阅读理解03（人与社会）-梳理五年2020-2024年新高考英语真题分类详解与考法归纳（原卷版）
阅读理解话题日常生活类是高考英语常考也是必考题，经常出现在高考题阅读理解A篇、B、和C篇和D篇中，本篇文章将具体梳理近五年新高考以“人与社会”为主题的文章。
●快速浏览文章，阅读文章的标题、每段的首句和尾句，了解文章的整体结构和主要内容。
●关注关键词，如“社会责任”、“社区服务”、“公共政策”、“社会问题”等。
●理解文章主旨，总结每段的主要内容，并结合文章的标题和结论部分。
●细读问题和选项，明确问题的具体要求，注意问题中的限定词和细节，理解每个选项的含义。
●定位信息，在文章中找到与问题相关的信息。
●排除干扰选项，排除明显错误或与文章内容不符的选项，集中比较剩余选项的细微差别，选择最符合文章意思的选项。
●理解作者态度，注意文章中的形容词、副词和语气词，理解作者对社会问题和解决方案的态度。
●注意因果关系，关注文章中的因果关系词，如“because”、“therefore”、“as a result”等，理解事件的前因后果。
●关注社会背景，结合文章内容，理解所讨论的社会现象或问题的背景和原因。
●总结归纳，在阅读完文章和回答问题后，尝试总结文章的主要内容和观点，以巩固理解。
Passage 1（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加保护当地生态系统的栖息地恢复小组的时间地点等相关细节。
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We'll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
GROUPS
Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.
We'll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.
No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills (满足) community service requirements.
UPCOMING EVENTS
21. What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team
A．To discover mineral resources. B．To develop new wildlife parks.
C．To protect the local ecosystem. D．To conduct biological research.
22. What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team
A．5. B．10. C．15. D．18.
23. What are the volunteers expected to do
A．Bring their own tools. B．Work even in bad weather.
C．Wear a team uniform. D．Do at least three projects.
Passage 2（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷 B篇）
【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。
“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
1. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him
A．He’s odd. B．He’s strict. C．He’s brave. D．He’s rude.
2. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets
A．He was trained in it at university. B．He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C．He benefited from it as a patient. D．He wanted to save money for pet owners.
3. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B．The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C．Examples of rare animal diseases. D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
4. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A．To prove Farber’s point. B．To emphasize its importance.
C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection.
Passage 3（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷 C篇）
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain.
C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice.
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare.
C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
Passage 4（2024·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加卡洛秋季徒步节的几种步行方案，及其日期、起点和步行时间等相关细节。
Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers
The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner, experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow’s mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks.
Walk 1 — The Natural World
With environmentalist anna Lamhna as the guide, this walk promises to be an informative tour. Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 09:00
Start Point: Scratoes Bridge
Walk Duration: 6 hours
Walk 2 — Introduction to Hillwalking
Emmanuel Chappard, an experienced guide, has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all. This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 09:00
Start Point: Deerpark Car Park
Walk Duration: 5 hours
Walk 3 — Moonlight Under the Stars
Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs. A torch (手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 18:30
Start Point: The Town Hall
Walk Duration: 3 hours
Walk 4 — Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest
This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild. Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 11:45
Start Point: Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area
Walk Duration: 1.5 hours
1. Which walk takes the shortest time
A．The Natural World. B．Introduction to Hillwalking.
C．Moonlight Under the Stars. D．Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest.
2. What are participants in Walk 3 required to do
A．Wear proper clothes. B．Join a walking club.
C．Get special permits. D．Bring a survival guide.
3. What do the four walks have in common
A．They involve difficult climbing. B．They are for experienced walkers.
C．They share the same start point. D．They are scheduled for the weekend.
Passage 5（2024·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 B篇）
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)推出自动售货亭提供短篇故事打印服务，旨在满足乘客阅读需求，提升出行体验，Trost认为此举措能吸引更多乘客，对BART的未来持乐观态度，预期乘客量将会增长。
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there’s a kiosk (小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March. Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. “We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says. “And as of right now, we’ve received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit (交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
4. Why did BART start the kiosk program
A．To promote the local culture. B．To discourage phone use.
C．To meet passengers’ needs. D．To reduce its running costs.
5. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A．By popularity. B．By length.
C．By theme. D．By language.
6. What has Trost been doing recently
A．Organizing a story contest. B．Doing a survey of customers.
C．Choosing a print publisher. D．Conducting interviews with artists.
7. What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future
A．It will close down. B．Its profits will decline.
C．It will expand nationwide. D．Its ridership will increase.
Passage 6（2024·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 D篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．If read by someone poorly educated. B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C．If written by someone less competent. D．If translated by someone unacademic.
13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A．It is packed with complex codes. B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C．It provides step-by-step instructions. D．It is intended for AI professionals.
14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A．Observe existing regulations on it.
B．Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To recommend a book on AI. B．To give a brief account of AI history.
C．To clarify the definition of AI. D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.
Passage 7（2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了在阿姆斯特丹进行自行车租赁和雇佣导游的操作方式，价格等细节。
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
Prices
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
A．It gives children a discount. B．It offers many types of bikes.
C．It organizes free cycle tours. D．It has over 2,500 rental shops.
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
A．?15.75. B．?19.50. C．?22.75. D．?29.50.
23. Where does the guided city tour start
A．The Gooyer, Windmill. B．The Skinny Bridge.
C．Heineken Brewery. D．Dam Square.
Passage 8（2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷 C篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
28. What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods.
C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends.
C．Evaluate their effects. D．Identify the ideas behind them.
Passage 8（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷 D篇）
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
Passage 9（2023·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了黄石国家公园提供的几项护林员项目。
Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. The following are descriptions of the ranger programs this summer.
Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2)
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail (小径), camping, or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road, this quick workshop is for you and your family. Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience. Meet at the Canyon Village Store.
Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 to August 21)
Kids can test their skills and compare their abilities to the animals of Yellowstone. Stay for as little or as long as your plans allow. Meet in front of the Visitor Education Center.
Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2)
From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon (峡谷) while learning about the area’s natural and human history. Discover why artists and photographers continue to be drawn to this special place. Meet on the lower platform at Artist Point on the South Rim Drive for this short talk.
Photography Workshops (June 19 & July 10)
Enhance your photography skills — join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands-on program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.
6/19 — Waterfalls &Wide Angles: meet at Artist Point.
7/10 — Wildflowers &White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.
21. Which of the four programs begins the earliest
A．Photography Workshops. B．Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics.
C．Canyon Talks at Artist Point. D．Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.
22. What is the short talk at Artist Point about
A．Works of famous artists. B．Protection of wild animals.
C．Basic photography skills. D．History of the canyon area.
23. Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop
A．Artist Point. B．Washburn Trailhead.
C．Canyon Village Store. D．Visitor Education Center.
Passage 10（2023·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 C篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章是对一本书的介绍，主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28. Where is the text most probably taken from
A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on the art of writing.
C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings.
29. What are the selected artworks about
A．Wealth and intellect. B．Home and school.
C．Books and reading. D．Work and leisure.
30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Understand. B．Paint.
C．Seize. D．Transform.
31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A．The printed book is not totally out of date.
B．Technology has changed the way we read.
C．Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D．People now rarely have the patience to read.
Passage 11（2022·新课标Ⅰ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法。
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
1. Where is this text probably taken from
A．A textbook. B．An exam paper. C．A course plan. D．An academic article.
2. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of
A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five.
3. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date
A．You will receive a zero. B．You will lose a letter grade.
C．You will be given a test. D．You will have to rewrite it.
Passage 12（2022·新课标Ⅰ卷 B篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
1. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A．We pay little attention to food waste. B．We waste food unintentionally at times.
C．We waste more vegetables than meat. D．We have good reasons for wasting food.
2. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test
A．Moral decline. B．Environmental harm.
C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation.
3. What does Curtin’s company do
A．It produces kitchen equipment. B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C．It helps local farmers grow fruits. D．It makes meals out of unwanted food.
4. What does Curtin suggest people do
A．Buy only what is needed. B．Reduce food consumption.
C．Go shopping once a week. D．Eat in restaurants less often.
Passage 13（2022·新课标Ⅰ卷 C篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
1. What is the purpose of the project
A．To ensure harmony in care homes. B．To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C．To raise money for medical research. D．To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
2. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier
A．She has learned new life skills. B．She has gained a sense of achievement.
C．She has recovered her memory. D．She has developed a strong personality.
3. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7
A．Improve. B．Oppose. C．Begin. D．Evaluate.
4. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs
A．It is well received. B．It needs to be more creative.
C．It is highly profitable. D．It takes ages to see the results.
Passage 14（2022·新课标Ⅰ卷 D篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
1. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
A．Its variety. B．Its distribution. C．Its quantity. D．Its development.
2. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B．They could not open and close their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential application of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
4. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A．It is key to effective communication. B．It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C．It is a complex and dynamic system. D．It drives the evolution of human beings.
Passage 15（2022·新课标Ⅱ卷 A篇）
本文是一篇应用文，文章提供了关于儿童博物馆团体游的相关信息。
Children’s Discovery Museum
General Information about Group Play
Pricing
Group Play $7/person
Scholarships
We offer scholarships to low-income schools and youth organizations, subject to availability. Participation in a post-visit survey is required.
Scholarships are for Group Play admission fees and/or transportation. Transportation invoices (发票) must be received within 60 days of your visit to guarantee the scholarship.
Group Size
We require one chaperone (监护人) per ten children. Failure to provide enough chaperones will result in an extra charge of $50 per absent adult.
Group Play is for groups of 10 or more with a limit of 35 people. For groups of 35 or more, please call to discuss options.
Hours
The Museum is open daily from 9:30 am to 4:30 pm.
Group Play may be scheduled during any day or time the Museum is open.
Registration Policy
Registration must be made at least two weeks in advance.
Register online or fill out a Group Play Registration Form with multiple date and start time options.
Once the registration form is received and processed, we will send a confirmation email within two business days.
Guidelines
●Teachers and chaperones should model good behavior for the group and remain with students at all times.
●Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum.
●Children should play nicely with each other and exhibits.
●Use your indoor voice when at the Museum.
1. What does a group need to do if they are offered a scholarship
A．Prepay the admission fees. B．Use the Museum’s transportation.
C．Take a survey after the visit. D．Schedule their visit on weekdays.
2. How many chaperones are needed for a group of 30 children to visit the Museum
A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four.
3. What are children prohibited from doing at the Museum
A．Using the computer. B．Talking with each other.
C．Touching the exhibits. D．Exploring the place alone.
Passage 16（2022·新课标Ⅱ卷 C篇）
【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A．Ineffective. B．Unnecessary.
C．Inconsistent. D．Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A．Where a driver came from. B．Whether a driver used their phone.
C．How fast a driver was going. D．When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A．Advice. B．Data. C．Tests. D．Laws.
11. What is a suitable title for the text
A．To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
Passage 17（2021·新课标全国I卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了罗马的几个价格低廉，安全舒适的旅馆。
Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社). The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night, and for that, you’ll often get to stay in a central location (位置) with security and comfort.
Yellow Hostel
If I had to make just one recommendation for where to stay in Rome, it would be Yellow Hostel. It’s one of the best-rated hostels in the city, and for good reason. It’s affordable, and it’s got a fun atmosphere without being too noisy. As an added bonus, it’s close to the main train station.
Hostel Alessandro Palace
If you love social hostels, this is the best hostel for you in Rome. Hostel Alessandro Palace is fun. Staff members hold plenty of bar events for guests like free shots, bar crawls and karaoke. There’s also an area on the rooftop for hanging out with other travelers during the summer.
Youth Station Hostel
If you’re looking for cleanliness and a modern hostel, look no further than Youth Station. It offers beautiful furnishings and beds. There are plenty of other benefits, too; it doesn’t charge city tax; it has both air conditioning and a heater for the rooms; it also has free Wi-Fi in every room.
Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes
Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes is located just a 10-minute walk from the central city station and it’s close to all of the city’s main attractions. The staff is friendly and helpful, providing you with a map of the city when you arrive, and offering advice if you require some. However, you need to pay 2 euros a day for Wi-Fi.
21. What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel
A．Comfort. B．Security.
C．Price. D．Location.
22. Which hotel best suits people who enjoy an active social life
A．Yellow Hostel. B．Hostel Alessandro Palace.
C．Youth Station Hostel. D．Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes.
23. What is the disadvantage of Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes
A．It gets noisy at night. B．Its staff is too talkative.
C．It charges for Wi-Fi. D．It’s inconveniently located.
Passage 18（2021·新课标全国I卷 D篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
A．It can be measured by an IQ test. B．It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C．It includes a set of emotional skills. D．It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2
A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To present a fact. D．To make a prediction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence
A．Its appeal to the public. B．Expectations for future studies.
C．Its practical application. D．Scientists with new perspectives.
Passage 19（2021·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 A篇）
【导语】这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了今年夏天约克郡的四个活动的情况。
Things to Do in Yorkshire This Summer
Harrogate Music Festival
Since its birth, Harrogate Music Festival has gone from strength to strength. This year, we are celebrating our 50th anniversary. We begin on 1st June with Manchester Camerata and Nicola Benedetti, presenting an amazing programme of Mozart pieces.
Dates:1 June-31 July
Tickets: 12- 96
Jodie's Fitness Summer Classes
As the summer months roll in, our Georgian country estate makes the perfect setting for an outdoor fitness session. Come and work out with our qualified personal trainer, Jodie McGregor, on the grounds of the Middleton Lodge estate.
We will be holding a free taster session on 23rd May, at 10 am, to demonstrate the variety of effective and active exercises. There are eight spaces available for the taster session. Advance bookings are required (info@middletonlodge.co.uk)
Dates:23 May-11 July
Tickets: 7.50 per session
Felt Picture Making
Working from an inspirational picture, this workshop at Helmsley Arts Centre will teach you the techniques you will need to recreate your picture in wool.
We will also discuss the origins of felt, what enables wool fibres to become felt and how the processes we use work.
Dates: 12 June-12 July
Tickets: 40 including materials
Figure It Out!-Playing with Math
A new exhibition in Halifax uses everyday activities to explain the hidden math principles we all use on a regular basis. Pack a bag, cut a cake, guess which juice container holds the most liquid, and much more. Discover how architects, product designers and scientists use similar skills in their work.
Dates:7 May-10 June
Tickets: Free
1. What should you do if you want to attend the taster session of Jodie's fitness classes
A．Join a fitness club. B．Pay a registration fee.
C．Make a booking. D．Hire a personal trainer.
2. How much is the ticket for Felt Picture Making
A． 7.50. B． 12.
C． 40. D． 96.
3. Which of the following starts earliest
A．Harrogate Music Festival. B．Jodie's Fitness Summer Classes.
C．Felt Picture Making. D．Figure It Out!-Playing with Math.
Passage 20（2021·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 D篇）
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人,用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry
A．Soil pollution. B．Lack of workers.
C．Aging machines. D．Low profitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do
A．Monitor the quality of grass. B．Cure the diseased cattle.
C．Move cattle to another field. D．Predict weather changes.
14. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle
A．He wants to help them earn a living. B．He thinks men can do the job better.
C．He is inexperienced in using robots. D．He enjoys the traditional way of life.
15. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey
A．Increase the value of cattle. B．Bring down the cost of labor.
C．Make the job more appealing. D．Keep cattle from being stolen.
Passage 21（2020·新课标全国I卷 A篇）
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一些火车信息,包括失物招领、公共假期安排以及列车出发时间等信息。
Train Information
All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information，please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.
While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled，there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.
Lost property(失物招领)
Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services.
The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30am to 5:00pm and is located(位于)at Roma Street station.
Public holidays
On public holidays, generally a Sunday timetable operates. On certain major event days，i.e.
Australia Day, Anzac Day, sporting and cultural days, special additional services may operate.
Christmas Day services operate to a Christmas Day timetable，Before travel please visit . au or call TransLink on 13 12 30 anytime.
Customers using mobility devices
Many stations have wheelchair access from the car park or entrance to the station platforms.
For assistance, please Queensland Rail on 13 16 17.
Guardian trains (outbound)
1. What would you do to get ticket information
A．Call 13 16 17. B．Visit .au.
C．Ask at the local station. D．Check the train schedule.
2. At which station can you find the lost property office
A．Altandi. B．Roma Street. C．Varsity Lakes. D．Fortitude Valley.
3. Which train would you take if you go from Central to Varsity Lakes
A．6:42 pm. B．7:29 pm. C．8:57 pm. D．11:02 pm.
Passage 22（2020·新课标全国I卷 C篇）
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势,但是之前受过伤的人,要想从事这样运动要谨慎,最好咨询专家的建议。
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
1. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A．They must run long distances.
B．They are qualified for the marathon.
C．They have to follow special rules.
D．They are good at swinging their legs.
2. What advantage does race walking have over running
A．It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B．It’s less challenging physically.
C．It’s more effective in body building.
D．It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
3. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A．Getting experts’ opinions.
B．Having a medical checkup.
C．Hiring an experienced coach.
D．Doing regular exercises.
4. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking
A．Skeptical. B．Objective.
C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.
Passage 23（2020·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是应用文。是湖区景点指南,介绍了几个主要的景点的特色,地点和参观时间。
The Lake District Attractions Guide
Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens
History, Culture & Landscape(景观). Discover and enjoy 4 centuries of history, 5 acres of celebrated and award-winning gardens with parkland walk. Owned by the Hasell family since 1679, home to the International Marmalade Festival. Gifts and antiques, plant sales, museums & Mediaeval Hall Tearoom.
Open:29 Mar-29 Oct，Sun to Thurs.
Tearoom，Gardens & Gift Shop:10:30-17:00(16:00 in Oct).
House:11:15-16:00(15:00 in Oct)
Town: Pooley Bridge & Penrith
Abbot Hall art Gallery & Museum
Those viewing the quality of Abbot Hall’s temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city gallery. The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.
Open: Mon to Sat and Summer Sundays. 10:30 -17:00 Summer.10:30 -16:00 Winter.
Town: Kendal
Tullie House Museum & Art Gallery
Discover, explore and enjoy award-winning Tullie House, where historic collections, contemporary art and family fun are brought together in one impressive museum and art gallery. There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine art to interactive fun, so there’s something for everyone!
Open: High Season 1 Apr – 31 Oct: Mon to Sat 10:00 – 17:00, Sun 11:00 – 17:00.
Low Season 1 Nov – 31 Mar: Mon to Sat 10:00 – 16:30, Sun 12:00 – 16:30.
Town: Carlisle
Dove Cottage & The wordsworth Museum
Discover William Wordsworth’s inspirational home. Take a tour of his Lakeland cottage, walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum. Visit the shop and relax in the café. Exhibitions, events and family activities throughout the year.
Open: Daily, 09:30 – 17:30 (last admission 17:00).
Town: Grasmere
1. When is the House at Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens open on Sundays in July
A．09:30-17:30. B．10:30-16:00. C．11:15-16:00. D．12:00-16:30
2. What can visitors do at Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum
A．Enjoy Romney’s works.
B．Have some interactive fun.
C．Attend a famous festival.
D．Learn the history of a family
3. Where should visitors go if they want to explore Wordsworth’s life
A．Penrith. B．Kendal. C．Carlisle. D．Grasmere.
Passage 24（2020·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 B篇）
【导语】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究,介绍了研究考虑的因素,研究过程和结果。
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
1. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play
A．Building confidence. B．Developing spatial skills.
C．Learning self-control. D．Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A．Parents’ age. B．Children’s imagination.
C．Parents’ education. D．Child-parent relationship.
3. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play
A．They play with puzzles more often.
B．They tend to talk less during the game.
C．They prefer to use more spatial language.
D．They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
4. What is the text mainly about
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.阅读理解03（人与社会）-梳理五年2020-2024年新高考英语真题分类详解与考法归纳（解析版）
阅读理解话题日常生活类是高考英语常考也是必考题，经常出现在高考题阅读理解A篇、B、和C篇和D篇中，本篇文章将具体梳理近五年新高考以“人与社会”为主题的文章。
●快速浏览文章，阅读文章的标题、每段的首句和尾句，了解文章的整体结构和主要内容。
●关注关键词，如“社会责任”、“社区服务”、“公共政策”、“社会问题”等。
●理解文章主旨，总结每段的主要内容，并结合文章的标题和结论部分。
●细读问题和选项，明确问题的具体要求，注意问题中的限定词和细节，理解每个选项的含义。
●定位信息，在文章中找到与问题相关的信息。
●排除干扰选项，排除明显错误或与文章内容不符的选项，集中比较剩余选项的细微差别，选择最符合文章意思的选项。
●理解作者态度，注意文章中的形容词、副词和语气词，理解作者对社会问题和解决方案的态度。
●注意因果关系，关注文章中的因果关系词，如“because”、“therefore”、“as a result”等，理解事件的前因后果。
●关注社会背景，结合文章内容，理解所讨论的社会现象或问题的背景和原因。
●总结归纳，在阅读完文章和回答问题后，尝试总结文章的主要内容和观点，以巩固理解。
Passage 1（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加保护当地生态系统的栖息地恢复小组的时间地点等相关细节。
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We'll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
GROUPS
Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.
We'll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.
No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills (满足) community service requirements.
UPCOMING EVENTS
21. What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team
A．To discover mineral resources. B．To develop new wildlife parks.
C．To protect the local ecosystem. D．To conduct biological research.
22. What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team
A．5. B．10. C．15. D．18.
23. What are the volunteers expected to do
A．Bring their own tools. B．Work even in bad weather.
C．Wear a team uniform. D．Do at least three projects.
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. B
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.Wellexplore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive(侵入的)plant removal, winter planting,and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Teamvolunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.(帮助恢复和保护从马林海岬到波利纳斯岭的马林海的自然区域。我们将探索美丽的公园场地,同时进行入侵植物清除、冬季种植和种子收集。栖息地恢复小组的志愿者在恢复敏感资源和保护山脊和山谷中的濒危物种方面发挥着至关重要的作用)”可知,栖息地恢复小组的目的是保护当地生态系统。故选C项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“'Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.(欢迎10岁及以上的志愿者”可知,参加栖息地恢复小组的最低年龄限制是10岁。故选B项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第五段“We'll be working rain or shine.(我们将风雨无阻地工作)”可知,身为志愿者,即使天气不好也要工作。故选B项。
Passage 2（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷 B篇）
【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。
“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
1. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him
A．He’s odd. B．He’s strict. C．He’s brave. D．He’s rude.
2. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets
A．He was trained in it at university. B．He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C．He benefited from it as a patient. D．He wanted to save money for pet owners.
3. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B．The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C．Examples of rare animal diseases. D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
4. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A．To prove Farber’s point. B．To emphasize its importance.
C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection.
【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laughat his unusual methods.(如果他看起来有点戒备的姿态,那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。)”可知,Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法,他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“"Then he tried acupuncture,an ancient Chinese practice,and was amazed that he improved aftertwo or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So,after studying the techniques for a coupleof years,he began offering them to pets.(然后,他尝试了针灸,这是一种古老的中国疗法,并惊讶地发现,经过两三次治疗,他的病情有所好转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的病人也有效。因此,在研究了这些技术几年后,他开始把它们提供给宠物。)”可知,Farber作为患者从针灸中受益,这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。
【3题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep himalive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy,"moves more easily and rides more comfortably"after a chiropractic adjustment.(利廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说,查理心脏病发作后,她准备让他进入睡眠状态,但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦,她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说,她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后,行动更容易,乘车更舒服”。)”可知,本段主要讲述了两个例子,一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie,另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容"Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if thepast is any indication,he may be right: Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from30to over 700.(法伯确信,随着时间的推移,综合疗法会越来越受欢迎,如果过去有任何迹象的话,他可能是对的:自1982年以来,美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知,法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎,随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子,因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。
Passage 3（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷 C篇）
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain.
C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice.
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare.
C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more,learning is generally more successful when it's onpaper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时,在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)"可知,在纸上学习更有成效,以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks一like identifying the main idea in a reading passage一to ones that require mental abstraction一such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)推知,此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时,纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意,所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意,和D项意思相近。故选D项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called“shallowing hypothesis(假说)”.According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,which are oftennot so serious,and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论,人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本,这些文本通常不那么严肃,与阅读印刷品时相比,投入的精神努力也更少)”可知,shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态,不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio(音频)and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turnto these technologies-say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力,因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术,例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知,音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力,所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video al have educational roles, especially when providing resources notavailable in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for,educators shouldn't assume all mediaare the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用,尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而,为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习,教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的,即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知,尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用,但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时,教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的,即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代,因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
Passage 4（2024·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加卡洛秋季徒步节的几种步行方案，及其日期、起点和步行时间等相关细节。
Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers
The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner, experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow’s mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks.
Walk 1 — The Natural World
With environmentalist anna Lamhna as the guide, this walk promises to be an informative tour. Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 09:00
Start Point: Scratoes Bridge
Walk Duration: 6 hours
Walk 2 — Introduction to Hillwalking
Emmanuel Chappard, an experienced guide, has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all. This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 09:00
Start Point: Deerpark Car Park
Walk Duration: 5 hours
Walk 3 — Moonlight Under the Stars
Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs. A torch (手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 18:30
Start Point: The Town Hall
Walk Duration: 3 hours
Walk 4 — Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest
This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild. Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 11:45
Start Point: Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area
Walk Duration: 1.5 hours
1. Which walk takes the shortest time
A．The Natural World. B．Introduction to Hillwalking.
C．Moonlight Under the Stars. D．Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest.
2. What are participants in Walk 3 required to do
A．Wear proper clothes. B．Join a walking club.
C．Get special permits. D．Bring a survival guide.
3. What do the four walks have in common
A．They involve difficult climbing. B．They are for experienced walkers.
C．They share the same start point. D．They are scheduled for the weekend.
【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D
【1题详解】
细节理解题。通读全文,根据文章所给出的四种方案中的“"Walk Duration(步行时间)”部分比较可知,"Walk4一Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest(步行4基尔布兰尼什森林摄影步行)”的步行时间是1.5小时,用时最短。故选D项。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章“Walk3一Moonlight Under the Stars(步行3-星光下的月光)”部分中的*"Those who are dressedinappropriately will be refused permission to participate.(穿着不当的人将被拒绝参加)”可知,第三种步行方案的参与者需要穿合适的衣服。故选A项。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据四种步行方案中的“"Date and Time(日期和时间”部分比较可知,这四种方案都被安排在周末。故选D项。
Passage 5（2024·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 B篇）
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)推出自动售货亭提供短篇故事打印服务，旨在满足乘客阅读需求，提升出行体验，Trost认为此举措能吸引更多乘客，对BART的未来持乐观态度，预期乘客量将会增长。
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there’s a kiosk (小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March. Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. “We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says. “And as of right now, we’ve received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit (交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
4. Why did BART start the kiosk program
A．To promote the local culture. B．To discourage phone use.
C．To meet passengers’ needs. D．To reduce its running costs.
5. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A．By popularity. B．By length.
C．By theme. D．By language.
6. What has Trost been doing recently
A．Organizing a story contest. B．Doing a survey of customers.
C．Choosing a print publisher. D．Conducting interviews with artists.
7. What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future
A．It will close down. B．Its profits will decline.
C．It will expand nationwide. D．Its ridership will increase.
【答案】4. C 5. B 6. A 7. D
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段"You enter the fare gates(检票口) and you'l see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute,a three-minute,or a five-minute story,"says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area RapidTransit-known as BART."You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story."(旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)首席通讯官Alicia Trost表示:“你进入检票口,会看到一个亮着灯的信息亭,它告诉你可以得到一分钟、三分钟或五分钟的报道。你可以选择你想要的长度,它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事。""可知,BART启动信息亭是为了满足乘客在乘车过程中的阅读需求,为他们提供不同长度的短篇故事或诗歌来打发时间。故选C项。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.(你可以选择你想要的长度,它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事)”可知,信息亭中的故事按长度分类,乘客可以根据自己的需求选择不同长度的故事。故选B项。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for acontest,(我们想做一些事情,呼吁湾区的艺术家为比赛提交故事以及第六段“The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then youwould be a published artist.(获奖故事会进入我们的书报亭,然后你就会成为一名出版艺术家可知,Trost最近在组织一个故事竞赛,向湾区的艺术家征集故事,获胜作品将被放入书报亭供乘客阅读。故选A项。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve therider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,"she says.(她说:“归根结底,所有的交通机构现在都在尽一切努力改善乘客体验。所以我绝对认为,我们会因为短篇小说而吸引更多的乘客。”可知,Trost认为通过提升乘客体验,包括提供短篇故事阅读服务,BART可以吸引更多的乘客,乘客量将会增加。故选D项。
Passage 6（2024·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 D篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．If read by someone poorly educated. B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C．If written by someone less competent. D．If translated by someone unacademic.
13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A．It is packed with complex codes. B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C．It provides step-by-step instructions. D．It is intended for AI professionals.
14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A．Observe existing regulations on it.
B．Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To recommend a book on AI. B．To give a brief account of AI history.
C．To clarify the definition of AI. D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【答案】12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A
【12题详解】
词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AIbut, thankfully,Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes fromthe practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as ALI.(这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂,但值得庆幸的是,坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验,可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知,坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易的,如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了,推测划线短语表示“如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades'professional experience translating the headyinto the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which ishighly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是,坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验,可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知,坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容,这本书的特点是通俗易懂,推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段"She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence,or risk being sidelinedand perhaps even worse.(她说,我们必须保持对人工智能的控制,否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need toconsider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking,followed by global regulation, will enable us to achievegreatness rather than our downfall(我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维,加上全球监管,将使我们走向伟大,而不是走向衰败)"可知,坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制,考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展,所以关于人工智能的发展,坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives,we all need to take action to dealwith our AI-powered future,and this is where AI by Design:APlan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new bookby Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革).(考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力,我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来,这正是AI by Design:APlan for Living with ArtificialIntelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图,旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all,and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.(人工智能将影响我们所有人,如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书,那就是这本书)可知,本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著4I by Design:A Plan for Living withArtificial Intelligence-一书,该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景,强调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展,以防潜在危机,所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。
Passage 7（2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了在阿姆斯特丹进行自行车租赁和雇佣导游的操作方式，价格等细节。
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
Prices
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
A．It gives children a discount. B．It offers many types of bikes.
C．It organizes free cycle tours. D．It has over 2,500 rental shops.
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
A．?15.75. B．?19.50. C．?22.75. D．?29.50.
23. Where does the guided city tour start
A．The Gooyer, Windmill. B．The Skinny Bridge.
C．Heineken Brewery. D．Dam Square.
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. D
【21题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake(刹车),bikeswith hand brake and gears(排挡), bikes with child seats,and children's bikes.(我们提供种类繁多的最新自行车,包括有脚刹的基本自行车、有手刹和带排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车和儿童自行车)”可推知,MacBike的优势是它提供许多类型的自行车。故选B。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据定价表可知,租一带手刹和三档的自行车一天需要14.75欧元,额外增加天数每天8欧元。所以租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车两天需要14.75+8-22.75欧元。故选C。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day.(旅游团每小时从大坝广场出发,每天下午1点开始”可知,导游城市之旅从大坝广场开始。故选D。
Passage 8（2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷 C篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
28. What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods.
C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends.
C．Evaluate their effects.D．Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. A
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed explorationof what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.(这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护,包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效,然后如果你认为它适合你,教你如何采用这种哲学"”可知,这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“"This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the endof the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits tothe things you value.(这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候,你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动”可推知,画线词“declutter"的意思是“清理”,对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one,I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. Indoing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.(在第一部分的最后一章中,我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中,我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验,在该实验中,1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知,第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalistlifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.(你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱,旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知,作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
Passage 8（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷 D篇）
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D
【32题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容"This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always thesame.Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel eachother out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel eachother out. In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons,people serrors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实,即当人们犯错误时,这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估,或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时,它们会相互抵消,从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误,那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说,群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因,人们的错误变得相关或依赖,估计的准确性就会下降)”可知,本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的,各不相同的误差平均在一起,相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计,讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说,群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were furtherdivided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from anequal number of independent individuals.For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five wassignificantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是,当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时,这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如,从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)可知,人们在没有独立的情况下,分成更小群体,平均值是更准确的,说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下,准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of whatthe group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow thoseleast willing to change their minds (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中,研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人 他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)可知,在后续研究中,研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题,因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potentialimplications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性,仍存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的”可知,作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
Passage 9（2023·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了黄石国家公园提供的几项护林员项目。
Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. The following are descriptions of the ranger programs this summer.
Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2)
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail (小径), camping, or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road, this quick workshop is for you and your family. Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience. Meet at the Canyon Village Store.
Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 to August 21)
Kids can test their skills and compare their abilities to the animals of Yellowstone. Stay for as little or as long as your plans allow. Meet in front of the Visitor Education Center.
Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2)
From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon (峡谷) while learning about the area’s natural and human history. Discover why artists and photographers continue to be drawn to this special place. Meet on the lower platform at Artist Point on the South Rim Drive for this short talk.
Photography Workshops (June 19 & July 10)
Enhance your photography skills — join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands-on program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.
6/19 — Waterfalls &Wide Angles: meet at Artist Point.
7/10 — Wildflowers &White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.
21. Which of the four programs begins the earliest
A．Photography Workshops. B．Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics.
C．Canyon Talks at Artist Point. D．Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.
22. What is the short talk at Artist Point about
A．Works of famous artists. B．Protection of wild animals.
C．Basic photography skills. D．History of the canyon area.
23. Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop
A．Artist Point. B．Washburn Trailhead.
C．Canyon Village Store. D．Visitor Education Center.
【答案】21. D 22. D 23. B
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据每个项目后的时间“Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone(May 26 to September 2)(在黄石体验野生动物(5月26日至9月2日))和“Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics(June 5 to August 21)(少年游骑兵野生动物奥林匹克运动会(6月日至8月21日))”与“"Canyon Talks at Artist Point(June9to September 2)(在Artist Point的峡谷会谈(6月日至9月2日))"以及“PhotographyWorkshops(June19&July 10)(摄影研讨会(6月19日和7月10日))"可知,四个项目中在黄石体验野生动物开始的时间最早。故选D。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章“Canyon Talks at Artist Point(June9to September 2)(在Artist Point的峡谷会谈(6月日至9月2日)部分中的“From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River,and the breathtaking colors of the canyon(峡谷) whilelearning about the area's natural and human history.(从一个经典的视角,欣赏下瀑布、黄石河和峡谷的壮丽色彩,同时了解该地区的自然和人类历史)"可知,在Artist Point的简短演讲主题是关于峡谷地区的历史的。故选D。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章“Photography Workshops(June19& July 10)(摄影研讨会(6月19日和7月10日))"部分中的“7/10-ildflowers&White Balance:meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.(7/10-Wildflowers &White Balance:在奇滕登停车场的Washburm Trailhead举行)”可知,7月10日的摄影研讨会将在Washburn Trailhead举行。故选B。
Passage 10（2023·新课标全国Ⅱ卷 C篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章是对一本书的介绍，主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28. Where is the text most probably taken from
A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on the art of writing.
C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings.
29. What are the selected artworks about
A．Wealth and intellect. B．Home and school.
C．Books and reading. D．Work and leisure.
30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Understand. B．Paint.
C．Seize. D．Transform.
31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A．The printed book is not totally out of date.
B．Technology has changed the way we read.
C．Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D．People now rarely have the patience to read.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. A 31. A
【28题详解】
推理判断题。In this "book of books," artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections betweendifferent eras and cultures.(在这本“书之书”中,艺术品的选择和排冽方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系)以及第三段“Booksthemselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect, wealth or faith of the subject.(书籍本身可以在绘画中象征性地用来展示智慧,主体的财富或信仰)”和最后一段“From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient,but it remainsas interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.(从21世纪的角度来看,这本印刷书无疑是古老的,但它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”可推知,本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页,即对该书的介绍。故选A。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between differenteras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between thegenerations.(艺术品的选择和排方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景,这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知,选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
【30题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between differenteras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school,with the book as a focus for relations between thegenerations.(艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景,这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点"以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago,but they record moments(这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的,但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知,此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带,故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader(它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)"以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private,"off-line"activity(印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会”可推知,本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
Passage 11（2022·新课标Ⅰ卷 A篇）
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法。
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
1. Where is this text probably taken from
A．A textbook. B．An exam paper. C．A course plan. D．An academic article.
2. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of
A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five.
3. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date
A．You will receive a zero. B．You will lose a letter grade.
C．You will be given a test. D．You will have to rewrite it.
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A
【1题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature(文学概论课程评分办法)“和Essays(60%部分“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade of for this course(你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部分”可知,文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法。由此推知,本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C项。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据黑体小标题“Essays(60%)"以及“Group Assignments(30%)”和“Daily Work/In-Class Writings andTests/Groups Work/Homework(10%)"可知,学生的最终成绩由3部分组成。故选B项。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。根据“Late Work”部分“If it is not turned in by the4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero.(如果没有在截止日期后的第4天上交,将会得到零分可知,如果在截止日期后一周才交文章,你将会得零分。故选A项。
Passage 12（2022·新课标Ⅰ卷 B篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
1. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A．We pay little attention to food waste. B．We waste food unintentionally at times.
C．We waste more vegetables than meat. D．We have good reasons for wasting food.
2. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test
A．Moral decline. B．Environmental harm.
C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation.
3. What does Curtin’s company do
A．It produces kitchen equipment. B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C．It helps local farmers grow fruits. D．It makes meals out of unwanted food.
4. What does Curtin suggest people do
A．Buy only what is needed. B．Reduce food consumption.
C．Go shopping once a week. D．Eat in restaurants less often.
【答案】1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A
【1题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人一样,我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)"及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could havemade six salads with what I threw out(但随着时间的推移,芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是,我不假思索地买了太多东西;我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)"可推知,作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B项。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water,fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. Thatmakes food waste an environmental problem. In fact,Royte writes,"if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer ofgreenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上,罗伊特写道,“如果食物浪费是一个国家,它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)"可知,浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B项。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers food and turnsit into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries Volunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or dry them for use in mealsdown the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官,该公司把食物复原,变成健康的食物。去年,该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品,收回了超过807500磅的食物,否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢 志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们,以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知,科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D项。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food thannecessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat,"Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用,无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物,还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜,"科廷说)”可知,科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A项。
Passage 13（2022·新课标Ⅰ卷 C篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
1. What is the purpose of the project
A．To ensure harmony in care homes. B．To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C．To raise money for medical research. D．To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
2. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier
A．She has learned new life skills. B．She has gained a sense of achievement.
C．She has recovered her memory. D．She has developed a strong personality.
3. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7
A．Improve. B．Oppose. C．Begin. D．Evaluate.
4. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs
A．It is well received. B．It needs to be more creative.
C．It is highly profitable. D．It takes ages to see the results.
【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity(慈善组织)to reduce loneliness and improve elderlypeople's wellbeing(该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想,旨在减少孤独,改善老年人的健康状况。)"可知,这个项目的目的是为了减少孤独和提高老年人的幸福感。故选D项。
【2题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段“It's good to have a different focus.People have been bringing their children in to see the hens andresidents come and sit outside to watch them. I'm enjoying the creative activities,and it feels great to have done something useful."(有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡,居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动,做一些有用的事情的感觉很好。)”可知,Ruth Xavier很享受做这些事,她觉得自己在做有用的事,这能够给她来良好的感觉,因此可知通过该项目她获得了一种成就感。故选B项。
【3题详解】
词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street,one of the first to embark on theproject,said:“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.We are looking forward to the benefits and fun theproject can bring to people here."(彭福街60号的额外护理经理Wendy Wilson是第一批参与该项目的人之一,她说:“居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。”y可知,Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一,也是做这个项目的创始人之一,因此可知,画线处embark on意为“开始着手做某事”,与C项“Begin(开始”含义相近。故选C项。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are lookingforward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.(居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。)"以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis,director of Notting Hill Pathways, said:"We are happy to be taking part inthe project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities."(“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:“我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来。"”可知,该项目得到了居民们的认可,大家很欢迎这个项目,而且这个项目将会带来一些好处,因此可知这个项目的反响很好,很受欢迎。故选A项。
Passage 14（2022·新课标Ⅰ卷 D篇）
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
1. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
A．Its variety. B．Its distribution. C．Its quantity. D．Its development.
2. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B．They could not open and close their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential application of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
4. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A．It is key to effective communication. B．It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C．It is a complex and dynamic system. D．It drives the evolution o
