。
【1题详解】
推理判断题。根据本文关于Tikal National Park的介绍段最后一句“It is here, centuries ago, that the ancient Mayan civilisation boomed. (几个世纪前，古玛雅文明就是在这里繁荣起来的)”可知，古玛雅文明曾在这里繁荣，因此如果游客对玛雅历史感兴趣，可以去这个国家公园。故选A项。
【2题详解】
推理判断题。根据本文关于Guatemala City的介绍段最后一句“Here you will be able to spend a couple of hours appreciating the incredible and comprehensive collection of Mayan as well as colonial art. (在这里，你可以花几个小时欣赏玛雅人和殖民地艺术的难以置信而全面综合的收藏品)”可知，这个地方有很多艺术作品，因此对热爱艺术的人，这是旅游绝佳目的地。故选B项。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。根据本文关于Acatenango Volcano的介绍段第二句“The hike to the summit of this volcano is one of the toughest, yet most popular, in Guatemala. (攀登这座火山的顶峰是Guatemala最艰难但也是最受欢迎的徒步旅行之一)”可知，攀登该火山顶峰是最艰难，也是最受欢迎的徒步旅行，因此可推测这也是该火山最特殊的地方。故选C项。
B
4—7. CDBA
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了身患绝症的出版商McIntyre女士与其丈夫捐赠善款，通过RIP医疗债务组织帮助他人清偿巨额医疗账单的故事。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“But she realized that in a way, she was luckier than some other people. She had insurance to help pay for her medical care. (但她意识到，在某种程度上，她比其他人幸运。她有保险来帮助支付医疗费用)”可知，麦金太尔女士觉得自己比其他人幸运，这是因为她有医疗保险帮助支付医疗费用，她有医疗保障。故选C。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Though her health was failing, Ms. McIntyre decided to help pay off the medical debts of as many people as she possibly could. The couple began donating money to a group called RIP Medical Debt, which is committed to working to pay off the unpaid medical debts of others. (尽管她的健康状况正在恶化，麦金太尔女士还是决定尽可能多地帮助人们偿还医疗债务。这对夫妇开始向一个名为RIP医疗债务的组织捐款，该组织致力于偿还他人未付的医疗债务)”可知，麦金太尔女士和她的丈夫通过偿还他人未付的医疗债务帮助别人。故选D。
【6题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第四段“The couple had set up a page on a website to raise money for this purpose. They had hoped to raise about $20,000. Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts. (这对夫妇在一个网站上设立了一个页面，为此目的筹集资金。他们原本希望筹集约2万美元。尽管如此，麦金太尔女士的最后一篇帖子还是引起了很多关注。她网页上的捐款很快就超过了总目标。在不到一周的时间里，该网站筹集的资金是预期的10倍，捐款仍在继续。截至2023年11月22日，麦金太尔女士的网页已筹集了62.7万美元，足以偿还约6000万美元的医疗债务)”可知，本段主要介绍了公众参与筹集资金，即公众参与。故选B。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“But Ms. McIntyre and her husband, Mr. Gregory, knew that many people with cancer face tough decisions because of the costs of medical care and wind up owing far more than they can pay. (但麦金太尔女士和她的丈夫格雷戈里先生知道，许多癌症患者由于医疗费用而面临艰难的决定，最终欠款远远超过他们的承受能力)”可知，麦金太尔女士能够理解他人的处境，根据第四段“Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts. (尽管如此，麦金太尔女士的最后一篇帖子还是引起了很多关注。她网页上的捐款很快就超过了总目标。在不到一周的时间里，该网站筹集的资金是预期的10倍，捐款仍在继续。截至2023年11月22日，麦金太尔女士的网页已筹集了62.7万美元，足以偿还约6000万美元的医疗债务)”可知，麦金太尔女士很有影响力，由此可知，麦金太尔女士有影响力和理解他人的。故选A。
C
8—11. BACA
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
【9题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
D
【答案】12—15 . D CAD
【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章主要在探讨在不同的语言中，一些相似的发音存在的原因是什么。
【12题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句“no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped.”（单词dog和毛茸茸的 quadruped之间没有任何联系。）及句中“dog”和“furry”（长毛的）可知，划线词应该是指和狗一样的长毛的动物。故选D。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“ a few—such as b, m, p, t, d and k—show up far more frequently, in nearly every spoken language in the world. That is almost certainly because they are easy to make.”（有少数几个，比如b、 m、p、t、d和k，在世界上几乎每一种口语中出现的频率都要高得多，这几乎可以肯定是因为它们容易发出。）可知，“Mamas”和“Papas”被如此普遍使用是因为它们会很容易、很自然地被发出读音。故选C。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“F-is not especially easy to utter(发音); th-sounds are even harder.”（F -不是特别容易发音；th音更难发音。）可知，选项A中的含有“F”和“th”，所以最难清晰地发音。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“In many languages, the word for “mother/mom” takes an m-sound. Is there any reason for such near-universality ”（在许多语言中，““mother/mom”这个词带有m音，这种近乎普遍的现象有什么原因吗 ）并结合全文可知，本文主要在讨论许多发音普遍存在于不同的语言中的原因。故选D。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
16—20. BGDFE
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是历史是写出来的，读出来的，讲出来的，但很少有人去闻它。今天欧洲有一条街道可能闻起来像咖啡、刚出炉的面包和香烟的味道。但是几百年前它闻起来是什么味道呢？科学家们正在试图重现欧洲往日的气味。
【16题详解】
根据空前“A European street today may smell like coffee, fresh-baked bread and cigarettes.(如今，欧洲的大街上可能弥漫着咖啡、刚烤好的面包和香烟的味道。)”可知今天的欧洲街头有着浓郁的面包、咖啡和香烟的味道，根据空后“Historians and scientists across Europe have now gotten together with perfumers (香水制造者) and museums for a unique project called “Odeuropa”—to capture what Europe smelled like between the 16th and early 20th centuries.(欧洲的历史学家和科学家们现在与香水商和博物馆一起开展了一个名为“Odeuropa”的独特项目——捕捉16世纪到20世纪初欧洲的气味。)”可知一些科学家正在探索16世纪和20世纪早期之间欧洲的味道，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲的是几百年前欧洲的气味是什么样子的，B项But what did it smell like hundreds of years ago (但是几百年前它是什么味道呢？)承接上文，引出下文，而且B项中的it指代上文提到的A European street，符合上下文语境。故选B项。
【17题详解】
根据上文“To successfully finish this three-year-long project, the researchers need to find all the old scents of Europe-and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape. To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence that will be trained to scan historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of smells.(为了成功地完成这个为期三年的项目，研究人员需要找到欧洲所有古老的气味，甚至重建一些古老的气味景观。为此，他们将首先建立人工智能，训练其扫描用七种不同语言编写的历史文本，以获取对气味的任何描述。)”可知为了搜寻几百年前欧洲的味道，科学家们会利用人工智能来扫描历史文献，寻找与气味有关的描述，根据下一段首句“The “Encyclopedia (百科全书) of Smell Heritage” will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and olfactory (嗅觉的) practices.(《嗅觉遗产百科全书》将包括特定气味的意义，并将追溯气味、地点、嗅觉实践背后的故事。)”可知空处内容应该与科学家利用找到的信息创建百科全书有关，G项The team will then use the information to create an encyclopedia of smells from Europe’s past.(然后这个团队会利用这些信息来创建一个关于欧洲过去的气味的百科全书。)指出科学家们将会利用这些信息来创建一个关于欧洲过去的气味的百科全书，符合上下文语境。故选G项。
【18题详解】
根据空前“The “Encyclopedia (百科全书) of Smell Heritage” will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and olfactory (嗅觉的) practices.(《嗅觉遗产百科全书》将包括特定气味的意义，并将追溯气味、地点、嗅觉实践背后的故事。)”可知《嗅觉遗产百科全书》将包括某些气味的意义，并将追踪气味背后的故事、产生气味的地点和嗅觉体验，根据空后“enabling future generations to access and learn about the scented past.(让后代能够接触和了解有香味的过去。)”可知《嗅觉遗产百科全书》可以让子孙后代能接触并了解香味的过去，空处承上启下，所以空处内容应该与《嗅觉遗产百科全书》的意义有关， D项It will become a record for the smell heritage of Europe .(它将成为欧洲嗅觉遗产的记录。)指出《嗅觉遗产百科全书》的意义所在，承接上文，引出下文，而且D项中的It指代上文的The “Encyclopedia (百科全书) of Smell Heritage”，符合上下文语境。故选D项。
【19题详解】
根据空后“such as doctors. In the past, herbs were often used by European doctors to heal the sick.(比如医生。在过去，草药经常被欧洲的医生用来治疗病人。)”可知在过去草药经常被医生用来救人，所以空处内容应该提到了某些人，F项The encyclopedia will also include descriptions of people for whom smell was important .(这一百科全书也会包括对一些人的描述，对这些人来说，气味很重要。)引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选F项。
【20题详解】
根据空前“With current technology, almost every scent can be produced.(运用目前的技术，几乎每一种香味都可以生产出来。)”可知运用现代科技，几乎任何气味都能被制造出来，根据空后“People haven’t always talked or written about them.(人们并不总是谈论或描述他们。)”可知人们不总是谈论或描述各种气味，空处承上启下，所以空处内容应与气味的描述有关，E项The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents.(这个项目更困难的部分将是找到气味的描述。)指出在这个项目中比较困难的部分是对于气味的描述，与前文运用现代科技任何气味都能被制造出来的简单形成对比，承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选E项。
第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
21—25 . CBDCA 26—30 BBCDA 31—35. DAACB
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要叙述了作者旁观两只加拿大鹅争吵的故事。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：你听说过或见过加拿大鹅吗？你知道它们以新鲜的草和种子为食吗？A. draw on利用； B. focus on 专注；C. feed on以……为食；D. try on试穿。根据后文的“fresh grass and seeds”可知，本句想表达它们以新鲜的草和种子为食。故选C项。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：加拿大鹅以其彬彬有礼而闻名。A. desire欲望；B. reputation声誉；C. affection感情；D. appetite食欲。根据后文的“They always bow down to you whenever you walk by.”可知，每当你走过的时候，它们总是向你鞠躬，故它们有良好的声誉。故选B项。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，我最近发现，它们有时会对同伴是粗鲁的，尤其是在他们为食物争吵的时候——是的，这些举止得体的绅士确实会争吵，只是为了吃点东西。A. generous慷慨的；B. faithful忠诚的；C. weird奇怪的；D. rude粗鲁的。根据后文的“especially on occasions when they quarrel for food”可知，加拿大鹅有时为食物争吵，故它们有时是粗鲁无礼的。故选D项。
【24题详解】
考查形容词词词义辨析。句意：然而，我最近发现，它们有时会对同伴是粗鲁的，尤其是在它们为食物争吵的时候——是的，这些举止得体的绅士确实会争吵，只是为了吃点东西。A. well-informed见多识广；B. well-dressed穿着考究的；C. well-behaved举止得体的；D. well-balanced平衡良好。根据前文的“They always bow down to you whenever you walk by. ”可知，加拿大鹅举止得体。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：昨天，我看到两只加拿大鹅为了一丛美丽的新鲜草而激烈地争吵。A. fiercely激烈的；B. blindly盲目的；C. cautiously谨慎的； D. gently温和的。根据后文的“the two were shouting noisily, stretching their necks as long as they could to look aggressively at each other.”可知，两只加拿大鹅激烈地争吵。故选A项。
【26题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那块草丛就在它们中间，两只鹅大声喊叫，尽可能地伸长脖子，挑衅地看着对方。A. deserted被抛弃的；B. located位于；C. fixed固定的；D. laid松弛的，从容不迫的。根据后文的“right in the middle of them”可知，草丛位于它们中间。故选B项。
【27题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很少看到加拿大鹅“不礼貌”的一面。A. frequent经常的； B. rare稀有的； C. common普通的； D. constant恒定的。根据前文的“Canadian geese have a good 2 for their politeness. They always bow down to you whenever you walk by. ”可知，加拿大鹅举止得体，加拿大鹅“不礼貌”的一面是稀有的。故选B项。
【28题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：于是，我忍不住停下了早晨的散步，站着不动，看着这些“绅士”们争吵。A. restricting限制； B. changing改变； C. pausing暂停； D. speeding超速。根据前文的“It’s 7 to witness the “impolite” side of Canadian geese.”可知，因为很少看到加拿大鹅“不礼貌”的一面，作者忍不住停下了早晨的散步。故选C项。
29题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有趣的是，过了一会儿，一辆卡车呼啸而过，扰乱了它们不和谐的谈话。A. desperate绝望的； B. simple简单的； C. serious严重的； D. disharmonious不和谐的。根据前文的“The clump was 6 right in the middle of them, while the two were shouting noisily, stretching their necks as long as they could to look aggressively at each other. ”可知，它们俩大声喊叫着，尽量伸长脖子，恶狠狠地瞪着对方，它们的谈话不和谐。故选D项。
【30题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：两只鹅同样被这个巨大的“怪物”吓坏了，于是放弃了它们的谈话。A. frightened害怕的； B. annoyed生气； C. crashed碰撞； D. injured伤害。根据前文的“a truck roared past their feast”以及后文的“by the massive “monster””可知，在两只鹅的眼中这辆卡车像个巨大的怪物，故它们很害怕。故选A项。
【31题详解】
查动词短语辨析。句意：我站着不动，想着这个可笑的问题，等待着。A. finding out发现； B. dealing with处理；C. looking into调查； D. wondering about想知道。根据前文的“Would they start quarreling again ”可知，作者正在想它们会不会再吵架这个问题。故选D项。
【32题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：出乎我意料的是，卡车刚过，两只鹅就失去了争吵的激情，好像他们已经忘记了发生的一切。A. passion激情； B. reason原因；C. talent天赋；D. anxiety焦虑。根据后文的“Even the two turned around and left the 13 in opposite directions as if nothing had happened.”可知，两只鹅不再吵架，失去了争吵的激情。故选A项。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：就连两只鹅也转过身来，若无其事地离开了现场。A. scene场景； B. destination目的地； C. landscape景观； D. park公园。根据后文的“They left only me there, imagining what might have happened without the 14 .”可知，它们只留下我一个人在那里，两只鹅离开了现场。故选A项。
【34题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们只留下我一个人在那里，想象着没有卡车会发生什么。A. looker-on旁观者； B. passer-by路人； C. truck卡车； D. clump丛，簇，束。根据前文的“Beyond my expectation, right after the truck’s passing by, the two geese immediately lost their 12 for quarreling as if they had forgotten all about what had happened. ”可知，卡车扰乱了它们的谈话，故作者想象着没有卡车会发生什么。故选C项。
【35题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有时候健忘也没那么糟。A. upset心烦意乱的； B. forgetful健忘的； C. mean吝啬的； D. greedy贪婪的。根据前文的“as if they had forgotten all about what had happened. ”可知，两只鹅忘记了先前的争吵，故有时候健忘也没那么糟。故选B项。
第二节（共10小题；每小题1. 5分, 满分15分）
36. where 37. enormously 38. as 39. confused 40. approaching 41. equipped 42. carefulness
43. is prevented 44. a 45. to speak
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了希腊的交通很糟糕并由此提出一些给希腊司机的行车建议。
【36题详解】考查定语从句。句意：在大城市尤其如此，那里的交通受到许多因素的极大影响。这里为定语从句的关系词引导定语从句，先行词为large cities，在定语从句中担当地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
【37题详解】考查副词。句意：希腊大城市的道路规划非常复杂。修饰形容词complex，用副词作状语。故填enormously。
【38题详解】考查介词。句意：雅典被认为是最难开车的城市。短语：be known as，意为“被认为是……”，根据句意。故填as。
【39题详解】考查形容词。句意：很难找到正确的道路，所以新司机很容易在那里感到困惑。系动词get之后用形容词担当表语。动词confuse有两种形容词形式：confused修饰人，意为“感到困惑的”；confusing修饰物，意为“令人困惑的”。本句主语为“new drivers”，意为“感到困惑的”。故填confused。
【40题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在接近十字路口时，司机总是应该减速。这里为状语从句 省略：当when引导的状语从句主语和主句主语一致时，状语从句含有be的某种形式，从句主语和be省略。本句中when引导的状语从句完整形式为“when they are approaching a crossroads”，故将they和are同时省略。故填approaching。
【41题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：配备红绿灯的十字路口是另一个危险的地方。这里为非谓语动词担当后置定语，和被修饰词“crossroads”之间存在被动关系，用过去分词形式。故填equipped。
【42题详解】
考查名词。句意：应谨慎选择停车位。介词with之后用名词形式，构成短语：with carefulness，意 “谨慎地”。故填carefulness。
【43题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：司机还应该考虑到，在一些大城市的中心地区，停车是被禁止的。根据上下文可知，本句时态为一般现在时；主语为parking，与prevent之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态，且主语parking为第三人称单数 ，谓语动词用单数。故填is prevented。
【44题详解】
考查冠词。句意：尽管限速80公里/小时，但当地司机很少以低于120公里/小时的速度行驶。固定短语：at a speed of…，意为“以……速度”。故填a。
【45题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在开车时，司机不允许打电话，因为他们需要观察交通状况和其他司机。非谓语动词担当allow之后的主语补足语，用不定式形式，构成sb. be allowed to do sth. 意为“某人不允许做某事”。故填to speak。
第四部分 写作（共两节, 满分40分）
Dear David,
Delighted to know you are interested in the exhibition of creative handmade works held in our school last week, I am writing to share it with you.
All works were made by us students, which were created from waste and used materials. I made a shopping bag from a pair of worn-out jeans, spending countless minutes designing, decorating and perfecting it. My works has received lots of likes.
I find it enjoyable and meaningful to make handmade works from recyclables. And I’ve developed my innovative ability as well.
Yours, Li Hua
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。假定考生是李华，近日参加了学校的创意手工作品展，外籍笔友David对你的作品很感兴趣。请用英语给他写封邮件，介绍你的作品及感受。
【详解】1.词汇积累
对……感兴趣：be interested in→have an interest in
举办、组织：hold→organize
许多：lots of→plenty of
有意义的：meaningful→significant
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：I find it enjoyable and meaningful to make handmade works from recyclables.
拓展句：I find that it is enjoyable and meaningful to make handmade works from recyclables.
【点睛】[高分句型1] All works were made by us students, which were created from waste and used materials. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] I made a shopping bag from a pair of worn-out jeans, spending countless minutes designing, decorating and perfecting it. (运用了现在分词作状语)
第二节（满分25分）
Para 1
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. He looked at me in disbelief, asking me what to do. Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment. “If I miss this last bus to Prague, I’ll be late for the conference which is so important that I can’t afford to miss it!” I explained. “May I have your phone number I will call you and return the money I owe you. I promise I will keep my word or you keep my watch!” I added, handing him my watch as well as my business card. Gunter accepted my business card but rejected my watch. He wrote down his phone number and gave it to me. “Just keep your promise, Sir.” A feeling of gratitude washed over me as I heard his words. Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its departure.
Para 2
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him. We chatted happily on the way to the airport. I told him that thanks to his generosity and timely help, everything had gone smoothly. When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down. I also gave him an attractive souvenir I had bought at Prague, which he accepted with delight. We became good friends and kept in touch with each other regularly. I felt blessed to have such a warm-hearted friend like Gunter.
【导语】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者在一次因风暴延误的旅途中，匆忙搭乘出租车前往车站赶最后一班去布拉格的公共汽车。司机冈特不熟悉车站位置，通过电话求助后顺利抵达。到达时作者却发现自己没带现金，尝试用葡萄牙银行卡支付没有成功，而车站的取款机也故障了。
【详解】1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“我跑回到冈特那里，告诉他这个坏消息。”可知，第一段可描写作者留下冈特的电话，承诺会还钱给对方，冈特同意，最终作者及时登上了公共汽车。
②由第二段首句内容“四天后，当我回到维也纳时，我按照承诺给冈特打了电话。”可知，第二段可描写作者付费给冈特，并向对方表示感激，两人成为了好朋友。
2.续写线索：作者给出解决办法——承诺还钱——冈特同意——作者登上公共汽车——履行承诺还钱——两人成为朋友
3.词汇激活
行为类
①拒绝：reject/refuse
②给某人拥抱：give sb. a hug/embrace sb.
③记下，写下：write down/set down
情绪类
①难以置信地：in disbelief/incredibly/unbelievably
②开心地：happily/joyfully
【点睛】【高分句型1】He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before.（运用了where引导的限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down.（运用了when引导的时间状语从句，that引导的限制性定语从句
考试时间：120分钟 试题总分：150分
注意事项
1.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、班级、学校在答题卡上填写清楚。
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。在试卷上作答无效。
3.考试结束后，请将答题卡交回，试卷自行保存。满分150分，考试用时120分钟。
第一部分 听力（共两节，满分30分） 略
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Beautiful Guatemala is a land rich in diversity and cultural heritage. Whether you hope to summit a volcano, hike through the jungle or explore ancient ruins, Guatemala will not disappoint.
Tikal National Park
Tikal National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most famous places in Guatemala. Tikal covers an estimated 46 miles (around 74 km) and is one of the most extraordinary archaeological sites in Central America. It is here, centuries ago, that the ancient Mayan civilisation boomed.
Chichicastenango
“Chichi,” as it’s known by the local Kiche population, hosts the largest market in Central America. The town comes alive on Thursdays and Sundays when vendors (小贩) come from surrounding areas to display their goods. The market bursts with varied colours and a lively atmosphere, stocking everything from vividly-colored cloth to traditional carved wooden masks.
Guatemala City
Brightly graffitied (涂鸦) walls line the busy streets in Guatemala City where you’ll find trendy stores, relaxing bars, and diverse art galleries. Make sure to check out La Esquina, an indoor food market with some of the best food stalls in the city. The Museo Popol Vuh is a leading museum in the world of Mayan art. Here you will be able to spend a couple of hours appreciating the incredible and comprehensive collection of Mayan as well as colonial art.
Acatenango Volcano
Volcano Acatenango towers almost 4,000 metres above the surrounding landscape just outside Antigua. The hike to the summit of this volcano is one of the toughest, yet most popular, in Guatemala. Not only will you get to appreciate the breathtaking views, but you will also have a bird’s-eye view of the nearby (and extremely active) Volcan Fuego.
1. What’s the best choice for someone interested in Mayan history
A. Tikal National Park. B. Chichicastenango. C. Guatemala City. D. Acatenango Volcano.
2. What do we know about Guatemala City
A. It hosts the largest market in Central America. B It is a perfect destination for art lovers.
C. You can buy vivid cloth and masks there. D. Museo Popol Vuh is a great food market.
3. What is special about Acatenango Volcano
A. A bird view of Guatemala City. B. The highest tower in Guatemala.
C. The hike to the volcano summit. D. It is an extremely active volcano.
B
Ms. McIntyre, 38, worked as a publisher. She suffered brain cancer and her health got worse despite some medical treatment. But she realized that in a way, she was luckier than some other people. She had insurance to help pay for her medical care. But Ms. McIntyre and her husband, Mr. Gregory, knew that many people with cancer face tough decisions because of the costs of medical care and wind up owing far more than they can pay.
Though her health was failing, Ms. McIntyre decided to help pay off the medical debts of as many people as she possibly could. The couple began donating money to a group called RIP Medical Debt, which is committed to working to pay off the unpaid medical debts of others. The group can pay off medical bills for about 100 times less money than they cost. In other words, for every 100 donated, the group can pay off 10,000 in unpaid medical bills.
Unfortunately, Ms. McIntyre passed away before long. Mr. Gregory posted a message for Ms. McIntyre on her social media accounts. “If you’re reading this, I have passed away,” the post began. Then the post explained, “To celebrate my life, I’ve arranged to buy up others’ medical debts and then destroy the debts.”
The couple had set up a page on a website to raise money for this purpose. They had hoped to raise about $20,000. Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts.
Mr. Gregory planned a special event in December to celebrate Ms. McIntyre’s life and to announce how many millions of dollars of medical debts her efforts had paid for.
4. Why did Ms. McIntyre feel luckier than some other people
A. The doctors eventually cured her. B. Her disease didn’t become worse.
C. She had security about medical care. D. She had a decent job before being ill.
5. How did Ms. McIntyre and her husband help others
A. By paying for their daily debts. B. By giving away money to them.
C. By purchasing medical insurance for them. D By ridding them of debts from treatments.
6. What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A. The couple’s anticipation. B. The public involvement. C. The operation of a website. D. The increase of medical debts.
7. Which of the following words can best describe Ms. McIntyre
A. Influential and understanding. B. Humorous and elegant. C. Cautious and promising. D. Enthusiastic and adaptable.
C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
D
In many languages, the word for “mother/mom” takes an m-sound. Is there any reason for such near-universality
Linguists(语言学家) generally argue for “the arbitrariness of the sign”: no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped. A rare exception is onomatopoeia, where words representing the bark of a dog (bow-wow) and the buzz made by a bee are more or less similar to the sound. Yet most things are not subject to naming this way.
What about mama It does not sound like a mother, but the fact is that some sounds are more widespread than others around the world. There are many dozens of observed consonants which are rare and hard for non-natives to learn.
In contrast, a few—such as b, m, p, t, d and k—show up far more frequently, in nearly every spoken language in the world. That is almost certainly because they are easy to make. A baby vocalising will, at first, make a vowel-like sound, usually something like “ah”, which requires little in the way of control over the mouth. If they briefly close their mouth and continue vocalising, air will come out of their nose, thus making the m-sound that is used in “mother” around the world.
Though the “mamas” bear the most obvious similarity, the “papas” have striking commonalities, too. Babies can easily stop their breath when they close their lips (rather than going on breathing through the nose). This produces a b-or a p-sound. It is surely for this reason that so many names for “father” use these consonants: papa in English, abb in Arabic and baba in Mandarin. T-and d-sounds are similarly basic, involving a simple tap of the tongue against the teeth: hence daddy, tatay (Tagalog) or tayta (Quechua).
Father and mother are, therefore, an oddity. F-is not especially easy to utter(发音); th-sounds are even harder. English, Greek and Spanish are unusual in having them. Even Anglophone children may struggle with th-sounds when they are five, or older still in many cases.
Anyway, it is hard to find linguistic universals amid the world’s dazzling variety.
12. What does the underlined word “quadruped” in Paragraph 2 most probably refer to
A. Pronunciation B. Sound C. Bee D. Animal
13. “Mamas” and “papas” are used so universally because ________.
A. the sounds of the two words sound alike B. air will come out of baby’s mouth directly
C. the sounds can be easily and naturally uttered D. babies can continue their breath when closing their lips
14. According to the passage, which of the following words might be the most difficult to articulate
A. Forthcoming. B. Programme. C. Magnificent. D. Magazine.
15. What is the passage mainly about
A. Inspiration from babies’ smile and talks. B. Linguists’ efforts to the research of sounds.
C. Connection between the word mum and dad. D. Reasons for similar sounds in unrelated languages.
第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A European street today may smell like coffee, fresh-baked bread and cigarettes. ___16___ Historians and scientists across Europe have now gotten together with perfumers (香水制造者) and museums for a unique project called “Odeuropa”—to capture what Europe smelled like between the 16th and early 20th centuries.
To successfully finish this three-year-long project, the researchers need to find all the old scents of Europe-and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape. To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence that will be trained to scan historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of smells. ___17___.
The “Encyclopedia (百科全书) of Smell Heritage” will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and olfactory (嗅觉的) practices. ___18___, enabling future generations to access and learn about the scented past.
___19___, such as doctors. In the past, herbs were often used by European doctors to heal the sick. They smell special and their scents should be included in the encyclopedia. But just as history is filled with interesting and pleasant smells, it’s also filled with stinky (非常难闻的) ones.
“I find it particularly interesting to make the audience know about a whole range of scents such as a stinky canal,” said Caro Verbeek, a scent historian and member of the Odeuropa team. “It will make us more aware of how we relate to smell today and how differently smells were appreciated in the past. With current technology, almost every scent can be produced. ___20___. People haven’t always talked or written about them.”
A. It expressed a longing for the countryside life
B. But what did it smell like hundreds of years ago
C. Why is it filled with interesting and pleasant smells
D. It will become a record for the smell heritage of Europe
E. The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents
F. The encyclopedia will also include descriptions of people for whom smell was important
G. The team will then use the information to create an encyclopedia of smells from Europe’s past
第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Have you ever heard of and seen Canadian geese Do you know that they ___21___ fresh grass and seeds
Canadian geese have a good ___22___ for their politeness. They always bow down to you whenever you walk by. However, I have recently found that they can sometimes be ___23___ to their peers, especially on occasions when they quarrel for food——yes, these ___24___ gentlemen do quarrel, just for something to eat
Yesterday I witnessed two Canadian Geese arguing ___25___ for a clump(草丛) of beautiful fresh grass. The clump was ___26___ right in the middle of them, while the two were shouting noisily, stretching their necks as long as they could to look aggressively at each other. It’s ___27___ to witness the “impolite” side of Canadian geese. Hence, I couldn’t help ___28___ my morning walk, standing still to watch these “gentlemen” quarreling. Interestingly, after a short while, a truck roared past their feast, disturbing their ___29___ conversation. The two geese were equally ___30___ by the massive “monster”, thus giving up their conversation.
Would they start quarreling again I stood still, ___31___ the ridiculous question and waited. Beyond my expectation, right after the truck’s passing by, the two geese immediately lost their ___32___for quarreling as if they had forgotten all about what had happened. Even the two turned around and left the ___33___ in opposite directions as if nothing had happened. They left only me there, imagining what might have happened without the ___34___.
They got along harmoniously again. Sometimes it’s not that bad to be ___35___.
21 A. draw on B. focus on C. feed on D. try on
22. A. desire B. reputation C. affection D. appetite
23. A. generous B. faithful C. weird D. rude
24. A. well-informed B. well-dressed C. well-behaved D. well-balanced
25. A. fiercely B. blindly C. cautiously D. gently
26. A. deserted B. located C. fixed D. laid
27. A. frequent B. rare C. common D. constant
28. A. restricting B. changing C. pausing D. speeding
29. A. desperate B. simple C. serious D. disharmonious
30. A. frightened B. annoyed C. crashed D. injured
31. A. finding out B. dealing with C. looking into D. wondering about
32 A. passion B. reason C. talent D. anxiety
33. A. scene B. destination C. landscape D. park
34. A. looker-on B. passer-by C. truck D. clump
35. A. upset B. forgetful C. mean D. greedy
第二节（共10小题；每小题1. 5分, 满分15分）
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Despite strict laws and heavy fines, traffic in Greece still remains dangerous. This is particularly the case in large cities ____36____ traffic is greatly affected by many factors. Here is some advice for drivers in Greece.
Road planning is ____37____ (enormous) complex (复杂的) in large Greek cities. There are many dangerous junctions (交叉路口). Athens is known ____38____ the most difficult city for drivers. It is hard to find the right way, so new drivers may easily get ____39____ (confuse) there.
In many large cities, drivers can feel the lack of usual road signs. Such signs as “winding road” are quite rare. When ____40____ (approach) a crossroads, drivers should always slow down.
Crossroads ____41____ (equip) with traffic lights are another dangerous place. Do not start moving immediately after the green light appears.
Parking space should be selected with ____42____ (careful). Drivers should also consider that parking ____43____ (prevent) in the central part of some large cities.
Roads in the country are the most terrible roads for foreign drivers. In spite of the speed limit of 80 km/h, local drivers rarely move at ____44____ speed below 120 km/h.
While moving, drivers are not allowed _____45_____ (speak) on the phone as they need to monitor traffic and other drivers.
第四部分 写作（共两节, 满分40分）
第一节（满分15分）
46. 假定你是李华，近日参加了学校的创意手工作品展，外籍笔友David对你的作品很感兴趣。请用英语给他写封邮件，介绍你的作品及感受。
注意：
1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear David,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours
Li Hua
第二节（满分25分）
47. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I met Gunter on a cold, wet and unforgettable evening in September. I had planned to fly to Vienna and take a bus to Prague for a conference. Due to a big storm, my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half. I touched down in Vienna just 30 minutes before the departure of the last bus to Prague. The moment I got off the plane, I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.
That was when I met Gunter. I told him where I was going, but he said he hadn't heard of the bus station. I thought my pronunciation was the problem, so I explained again more slowly, but he still looked confused. When I was about to give up, Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend. After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century, Gunter put his phone down and started the car.
Finally, with just two minutes to spare we rolled into the bus station. Thankfully, there was a long queue (队列) still waiting to board the bus. Gunter parked the taxi behind the bus, turned around, and looked at me with a big smile on his face. "We made it," he said.
Just then I realised that I had zero cash in my wallet. I flashed him an apologetic smile as I pulled out my Portuguese bankcard. He tried it several times, but the card machine just did not play along. A feeling of helplessness washed over me as I saw the bus queue thinning out.
At this moment, Gunter pointed towards the waiting hall of the bus station. There, at the entrance, was a cash machine. I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message: "Out of order. Sorry."
注意：
（1）续写词数应为150个左右；
（2）请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
湖南省长沙市2025届零诊暨毕业班摸底测试英语试题参考答案
1—3 . ABC 4—7. CDBA 8—11. BACA 12—15 . D CAD 16—20. BGDFE
21—25 . CBDCA 26—30 BBCDA 31—35. DAACB
36. where 37. enormously 38. as 39. confused 40. approaching 41. equipped 42. carefulness 43. is prevented 44. a 45. to speak
Dear David,
Delighted to know you are interested in the exhibition of creative handmade works held in our school last week, I am writing to share it with you.
All works were made by us students, which were created from waste and used materials. I made a shopping bag from a pair of worn-out jeans, spending countless minutes designing, decorating and perfecting it. My works has received lots of likes.
I find it enjoyable and meaningful to make handmade works from recyclables. And I’ve developed my innovative ability as well.
Yours, Li Hua
Para 1
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. He looked at me in disbelief, asking me what to do. Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment. “If I miss this last bus to Prague, I’ll be late for the conference which is so important that I can’t afford to miss it!” I explained. “May I have your phone number I will call you and return the money I owe you. I promise I will keep my word or you keep my watch!” I added, handing him my watch as well as my business card. Gunter accepted my business card but rejected my watch. He wrote down his phone number and gave it to me. “Just keep your promise, Sir.” A feeling of gratitude washed over me as I heard his words. Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its departure.
Para 2
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him. We chatted happily on the way to the airport. I told him that thanks to his generosity and timely help, everything had gone smoothly. When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down. I also gave him an attractive souvenir I had bought at Prague, which he accepted with delight. We became good friends and kept in touch with each other regularly. I felt blessed to have such a warm-hearted friend like Gunter.
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
A
1—3 . ABC
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了拥有丰富文化遗产的拉丁美洲国家Guatemala一些著名景点。
【1题详解】
推理判断题。根据本文关于Tikal National Park的介绍段最后一句“It is here, centuries ago, that the ancient Mayan civilisation boomed. (几个世纪前，古玛雅文明就是在这里繁荣起来的)”可知，古玛雅文明曾在这里繁荣，因此如果游客对玛雅历史感兴趣，可以去这个国家公园。故选A项。
【2题详解】
推理判断题。根据本文关于Guatemala City的介绍段最后一句“Here you will be able to spend a couple of hours appreciating the incredible and comprehensive collection of Mayan as well as colonial art. (在这里，你可以花几个小时欣赏玛雅人和殖民地艺术的难以置信而全面综合的收藏品)”可知，这个地方有很多艺术作品，因此对热爱艺术的人，这是旅游绝佳目的地。故选B项。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。根据本文关于Acatenango Volcano的介绍段第二句“The hike to the summit of this volcano is one of the toughest, yet most popular, in Guatemala. (攀登这座火山的顶峰是Guatemala最艰难但也是最受欢迎的徒步旅行之一)”可知，攀登该火山顶峰是最艰难，也是最受欢迎的徒步旅行，因此可推测这也是该火山最特殊的地方。故选C项。
B
4—7. CDBA
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了身患绝症的出版商McIntyre女士与其丈夫捐赠善款，通过RIP医疗债务组织帮助他人清偿巨额医疗账单的故事。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“But she realized that in a way, she was luckier than some other people. She had insurance to help pay for her medical care. (但她意识到，在某种程度上，她比其他人幸运。她有保险来帮助支付医疗费用)”可知，麦金太尔女士觉得自己比其他人幸运，这是因为她有医疗保险帮助支付医疗费用，她有医疗保障。故选C。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Though her health was failing, Ms. McIntyre decided to help pay off the medical debts of as many people as she possibly could. The couple began donating money to a group called RIP Medical Debt, which is committed to working to pay off the unpaid medical debts of others. (尽管她的健康状况正在恶化，麦金太尔女士还是决定尽可能多地帮助人们偿还医疗债务。这对夫妇开始向一个名为RIP医疗债务的组织捐款，该组织致力于偿还他人未付的医疗债务)”可知，麦金太尔女士和她的丈夫通过偿还他人未付的医疗债务帮助别人。故选D。
【6题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第四段“The couple had set up a page on a website to raise money for this purpose. They had hoped to raise about $20,000. Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts. (这对夫妇在一个网站上设立了一个页面，为此目的筹集资金。他们原本希望筹集约2万美元。尽管如此，麦金太尔女士的最后一篇帖子还是引起了很多关注。她网页上的捐款很快就超过了总目标。在不到一周的时间里，该网站筹集的资金是预期的10倍，捐款仍在继续。截至2023年11月22日，麦金太尔女士的网页已筹集了62.7万美元，足以偿还约6000万美元的医疗债务)”可知，本段主要介绍了公众参与筹集资金，即公众参与。故选B。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“But Ms. McIntyre and her husband, Mr. Gregory, knew that many people with cancer face tough decisions because of the costs of medical care and wind up owing far more than they can pay. (但麦金太尔女士和她的丈夫格雷戈里先生知道，许多癌症患者由于医疗费用而面临艰难的决定，最终欠款远远超过他们的承受能力)”可知，麦金太尔女士能够理解他人的处境，根据第四段“Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts. (尽管如此，麦金太尔女士的最后一篇帖子还是引起了很多关注。她网页上的捐款很快就超过了总目标。在不到一周的时间里，该网站筹集的资金是预期的10倍，捐款仍在继续。截至2023年11月22日，麦金太尔女士的网页已筹集了62.7万美元，足以偿还约6000万美元的医疗债务)”可知，麦金太尔女士很有影响力，由此可知，麦金太尔女士有影响力和理解他人的。故选A。
C
8—11. BACA
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
【9题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
D
【答案】12—15 . D CAD
【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章主要在探讨在不同的语言中，一些相似的发音存在的原因是什么。
【12题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句“no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped.”（单词dog和毛茸茸的 quadruped之间没有任何联系。）及句中“dog”和“furry”（长毛的）可知，划线词应该是指和狗一样的长毛的动物。故选D。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“ a few—such as b, m, p, t, d and k—show up far more frequently, in nearly every spoken language in the world. That is almost certainly because they are easy to make.”（有少数几个，比如b、 m、p、t、d和k，在世界上几乎每一种口语中出现的频率都要高得多，这几乎可以肯定是因为它们容易发出。）可知，“Mamas”和“Papas”被如此普遍使用是因为它们会很容易、很自然地被发出读音。故选C。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“F-is not especially easy to utter(发音); th-sounds are even harder.”（F -不是特别容易发音；th音更难发音。）可知，选项A中的含有“F”和“th”，所以最难清晰地发音。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“In many languages, the word for “mother/mom” takes an m-sound. Is there any reason for such near-universality ”（在许多语言中，““mother/mom”这个词带有m音，这种近乎普遍的现象有什么原因吗 ）并结合全文可知，本文主要在讨论许多发音普遍存在于不同的语言中的原因。故选D。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
16—20. BGDFE
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是历史是写出来的，读出来的，讲出来的，但很少有人去闻它。今天欧洲有一条街道可能闻起来像咖啡、刚出炉的面包和香烟的味道。但是几百年前它闻起来是什么味道呢？科学家们正在试图重现欧洲往日的气味。
【16题详解】
根据空前“A European street today may smell like coffee, fresh-baked bread and cigarettes.(如今，欧洲的大街上可能弥漫着咖啡、刚烤好的面包和香烟的味道。)”可知今天的欧洲街头有着浓郁的面包、咖啡和香烟的味道，根据空后“Historians and scientists across Europe have now gotten together with perfumers (香水制造者) and museums for a unique project called “Odeuropa”—to capture what Europe smelled like between the 16th and early 20th centuries.(欧洲的历史学家和科学家们现在与香水商和博物馆一起开展了一个名为“Odeuropa”的独特项目——捕捉16世纪到20世纪初欧洲的气味。)”可知一些科学家正在探索16世纪和20世纪早期之间欧洲的味道，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲的是几百年前欧洲的气味是什么样子的，B项But what did it smell like hundreds of years ago (但是几百年前它是什么味道呢？)承接上文，引出下文，而且B项中的it指代上文提到的A European street，符合上下文语境。故选B项。
【17题详解】
根据上文“To successfully finish this three-year-long project, the researchers need to find all the old scents of Europe-and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape. To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence that will be trained to scan historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of smells.(为了成功地完成这个为期三年的项目，研究人员需要找到欧洲所有古老的气味，甚至重建一些古老的气味景观。为此，他们将首先建立人工智能，训练其扫描用七种不同语言编写的历史文本，以获取对气味的任何描述。)”可知为了搜寻几百年前欧洲的味道，科学家们会利用人工智能来扫描历史文献，寻找与气味有关的描述，根据下一段首句“The “Encyclopedia (百科全书) of Smell Heritage” will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and olfactory (嗅觉的) practices.(《嗅觉遗产百科全书》将包括特定气味的意义，并将追溯气味、地点、嗅觉实践背后的故事。)”可知空处内容应该与科学家利用找到的信息创建百科全书有关，G项The team will then use the information to create an encyclopedia of smells from Europe’s past.(然后这个团队会利用这些信息来创建一个关于欧洲过去的气味的百科全书。)指出科学家们将会利用这些信息来创建一个关于欧洲过去的气味的百科全书，符合上下文语境。故选G项。
【18题详解】
根据空前“The “Encyclopedia (百科全书) of Smell Heritage” will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and olfactory (嗅觉的) practices.(《嗅觉遗产百科全书》将包括特定气味的意义，并将追溯气味、地点、嗅觉实践背后的故事。)”可知《嗅觉遗产百科全书》将包括某些气味的意义，并将追踪气味背后的故事、产生气味的地点和嗅觉体验，根据空后“enabling future generations to access and learn about the scented past.(让后代能够接触和了解有香味的过去。)”可知《嗅觉遗产百科全书》可以让子孙后代能接触并了解香味的过去，空处承上启下，所以空处内容应该与《嗅觉遗产百科全书》的意义有关， D项It will become a record for the smell heritage of Europe .(它将成为欧洲嗅觉遗产的记录。)指出《嗅觉遗产百科全书》的意义所在，承接上文，引出下文，而且D项中的It指代上文的The “Encyclopedia (百科全书) of Smell Heritage”，符合上下文语境。故选D项。
【19题详解】
根据空后“such as doctors. In the past, herbs were often used by European doctors to heal the sick.(比如医生。在过去，草药经常被欧洲的医生用来治疗病人。)”可知在过去草药经常被医生用来救人，所以空处内容应该提到了某些人，F项The encyclopedia will also include descriptions of people for whom smell was important .(这一百科全书也会包括对一些人的描述，对这些人来说，气味很重要。)引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选F项。
【20题详解】
根据空前“With current technology, almost every scent can be produced.(运用目前的技术，几乎每一种香味都可以生产出来。)”可知运用现代科技，几乎任何气味都能被制造出来，根据空后“People haven’t always talked or written about them.(人们并不总是谈论或描述他们。)”可知人们不总是谈论或描述各种气味，空处承上启下，所以空处内容应与气味的描述有关，E项The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents.(这个项目更困难的部分将是找到气味的描述。)指出在这个项目中比较困难的部分是对于气味的描述，与前文运用现代科技任何气味都能被制造出来的简单形成对比，承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选E项。
第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
21—25 . CBDCA 26—30 BBCDA 31—35. DAACB
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要叙述了作者旁观两只加拿大鹅争吵的故事。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：你听说过或见过加拿大鹅吗？你知道它们以新鲜的草和种子为食吗？A. draw on利用； B. focus on 专注；C. feed on以……为食；D. try on试穿。根据后文的“fresh grass and seeds”可知，本句想表达它们以新鲜的草和种子为食。故选C项。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：加拿大鹅以其彬彬有礼而闻名。A. desire欲望；B. reputation声誉；C. affection感情；D. appetite食欲。根据后文的“They always bow down to you whenever you walk by.”可知，每当你走过的时候，它们总是向你鞠躬，故它们有良好的声誉。故选B项。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，我最近发现，它们有时会对同伴是粗鲁的，尤其是在他们为食物争吵的时候——是的，这些举止得体的绅士确实会争吵，只是为了吃点东西。A. generous慷慨的；B. faithful忠诚的；C. weird奇怪的；D. rude粗鲁的。根据后文的“especially on occasions when they quarrel for food”可知，加拿大鹅有时为食物争吵，故它们有时是粗鲁无礼的。故选D项。
【24题详解】
考查形容词词词义辨析。句意：然而，我最近发现，它们有时会对同伴是粗鲁的，尤其是在它们为食物争吵的时候——是的，这些举止得体的绅士确实会争吵，只是为了吃点东西。A. well-informed见多识广；B. well-dressed穿着考究的；C. well-behaved举止得体的；D. well-balanced平衡良好。根据前文的“They always bow down to you whenever you walk by. ”可知，加拿大鹅举止得体。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：昨天，我看到两只加拿大鹅为了一丛美丽的新鲜草而激烈地争吵。A. fiercely激烈的；B. blindly盲目的；C. cautiously谨慎的； D. gently温和的。根据后文的“the two were shouting noisily, stretching their necks as long as they could to look aggressively at each other.”可知，两只加拿大鹅激烈地争吵。故选A项。
【26题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那块草丛就在它们中间，两只鹅大声喊叫，尽可能地伸长脖子，挑衅地看着对方。A. deserted被抛弃的；B. located位于；C. fixed固定的；D. laid松弛的，从容不迫的。根据后文的“right in the middle of them”可知，草丛位于它们中间。故选B项。
【27题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很少看到加拿大鹅“不礼貌”的一面。A. frequent经常的； B. rare稀有的； C. common普通的； D. constant恒定的。根据前文的“Canadian geese have a good 2 for their politeness. They always bow down to you whenever you walk by. ”可知，加拿大鹅举止得体，加拿大鹅“不礼貌”的一面是稀有的。故选B项。
【28题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：于是，我忍不住停下了早晨的散步，站着不动，看着这些“绅士”们争吵。A. restricting限制； B. changing改变； C. pausing暂停； D. speeding超速。根据前文的“It’s 7 to witness the “impolite” side of Canadian geese.”可知，因为很少看到加拿大鹅“不礼貌”的一面，作者忍不住停下了早晨的散步。故选C项。
29题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有趣的是，过了一会儿，一辆卡车呼啸而过，扰乱了它们不和谐的谈话。A. desperate绝望的； B. simple简单的； C. serious严重的； D. disharmonious不和谐的。根据前文的“The clump was 6 right in the middle of them, while the two were shouting noisily, stretching their necks as long as they could to look aggressively at each other. ”可知，它们俩大声喊叫着，尽量伸长脖子，恶狠狠地瞪着对方，它们的谈话不和谐。故选D项。
【30题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：两只鹅同样被这个巨大的“怪物”吓坏了，于是放弃了它们的谈话。A. frightened害怕的； B. annoyed生气； C. crashed碰撞； D. injured伤害。根据前文的“a truck roared past their feast”以及后文的“by the massive “monster””可知，在两只鹅的眼中这辆卡车像个巨大的怪物，故它们很害怕。故选A项。
【31题详解】
查动词短语辨析。句意：我站着不动，想着这个可笑的问题，等待着。A. finding out发现； B. dealing with处理；C. looking into调查； D. wondering about想知道。根据前文的“Would they start quarreling again ”可知，作者正在想它们会不会再吵架这个问题。故选D项。
【32题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：出乎我意料的是，卡车刚过，两只鹅就失去了争吵的激情，好像他们已经忘记了发生的一切。A. passion激情； B. reason原因；C. talent天赋；D. anxiety焦虑。根据后文的“Even the two turned around and left the 13 in opposite directions as if nothing had happened.”可知，两只鹅不再吵架，失去了争吵的激情。故选A项。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：就连两只鹅也转过身来，若无其事地离开了现场。A. scene场景； B. destination目的地； C. landscape景观； D. park公园。根据后文的“They left only me there, imagining what might have happened without the 14 .”可知，它们只留下我一个人在那里，两只鹅离开了现场。故选A项。
【34题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们只留下我一个人在那里，想象着没有卡车会发生什么。A. looker-on旁观者； B. passer-by路人； C. truck卡车； D. clump丛，簇，束。根据前文的“Beyond my expectation, right after the truck’s passing by, the two geese immediately lost their 12 for quarreling as if they had forgotten all about what had happened. ”可知，卡车扰乱了它们的谈话，故作者想象着没有卡车会发生什么。故选C项。
【35题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有时候健忘也没那么糟。A. upset心烦意乱的； B. forgetful健忘的； C. mean吝啬的； D. greedy贪婪的。根据前文的“as if they had forgotten all about what had happened. ”可知，两只鹅忘记了先前的争吵，故有时候健忘也没那么糟。故选B项。
第二节（共10小题；每小题1. 5分, 满分15分）
36. where 37. enormously 38. as 39. confused 40. approaching 41. equipped 42. carefulness
43. is prevented 44. a 45. to speak
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了希腊的交通很糟糕并由此提出一些给希腊司机的行车建议。
【36题详解】考查定语从句。句意：在大城市尤其如此，那里的交通受到许多因素的极大影响。这里为定语从句的关系词引导定语从句，先行词为large cities，在定语从句中担当地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
【37题详解】考查副词。句意：希腊大城市的道路规划非常复杂。修饰形容词complex，用副词作状语。故填enormously。
【38题详解】考查介词。句意：雅典被认为是最难开车的城市。短语：be known as，意为“被认为是……”，根据句意。故填as。
【39题详解】考查形容词。句意：很难找到正确的道路，所以新司机很容易在那里感到困惑。系动词get之后用形容词担当表语。动词confuse有两种形容词形式：confused修饰人，意为“感到困惑的”；confusing修饰物，意为“令人困惑的”。本句主语为“new drivers”，意为“感到困惑的”。故填confused。
【40题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在接近十字路口时，司机总是应该减速。这里为状语从句 省略：当when引导的状语从句主语和主句主语一致时，状语从句含有be的某种形式，从句主语和be省略。本句中when引导的状语从句完整形式为“when they are approaching a crossroads”，故将they和are同时省略。故填approaching。
【41题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：配备红绿灯的十字路口是另一个危险的地方。这里为非谓语动词担当后置定语，和被修饰词“crossroads”之间存在被动关系，用过去分词形式。故填equipped。
【42题详解】
考查名词。句意：应谨慎选择停车位。介词with之后用名词形式，构成短语：with carefulness，意 “谨慎地”。故填carefulness。
【43题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：司机还应该考虑到，在一些大城市的中心地区，停车是被禁止的。根据上下文可知，本句时态为一般现在时；主语为parking，与prevent之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态，且主语parking为第三人称单数 ，谓语动词用单数。故填is prevented。
【44题详解】
考查冠词。句意：尽管限速80公里/小时，但当地司机很少以低于120公里/小时的速度行驶。固定短语：at a speed of…，意为“以……速度”。故填a。
【45题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在开车时，司机不允许打电话，因为他们需要观察交通状况和其他司机。非谓语动词担当allow之后的主语补足语，用不定式形式，构成sb. be allowed to do sth. 意为“某人不允许做某事”。故填to speak。
第四部分 写作（共两节, 满分40分）
Dear David,
Delighted to know you are interested in the exhibition of creative handmade works held in our school last week, I am writing to share it with you.
All works were made by us students, which were created from waste and used materials. I made a shopping bag from a pair of worn-out jeans, spending countless minutes designing, decorating and perfecting it. My works has received lots of likes.
I find it enjoyable and meaningful to make handmade works from recyclables. And I’ve developed my innovative ability as well.
Yours, Li Hua
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。假定考生是李华，近日参加了学校的创意手工作品展，外籍笔友David对你的作品很感兴趣。请用英语给他写封邮件，介绍你的作品及感受。
【详解】1.词汇积累
对……感兴趣：be interested in→have an interest in
举办、组织：hold→organize
许多：lots of→plenty of
有意义的：meaningful→significant
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：I find it enjoyable and meaningful to make handmade works from recyclables.
拓展句：I find that it is enjoyable and meaningful to make handmade works from recyclables.
【点睛】[高分句型1] All works were made by us students, which were created from waste and used materials. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] I made a shopping bag from a pair of worn-out jeans, spending countless minutes designing, decorating and perfecting it. (运用了现在分词作状语)
第二节（满分25分）
Para 1
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. He looked at me in disbelief, asking me what to do. Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment. “If I miss this last bus to Prague, I’ll be late for the conference which is so important that I can’t afford to miss it!” I explained. “May I have your phone number I will call you and return the money I owe you. I promise I will keep my word or you keep my watch!” I added, handing him my watch as well as my business card. Gunter accepted my business card but rejected my watch. He wrote down his phone number and gave it to me. “Just keep your promise, Sir.” A feeling of gratitude washed over me as I heard his words. Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its departure.
Para 2
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him. We chatted happily on the way to the airport. I told him that thanks to his generosity and timely help, everything had gone smoothly. When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down. I also gave him an attractive souvenir I had bought at Prague, which he accepted with delight. We became good friends and kept in touch with each other regularly. I felt blessed to have such a warm-hearted friend like Gunter.
【导语】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者在一次因风暴延误的旅途中，匆忙搭乘出租车前往车站赶最后一班去布拉格的公共汽车。司机冈特不熟悉车站位置，通过电话求助后顺利抵达。到达时作者却发现自己没带现金，尝试用葡萄牙银行卡支付没有成功，而车站的取款机也故障了。
【详解】1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“我跑回到冈特那里，告诉他这个坏消息。”可知，第一段可描写作者留下冈特的电话，承诺会还钱给对方，冈特同意，最终作者及时登上了公共汽车。
②由第二段首句内容“四天后，当我回到维也纳时，我按照承诺给冈特打了电话。”可知，第二段可描写作者付费给冈特，并向对方表示感激，两人成为了好朋友。
2.续写线索：作者给出解决办法——承诺还钱——冈特同意——作者登上公共汽车——履行承诺还钱——两人成为朋友
3.词汇激活
行为类
①拒绝：reject/refuse
②给某人拥抱：give sb. a hug/embrace sb.
③记下，写下：write down/set down
情绪类
①难以置信地：in disbelief/incredibly/unbelievably
②开心地：happily/joyfully
【点睛】【高分句型1】He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before.（运用了where引导的限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down.（运用了when引导的时间状语从句，that引导的限制性定语从句
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