(共59张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 3 Family matters
主题语境
人与自我之家庭生活
(1)be responsible for (doing) sth． 对(做)某事负责
be responsible to sb．/sth． (向主管者或上级)承担责任
(2)responsibility n． 责任
a sense of responsibility 责任感
take/have responsibility for... 对……负责
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．responsible adj．(对事故、错误、罪行等)负有责任的，应承担责任的
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①We are supposed to be responsible ___ our own behaviour and spare no effort to protect the environment．
②Driving a car means taking ______________(responsible) for not only my life but also the lives of other people．
③每当我回忆起那次志愿者服务的经历，我仍然会有作为社区一员的一种强烈的责任感。
I would still feel ____________________________ as a part of the community whenever I looked back on the volunteering service．
for
responsibility
a strong sense of responsibility
(1)aim for sth． 努力争取某物
aim to do sth．＝ aim at doing sth．
力求做某事
be aimed at (doing) sth． 目的是/旨在……
(2)with the aim of... 以……为目标；意在……
take aim at sth． 瞄准……；对准……
(3)aimless adj． 漫无目的的
aimlessly adv． 漫无目的地
2．aim v．力求达到；瞄准 n．目标，目的；瞄准
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/句型转换
①The program aims ______(help) students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles．
②____ the aim of enriching our school life，a Chinese Calligraphy Contest is scheduled to be held in January．
③This activity is aimed at improving the students' ability of listening and speaking，and it is very popular．
→_______________________________________________________，this activity is very popular．(过去分词短语作状语)
to help
With
Aimed at improving the students' ability of listening and speaking
[一词多义]——写出下列句中observe的含义
①People must observe the law．Nobody should be an exception． ____
②The teacher stood at the corner，observing the behaviour of every student． ____
③Can you say something about how the Chinese observe the Mid-Autumn Festival ____________
3．observe v．庆祝，过(节日、生日等)；观察到；注意到；遵守
(法律、习俗等)
遵守
观察
庆祝，过节日
(1)observe sb．do sth． 看到某人做了某事
observe sb．doing sth． 看到某人正在做某事
(2)observation n． 观察，观测
[名师点津] observe作“观察到；注意到”讲时，可用省去to的动词不定式作宾补；但如果用于被动语态，省去的动词不定式符号to要还原。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
④Last night Bruce was observed _______(leave) the building with two young men and take a taxi away．
⑤They were the result of years of careful ___________(observe)，thought and study．
⑥那时，露西注意到几个孩子正在街角处玩捉迷藏。
Then Lucy ___________________________ hide-and-seek on the street corner．
to leave
observation
observed several children playing
(1)a range of 一系列
a wide range of 大范围的；各种各样的
in/within the range (of sth．) 在……范围内
(2)range from...to...＝ range between...and... 在……范围内变化
4．range n．一系列；山脉；范围 v．排列；(在一定范围内)变化，变动
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①Their jobs widely range from government officials and athletes __ drivers，teachers，artists and so on．
②The national park has a large collection of wildlife，_______(range) from butterflies to elephants．
③音乐节上会有各种各样的活动，包括音乐短剧、乐器演奏以及一场歌唱比赛。
The music festival will cover ______________________，including short musical plays，musical instrument performances，as well as a singing contest．
to
ranging
a wide range of activities
(1)apologise (to sb．) for (doing) sth．
因(做了)某事(向某人)道歉
(2)apology n． 道歉，致歉
make/offer an apology to sb．for (doing) sth．
因(做了)某事向某人道歉
accept/refuse sb．'s apology 接受/拒绝某人的道歉
5．apologise v．道歉
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①If you're late，you should apologise __ the host either immediately or later．
②The passenger made an _______(apologise) to other people because he spoke very loudly on his phone．
③最后，女孩因为冲母亲大喊大叫而向母亲道歉。
a．At last，the girl _______________________ shouting at her mother．
(apologise)
b．At last，the girl ___________________________________ shouting at her mother．(apology)
to
apology
apologised to her mother for
made/offered an apology to her mother for
(1)place/lay/put stress on... 重读/强调……
under stress 在压力之下
under the stress of... 在……的压力下
(2)stress the importance of 强调……的重要性
(3)stressful adj． 压力重的；紧张的
stressed adj． 焦虑不安的
6．stress n．重音，重读；强调；压力 v．重读；强调；着重
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①Things can easily go wrong when people are _____ stress．
②The life of a high school student is usually active，exciting and full of fun，but it can be _________(stress) sometimes．
③我们的老师经常强调勤奋在通往成功之路上的重要性。
a．Our teachers often ____________________ diligence in the approach to success．(stress v．)
b．Our teachers often _________________________________ diligence in the approach to success．(stress n．)
under
stressful
stress the importance of
lay/put/place stress on the importance of
wish虚拟语气
(教材P41)I wish she had come!
我希望她来了！
[句式分析] 本句中wish后接的从句表示与过去事实相反的愿望，因此从句为虚拟语气，谓语用过去完成时。
He failed in the maths exam．How I wish he had followed your advice．
他的数学考试不及格，我多么希望他早听从你的建议。
wish后跟宾语从句时，从句一般使用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词如下：
(1)一般过去时(be动词一般用were)(表示与现在事实相反的愿望)；
(2)过去完成时(表示与过去事实相反的愿望)；
(3)would/could/might＋动词原形(表示与将来事实相反的愿望)。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①Ellen is a fantastic dancer，and I wish I ______(dance) as well as her．
②I wish I ________(be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday，but I was on a business trip in New York then．
③我希望你能够抓住这个机会进一步学习中国传统文化。
I ___________________________________ to learn traditional Chinese culture further．
danced
had been
wish (that) you could grasp this opportunity
P38
1．_______________________________ 将来肯定会发生
2．_________________________ 为她举办一场盛大的生日宴会
3．___________ 一套新茶具
4．________________ 为她织条围巾
5．____________________ 制作邀请函
be certain to take place in the future
throw her a big birthday party
a new tea set
make a scarf for her
work on the invitations
P39
1．__________________ 拟定客人名单
2．__________ 去露营
3．____________ 在他三十多岁时
4．_________________ 使她保持苗条和健康
5．______ 有点儿，有几分
6．__________________ 等不及见到你
draw up the guest list
go camping
in his thirties
keep her slim and fit
kind of
can't wait to see you
P40
1．___________________________________ 加深人们对问题的理解
2．___________________ 与家庭有关
P41
1．_______________ 忙于工作
2．____________________ 休一段时间的班
3．__________ 弥补
4．_________________ 对……有大的影响
deepen people's understanding of issues
be related to families
be busy with work
take some time off work
make up for
have a big impact on
复习五种主要时态
初中阶段，同学们主要学习了以下五种时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时和一般将来时。本单元将复习这五种时态。
一、一般现在时
1．构成：动词原形(主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式)
2．用法：
(1)表示现在经常或反复发生的动作，或存在的状态。常与always，often，usually，seldom，sometimes，hardly，never，every day，once a week 等连用。
He often helps his students with their studies．
他经常在学习上帮助他的学生们。
He has a unique way of making his classes lively and interesting．
他有一种独特的方法使得他的课生动有趣。
(2)表示客观事实或普遍真理。
China lies in the east of Asia．
中国在亚洲的东部。
(3)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来。
I will tell her the good news when she comes tomorrow．
她明天来的时候我将把这个好消息告诉她。
If it is fine tomorrow，we shall visit the Great Wall．
如果明天天晴，我们就去游览长城。
(4)表示按计划或时间表将要发生的事，常用一般现在时表示将来。
The meeting begins at 2：00 in the afternoon and ends at 5：00．
会议下午两点开始，五点结束。
The plane takes off at 3：00 pm．
飞机下午3点起飞。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①As we all know，the earth _____(go) around the sun．
②The plane _____(take) off at 10 am，so we have enough time to get to the airport．
③当我讲英语时，我经常感到有些紧张。
When I _____________，I often __________________．
④他总是乘公共汽车去上班，而且每天晚饭后和妻子一起散步。
He always ___________ by bus，and __________ with his wife after dinner every day．
goes
takes
speak English
feel a little nervous
goes to work
takes a walk
二、现在进行时
1．构成：be(am/is/are)＋动词-ing形式
2．用法：
(1)此时此刻正在发生、进行着的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作。
Our friends are waiting for us outside now．
我们的朋友们现在正在外面等着我们。
He is preparing for the exam．
他正在准备考试。
(2)与always，constantly，continually，forever，all the time等状语连用，带有某种强烈的感彩(如赞扬、不满、责备等)，并不强调动作正在进行。
He is always thinking more of others than of himself．
他总是为别人考虑得多，为自己考虑得少。
Why are you always finding fault
你为什么总是吹毛求疵？
(3)少数动词，如：go，come，leave，arrive，return，begin，die，lose等，其现在进行时可以表示预计将要发生的动作。
My uncle is coming back from abroad．
我舅舅要从国外回来。
Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seat belts．The plane is taking off．
女士们，先生们，请系好安全带，飞机要起飞了。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He _________(write) a book about Chinese history these days．
②All the classmates ___________(review) their lessons in the classroom now．
③现在，中学课外活动正变得越来越普及。
Nowadays after-class activities _______________________________ in high schools．
④他总是想着怎样才能为人民多做些事情。
He __________________ how he can do more for the people．
is writing
are reviewing
are becoming more and more popular
is always thinking of
三、现在完成时
1．构成：have/has＋过去分词
2．用法：
(1)“完成用法”：表示动作在说话时已经完成(可不指出动作发生的确切时间)，但对现在产生某种后果或影响。常与recently，before，so far，up to now，till now，in the past years，these days等时间状语连用。
Tom has made much progress in his learning of Chinese．
汤姆在汉语学习方面取得了很大的进步。
Have you ever been to the West Lake
你曾经去过西湖吗？
(2)“未完成用法”：表示动作发生在过去，并且一直持续到现在，甚至还可能继续下去，这时常和“since＋点时间状语(名词、短语、从句)”或“for＋段时间状语”连用。
We have lived here since 1994．
自1994年以来我们一直住在这里。
I have taught in this school for 30 years．
我在这所学校任教了30年。
(3)在条件、时间状语从句中可以表示将来完成的动作。
I won't believe it until I have seen it with my own eyes．
直到我亲眼见到它我才相信。
(4)现在完成时的常用固定句型：
①在“It/This is the first/second...last time＋(that)...”句型中，从句用现在完成时。
It's the first time (that) the boy has spoken to a foreigner．
这个男孩还是第一次同外国人说话。
②在“It/This is the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋that...”句型中，从句用现在完成时。
Yunnan is one of the most beautiful places I have ever visited in China．
云南是我在中国曾经游览过的最美丽的地方之一。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①This is the first time that she __________(visit) the Great Wall．
②The prices _________(go) down，but I wonder whether they will remain so．
③他已在这个城市住了三年了，并且交了许多新朋友。
He _________________ for three years，and he ___________________________．
④在过去几年里，中国在环保方面取得了巨大成就。
In the past few years，China __________________________ in environmental protection．
has visited
have gone
has lived in the city
has made a lot of new
friends
has made great achievements
四、一般过去时
1．构成：行为动词过去时或be动词was/were
2．用法：
(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
When I was a child，I often went to play in that park．
当我是个小孩子时，我常去那个公园玩。
Last night we went to enjoy a good performance．
昨天晚上我们去看了一场不错的演出。
(2)表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。
I didn't know you were here．How long have you been here
我不知道你在这里，你来了多久了？
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I know a little about the city because my wife and I _____(go) there several years ago．
②I _____(ask) you not to move my dictionary—now I can't find it．
③我小时候常去那条河里游泳。
When I was young，I __________________ in that river．
④从那时起，我下定决心向别人传递这种“爱”。
From then on I _____________________ on the “love” to others．
went
asked
often went swimming
made up my mind to pass
五、一般将来时
1．构成：will/shall＋动词原形。其他表现形式：be going to do，be about to do和be to do
2．用法：
(1)表示将来的动作或状态常用will/shall＋动词原形，will可用于各种人称，shall多用于第一人称，will还表示临时做出的决定。
The agreement will come into force next spring．
协议将在明年春天生效。
—The light is still on．
——灯还亮着。
—Sorry，I'll go and turn it off．
——很抱歉，我这就去关掉。
(2)be going to表示按计划、打算要做某事，此外，还可以表示根据现在的迹象对未来做出判断。
I'm going to sell this old car，and buy a new one．
我打算卖掉这辆旧车，买一辆新的。
Look at these dark clouds—there's going to be a storm．
看看这些乌云——一场暴风雨就要来了。
(3)be about to do表示即将发生的将来动作，不与时间状语连用。
He is about to come out．Please wait a moment．
他马上就要出来，请等一会儿。
(4)be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、职责、可能性等。
The students are to leave school next month．
这些学生下个月就要离校了。
You are to arrive on time for the meeting．
你们必须按时参加会议。
[即时训练5] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Work harder and you ___________(succeed) in the end．
②If their marketing plans succeed，they ____________(increase) their sales by 20%．
③我打算去旅行，而且我已经在网上订了票。
I _______________ and I have booked the ticket online．
④我正要放弃，这时我最好的朋友鼓励我继续下去。
I _______________________ my best friend encouraged me to go on．
⑤未经警方允许，任何人不得擅自离开这座大楼。
No one _____________________ without the permission of the police．
will succeed
will increase
am going to travel
was about to give up when
is to leave this building
用括号内动词的适当形式填空
Xiao Ming is very excited today，because his parents 1．________
(be) back from America．They 2．__________(stay) there for about two years．They 3．_______(phone) him yesterday afternoon and said，“We 4．__________(leave) for the airport at four o'clock because the plane 5．_____(take) off at six．We 6．______(buy) some gifts for you and your grandpa yesterday．Are you coming to meet us？” “Of course！” he said．“I 7．__________(arrive) at the airport in advance．”
will be
have stayed
phoned
are leaving
takes
bought
will arrive
Just now he and his grandpa were going to meet his parents at the airport．They were about 8．______(lock) the door when the phone rang．It was Xiao Ming's parents．“We 9．__________(arrive) home in half an hour．” What a great surprise Xiao Ming 10．___(have) that moment!
to lock
will arrive
had
①final adj．最终的 n．决赛
②triathlon n．铁人三项运动
③series n．系列比赛；系列
a series of 一系列
④in third place 第三名(用于表示名次时，序数词前一般不加冠词)
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑤in the lead 领先
⑥finish line 终点线
starting line 起跑线
⑦in the burning heat 在酷热的天气里
⑧onto prep．到……上，向……上，朝……上
⑨track n．跑道
⑩brotherly adj．情同手足的，兄弟(般)的
sisterly adj．姐妹(般)的
motherly adj．慈母般的
a chance to do sth．做某事的机会
in trouble 处于麻烦中
move n．移动，行动
unexpected adj．意想不到的
media n．新闻媒体，传媒
rush sb．to 急送某人去……
obviously adv．明显地，显而易见地
as much as they can 他们尽可能多地
despite prep．尽管，虽然
argument n．争吵，争论
now and then 有时，偶尔
throughout prep．在整个期间，自始至终
entire adj．全部的，整个的
enormously adv．非常，极其
million num．许多，无数；一百万
millions of 许多的，无数的
divided adj．有分歧的
disqualify v．(因犯规而)取消……的资格
be praised for 因……而受到表扬
leave sb．behind 留下某人
no longer 不再
athlete n．运动员，田径运动员
aim for 力求获取
medal n．奖牌，勋章
JUST A BROTHER
It was the final① part of the 2016 World Triathlon② Series③ in Mexico．With just 700 metres to go[1]，Alistair Brownlee was in third place④ and his younger brother，Jonny，was in the lead⑤．Alistair pushed himself towards the finish line⑥ in the burning heat⑦，but as he came round the corner[2]，he saw his brother about to fall onto⑧ the track⑨．Alistair had to choose—brotherly⑩ love，or a chance to win the race[3]
[1]With just 700 metres to go是with复合结构“with＋宾语＋不定式”。
[2]as he came round the corner是as引导的时间状语从句，as意为“当……的时候”。
[3]a chance to win the race为不定式短语作后置定语修饰a chance。
For Alistair，the choice was clear．His brother was in trouble ．He had to help．Alistair ran towards Jonny，caught him and started pulling him towards the finish line．Alistair then pushed his brother over the line．The move put Jonny in second place and Alistair himself in third．It was an unexpected end to the race，but Alistair did not want to discuss it with the media ．He just wanted to see his younger brother，who had been rushed to the medical area[4]．
[4]who had been rushed to the medical area是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词his younger brother。
The Brownlee brothers have been doing triathlons since they were children[5]．“Obviously ，when your older brother is doing it，you think it's a cool thing to do，” says Jonny．Alistair says that they encourage each other as much as they can when they train．Despite arguments over “stupid things” now and then ，Alistair agrees that having a brother is an advantage．“Throughout my entire life，I've had my brother trying to beat me at everything I do[6]．It has been an enormously positive force．”
[5]since they were children是since引导的时间状语从句。
[6]I do是省略关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词everything。
Watched by millions [7]，the ending to the race has divided opinions: should the brothers have been disqualified or highly praised for their actions But for Alistair，his decision was easy to explain[8]: “Mum wouldn't have been happy if I'd left Jonny behind ． [9]”At that moment，he was no longer an athlete aiming for a medal [10]—he was just a brother．
[7]Watched by millions为过去分词短语作状语。
[8]此句属于“主语＋be＋ adj．＋不定式”结构。
[9]此处表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，主句谓语为wouldn't have done，从句谓语为had done。
[10]aiming for a medal为动词-ing形式短语作后置定语，修饰an athlete。
只是一位兄长
这是2016年在墨西哥举行的世界铁人三项系列赛的最后一程。距终点还有700米，阿利斯泰尔·布朗利位列第三，他的弟弟乔尼处于领先地位。阿利斯泰尔在酷热中奋力奔向终点。但就在他转过弯道时，却看到弟弟摇摇欲坠地要摔倒在跑道上。阿利斯泰尔必须做出选择——是要手足之情，还是要赢得比赛？
对阿利斯泰尔来说，如何选择显而易见。弟弟遇到了麻烦，他必须施以援手。阿利斯泰尔跑向乔尼，抓住他，并拖着他跑向终点。接着，阿利斯泰尔把乔尼推过终点线。这一举动使乔尼获得第二名，而他自己则位列第三。这是一个意料之外的结局，但阿利斯泰尔并不想与媒体讨论此事。他只想去探望被紧急送到医疗区的弟弟。
布朗利兄弟从小就接触铁人三项。“显然，当你的哥哥参加铁人三项时，你会觉得这很酷。”乔尼说道。阿利斯泰尔称，他们在训练的时候尽可能地互相鼓励。尽管偶尔会为一些“蠢事”争吵，阿利斯泰尔仍然觉得有个兄弟是种优势。“在我的一生中，我的弟弟总想在各个方面打败我。这对我来说是非常积极的动力。”
有数百万人目睹了这场比赛的结尾，但对此也是众说纷纭：兄弟二人是应该因他们的行为被取消比赛资格，还是应该被高度赞扬？但是对阿利斯泰尔而言，他的决定很容易解释：“要是我撇下乔尼，妈妈肯定会不高兴的。”在那一刻，他不再是一名想赢得奖牌的运动员——他只是一位兄长。Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．responsible adj．(对事故、错误、罪行等)负有责任的，应承担责任的
(1)be responsible for (doing) sth． 对(做)某事负责
be responsible to sb．/sth． (向主管者或上级)承担责任
(2)responsibility n． 责任
a sense of responsibility 责任感
take/have responsibility for... 对……负责
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①We are supposed to be responsible for our own behaviour and spare no effort to protect the environment．
②Driving a car means taking responsibility(responsible) for not only my life but also the lives of other people．
③每当我回忆起那次志愿者服务的经历，我仍然会有作为社区一员的一种强烈的责任感。
I would still feel a strong sense of responsibility as a part of the community whenever I looked back on the volunteering service．
2．aim v．力求达到；瞄准 n．目标，目的；瞄准
(1)aim for sth． 努力争取某物
aim to do sth．＝ aim at doing sth．
力求做某事
be aimed at (doing) sth． 目的是/旨在……
(2)with the aim of... 以……为目标；意在……
take aim at sth． 瞄准……；对准……
(3)aimless adj． 漫无目的的
aimlessly adv． 漫无目的地
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/句型转换
①The program aims to help(help) students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles．
②With the aim of enriching our school life，a Chinese Calligraphy Contest is scheduled to be held in January．
③This activity is aimed at improving the students' ability of listening and speaking，and it is very popular．
→Aimed at improving the students' ability of listening and speaking，this activity is very popular．(过去分词短语作状语)
3．observe v．庆祝，过(节日、生日等)；观察到；注意到；遵守(法律、习俗等)
[一词多义]——写出下列句中observe的含义
①People must observe the law．Nobody should be an exception． 遵守
②The teacher stood at the corner，observing the behaviour of every student． 观察
③Can you say something about how the Chinese observe the Mid-Autumn Festival 庆祝，过节日
(1)observe sb．do sth． 看到某人做了某事
observe sb．doing sth． 看到某人正在做某事
(2)observation n． 观察，观测
[名师点津] observe作“观察到；注意到”讲时，可用省去to的动词不定式作宾补；但如果用于被动语态，省去的动词不定式符号to要还原。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
④Last night Bruce was observed to leave(leave) the building with two young men and take a taxi away．
⑤They were the result of years of careful observation(observe)，thought and study．
⑥那时，露西注意到几个孩子正在街角处玩捉迷藏。
Then Lucy observed several children playing hide-and-seek on the street corner．
4．range n．一系列；山脉；范围 v．排列；(在一定范围内)变化，变动
(1)a range of 一系列
a wide range of 大范围的；各种各样的
in/within the range (of sth．) 在……范围内
(2)range from...to...＝ range between...and...
在……范围内变化
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①Their jobs widely range from government officials and athletes to drivers，teachers，artists and so on．
②The national park has a large collection of wildlife，ranging(range) from butterflies to elephants．
③音乐节上会有各种各样的活动，包括音乐短剧、乐器演奏以及一场歌唱比赛。
The music festival will cover a wide range of activities，including short musical plays，musical instrument performances，as well as a singing contest．
5．apologise v．道歉
(1)apologise (to sb．) for (doing) sth．
因(做了)某事(向某人)道歉
(2)apology n． 道歉，致歉
make/offer an apology to sb．for (doing) sth．
因(做了)某事向某人道歉
accept/refuse sb．'s apology 接受/拒绝某人的道歉
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①If you're late，you should apologise to the host either immediately or later．
②The passenger made an apology(apologise) to other people because he spoke very loudly on his phone．
③最后，女孩因为冲母亲大喊大叫而向母亲道歉。
a．At last，the girl apologised to her mother for shouting at her mother．(apologise)
b．At last，the girl made/offered an apology to her mother for shouting at her mother．(apology)
6．stress n．重音，重读；强调；压力 v．重读；强调；着重
(1)place/lay/put stress on... 重读/强调……
under stress 在压力之下
under the stress of... 在……的压力下
(2)stress the importance of 强调……的重要性
(3)stressful adj． 压力重的；紧张的
stressed adj． 焦虑不安的
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①Things can easily go wrong when people are under stress．
②The life of a high school student is usually active，exciting and full of fun，but it can be stressful(stress) sometimes．
③我们的老师经常强调勤奋在通往成功之路上的重要性。
a．Our teachers often stress the importance of diligence in the approach to success．(stress v．)
b．Our teachers often lay/put/place stress on the importance of diligence in the approach to success．(stress n．)
wish虚拟语气
(教材P41)I wish she had come!
我希望她来了！
[句式分析] 本句中wish后接的从句表示与过去事实相反的愿望，因此从句为虚拟语气，谓语用过去完成时。
He failed in the maths exam．How I wish he had followed your advice．
他的数学考试不及格，我多么希望他早听从你的建议。
wish后跟宾语从句时，从句一般使用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词如下：
(1)一般过去时(be动词一般用were)(表示与现在事实相反的愿望)；
(2)过去完成时(表示与过去事实相反的愿望)；
(3)would/could/might＋动词原形(表示与将来事实相反的愿望)。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①Ellen is a fantastic dancer，and I wish I danced(dance) as well as her．
②I wish I had been(be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday，but I was on a business trip in New York then．
③我希望你能够抓住这个机会进一步学习中国传统文化。
I wish (that) you could grasp this opportunity to learn traditional Chinese culture further．
P38
1．be certain to take place in the future 将来肯定会发生
2．throw her a big birthday party 为她举办一场盛大的生日宴会
3．a new tea set 一套新茶具
4．make a scarf for her 为她织条围巾
5．work on the invitations 制作邀请函
P39
1．draw up the guest list 拟定客人名单
2．go camping 去露营
3．in his thirties 在他三十多岁时
4．keep her slim and fit 使她保持苗条和健康
5．kind of 有点儿，有几分
6．can't wait to see you 等不及见到你
P40
1．deepen people's understanding of issues 加深人们对问题的理解
2．be related to families 与家庭有关
P41
1．be busy with work 忙于工作
2．take some time off work 休一段时间的班
3．make up for 弥补
4．have a big impact on 对……有大的影响
复习五种主要时态
初中阶段，同学们主要学习了以下五种时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时和一般将来时。本单元将复习这五种时态。
一、一般现在时
1．构成：动词原形(主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式)
2．用法：
(1)表示现在经常或反复发生的动作，或存在的状态。常与always，often，usually，seldom，sometimes，hardly，never，every day，once a week 等连用。
He often helps his students with their studies．
他经常在学习上帮助他的学生们。
He has a unique way of making his classes lively and interesting．
他有一种独特的方法使得他的课生动有趣。
(2)表示客观事实或普遍真理。
China lies in the east of Asia．
中国在亚洲的东部。
(3)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来。
I will tell her the good news when she comes tomorrow．
她明天来的时候我将把这个好消息告诉她。
If it is fine tomorrow，we shall visit the Great Wall．
如果明天天晴，我们就去游览长城。
(4)表示按计划或时间表将要发生的事，常用一般现在时表示将来。
The meeting begins at 2：00 in the afternoon and ends at 5：00．
会议下午两点开始，五点结束。
The plane takes off at 3：00 pm．
飞机下午3点起飞。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①As we all know，the earth goes(go) around the sun．
②The plane takes(take) off at 10 am，so we have enough time to get to the airport．
③当我讲英语时，我经常感到有些紧张。
When I speak English，I often feel a little nervous．
④他总是乘公共汽车去上班，而且每天晚饭后和妻子一起散步。
He always goes to work by bus，and takes a walk with his wife after dinner every day．
二、现在进行时
1．构成：be(am/is/are)＋动词-ing形式
2．用法：
(1)此时此刻正在发生、进行着的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作。
Our friends are waiting for us outside now．
我们的朋友们现在正在外面等着我们。
He is preparing for the exam．
他正在准备考试。
(2)与always，constantly，continually，forever，all the time等状语连用，带有某种强烈的感彩(如赞扬、不满、责备等)，并不强调动作正在进行。
He is always thinking more of others than of himself．
他总是为别人考虑得多，为自己考虑得少。
Why are you always finding fault
你为什么总是吹毛求疵？
(3)少数动词，如：go，come，leave，arrive，return，begin，die，lose等，其现在进行时可以表示预计将要发生的动作。
My uncle is coming back from abroad．
我舅舅要从国外回来。
Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seat belts．The plane is taking off．
女士们，先生们，请系好安全带，飞机要起飞了。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He is writing(write) a book about Chinese history these days．
②All the classmates are reviewing(review) their lessons in the classroom now．
③现在，中学课外活动正变得越来越普及。
Nowadays after-class activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools．
④他总是想着怎样才能为人民多做些事情。
He is always thinking of how he can do more for the people．
三、现在完成时
1．构成：have/has＋过去分词
2．用法：
(1) “完成用法”：表示动作在说话时已经完成(可不指出动作发生的确切时间)，但对现在产生某种后果或影响。常与recently，before，so far，up to now，till now，in the past years，these days等时间状语连用。
Tom has made much progress in his learning of Chinese．
汤姆在汉语学习方面取得了很大的进步。
Have you ever been to the West Lake
你曾经去过西湖吗？
(2) “未完成用法”：表示动作发生在过去，并且一直持续到现在，甚至还可能继续下去，这时常和“since＋点时间状语(名词、短语、从句)”或“for＋段时间状语”连用。
We have lived here since 1994．
自1994年以来我们一直住在这里。
I have taught in this school for 30 years．
我在这所学校任教了30年。
(3)在条件、时间状语从句中可以表示将来完成的动作。
I won't believe it until I have seen it with my own eyes．
直到我亲眼见到它我才相信。
(4)现在完成时的常用固定句型：
①在“It/This is the first/second...last time＋(that)...”句型中，从句用现在完成时。
It's the first time (that) the boy has spoken to a foreigner．
这个男孩还是第一次同外国人说话。
②在“It/This is the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋that...”句型中，从句用现在完成时。
Yunnan is one of the most beautiful places I have ever visited in China．
云南是我在中国曾经游览过的最美丽的地方之一。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①This is the first time that she has visited(visit) the Great Wall．
②The prices have gone(go) down，but I wonder whether they will remain so．
③他已在这个城市住了三年了，并且交了许多新朋友。
He has lived in the city for three years，and he has made a lot of new friends．
④在过去几年里，中国在环保方面取得了巨大成就。
In the past few years，China has made great achievements in environmental protection．
四、一般过去时
1．构成：行为动词过去时或be动词was/were
2．用法：
(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
When I was a child，I often went to play in that park．
当我是个小孩子时，我常去那个公园玩。
Last night we went to enjoy a good performance．
昨天晚上我们去看了一场不错的演出。
(2)表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。
I didn't know you were here．How long have you been here
我不知道你在这里，你来了多久了？
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I know a little about the city because my wife and I went(go) there several years ago．
②I asked(ask) you not to move my dictionary—now I can't find it．
③我小时候常去那条河里游泳。
When I was young，I often went swimming in that river．
④从那时起，我下定决心向别人传递这种“爱”。
From then on I made up my mind to pass on the “love” to others．
五、一般将来时
1．构成：will/shall＋动词原形。其他表现形式：be going to do，be about to do和be to do
2．用法：
(1)表示将来的动作或状态常用will/shall＋动词原形，will可用于各种人称，shall多用于第一人称，will还表示临时做出的决定。
The agreement will come into force next spring．
协议将在明年春天生效。
—The light is still on．
——灯还亮着。
—Sorry，I'll go and turn it off．
——很抱歉，我这就去关掉。
(2)be going to表示按计划、打算要做某事，此外，还可以表示根据现在的迹象对未来做出判断。
I'm going to sell this old car，and buy a new one．
我打算卖掉这辆旧车，买一辆新的。
Look at these dark clouds—there's going to be a storm．
看看这些乌云——一场暴风雨就要来了。
(3)be about to do表示即将发生的将来动作，不与时间状语连用。
He is about to come out．Please wait a moment．
他马上就要出来，请等一会儿。
(4)be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、职责、可能性等。
The students are to leave school next month．
这些学生下个月就要离校了。
You are to arrive on time for the meeting．
你们必须按时参加会议。
[即时训练5] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Work harder and you will succeed(succeed) in the end．
②If their marketing plans succeed，they will increase(increase) their sales by 20%．
③我打算去旅行，而且我已经在网上订了票。
I am going to travel and I have booked the ticket online．
④我正要放弃，这时我最好的朋友鼓励我继续下去。
I was about to give up when my best friend encouraged me to go on．
⑤未经警方允许，任何人不得擅自离开这座大楼。
No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police．
用括号内动词的适当形式填空
Xiao Ming is very excited today，because his parents 1．will be(be) back from America．They 2．have stayed(stay) there for about two years．They 3．phoned(phone) him yesterday afternoon and said，“We 4．are leaving(leave) for the airport at four o'clock because the plane 5．takes(take) off at six．We 6．bought(buy) some gifts for you and your grandpa yesterday．Are you coming to meet us？” “Of course！” he said．“I 7．will arrive(arrive) at the airport in advance．”
Just now he and his grandpa were going to meet his parents at the airport．They were about 8．to lock(lock) the door when the phone rang．It was Xiao Ming's parents．“We 9．will arrive(arrive) home in half an hour．” What a great surprise Xiao Ming 10．had(have) that moment!
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①final adj．最终的 n．决赛
②triathlon n．铁人三项运动
③series n．系列比赛；系列
a series of 一系列
④in third place 第三名(用于表示名次时，序数词前一般不加冠词)
⑤in the lead 领先
⑥finish line 终点线
starting line 起跑线
⑦in the burning heat 在酷热的天气里
⑧onto prep．到……上，向……上，朝……上
⑨track n．跑道
⑩brotherly adj．情同手足的，兄弟(般)的
sisterly adj．姐妹(般)的
motherly adj．慈母般的
a chance to do sth．做某事的机会
in trouble 处于麻烦中
move n．移动，行动
unexpected adj．意想不到的
media n．新闻媒体，传媒
rush sb．to 急送某人去……
obviously adv．明显地，显而易见地
as much as they can 他们尽可能多地
despite prep．尽管，虽然
argument n．争吵，争论
now and then 有时，偶尔
throughout prep．在整个期间，自始至终
entire adj．全部的，整个的
enormously adv．非常，极其
million num．许多，无数；一百万
millions of 许多的，无数的
divided adj．有分歧的
disqualify v．(因犯规而)取消……的资格
be praised for 因……而受到表扬
leave sb．behind 留下某人
no longer 不再
athlete n．运动员，田径运动员
aim for 力求获取
medal n．奖牌，勋章
JUST A BROTHER
It was the final① part of the 2016 World Triathlon② Series③ in Mexico．With just 700 metres to go[1]，Alistair Brownlee was in third place④ and his younger brother，Jonny，was in the lead⑤．Alistair pushed himself towards the finish line⑥ in the burning heat⑦，but as he came round the corner[2]，he saw his brother about to fall onto⑧ the track⑨．Alistair had to choose—brotherly⑩ love，or a chance to win the race[3]
[1]With just 700 metres to go是with复合结构“with＋宾语＋不定式”。
[2]as he came round the corner是as引导的时间状语从句，as意为“当……的时候”。
[3]a chance to win the race为不定式短语作后置定语修饰a chance。
For Alistair，the choice was clear．His brother was in trouble ．He had to help．Alistair ran towards Jonny，caught him and started pulling him towards the finish line．Alistair then pushed his brother over the line．The move put Jonny in second place and Alistair himself in third．It was an unexpected end to the race，but Alistair did not want to discuss it with the media ．He just wanted to see his younger brother，who had been rushed to the medical area[4]．
[4]who had been rushed to the medical area是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词his younger brother。
The Brownlee brothers have been doing triathlons since they were children[5]．“Obviously ，when your older brother is doing it，you think it's a cool thing to do，” says Jonny．Alistair says that they encourage each other as much as they can when they train．Despite arguments over “stupid things” now and then ，Alistair agrees that having a brother is an advantage．“Throughout my entire life，I've had my brother trying to beat me at everything I do[6]．It has been an enormously positive force．”
[5]since they were children是since引导的时间状语从句。
[6]I do是省略关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词everything。
Watched by millions [7]，the ending to the race has divided opinions: should the brothers have been disqualified or highly praised for their actions But for Alistair，his decision was easy to explain[8]: “Mum wouldn't have been happy if I'd left Jonny behind ． [9]”At that moment，he was no longer an athlete aiming for a medal [10]—he was just a brother．
[7]Watched by millions为过去分词短语作状语。
[8]此句属于“主语＋be＋ adj．＋不定式”结构。
[9]此处表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，主句谓语为wouldn't have done，从句谓语为had done。
[10]aiming for a medal为动词-ing形式短语作后置定语，修饰an athlete。
只是一位兄长
这是2016年在墨西哥举行的世界铁人三项系列赛的最后一程。距终点还有700米，阿利斯泰尔·布朗利位列第三，他的弟弟乔尼处于领先地位。阿利斯泰尔在酷热中奋力奔向终点。但就在他转过弯道时，却看到弟弟摇摇欲坠地要摔倒在跑道上。阿利斯泰尔必须做出选择——是要手足之情，还是要赢得比赛？
对阿利斯泰尔来说，如何选择显而易见。弟弟遇到了麻烦，他必须施以援手。阿利斯泰尔跑向乔尼，抓住他，并拖着他跑向终点。接着，阿利斯泰尔把乔尼推过终点线。这一举动使乔尼获得第二名，而他自己则位列第三。这是一个意料之外的结局，但阿利斯泰尔并不想与媒体讨论此事。他只想去探望被紧急送到医疗区的弟弟。
布朗利兄弟从小就接触铁人三项。“显然，当你的哥哥参加铁人三项时，你会觉得这很酷。”乔尼说道。阿利斯泰尔称，他们在训练的时候尽可能地互相鼓励。尽管偶尔会为一些“蠢事”争吵，阿利斯泰尔仍然觉得有个兄弟是种优势。“在我的一生中，我的弟弟总想在各个方面打败我。这对我来说是非常积极的动力。”
有数百万人目睹了这场比赛的结尾，但对此也是众说纷纭：兄弟二人是应该因他们的行为被取消比赛资格，还是应该被高度赞扬？但是对阿利斯泰尔而言，他的决定很容易解释：“要是我撇下乔尼，妈妈肯定会不高兴的。”在那一刻，他不再是一名想赢得奖牌的运动员——他只是一位兄长。
