Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．make sense有道理；有意义
(1)make sense of 了解……的意义，懂得
(2)in a sense 在某一方面
in no sense 决不
(3)There is no sense (in) doing sth． (口语)做某事是没有道理的。
(4)common sense 常识
a sense of humour/responsibility 幽默感/责任感
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/词汇升级
①I can't make sense of this article，but perhaps I will if I read it again．
②In a sense，she was lucky，for she learned a lot from the experience．
③As far as I'm concerned，there is no sense in getting(get) upset about it now．
④(普通表达)What she referred to was so confusing that they could hardly understand it．
(高级表达)What she referred to was so confusing that they could hardly make sense of it．
2．essential adj．极其重要的，必不可少的
(1)be essential for/to．．． 对……来说是重要的
It is essential (for sb．) to do sth． (对某人来说)做某事是极其必要的
It is essential that．．． ……是必要/至关重要的(that从句要用
虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋
动词原形”，should可省略)
(2)essentially adv． 本质上，根本上
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Catching to the fashion is not essential to/for the happiness of all women．
②Essentially (essential)，what we are suggesting is that the firm needs to change．
③It is essential that students (should) get (get) themselves prepared for the coming future．
④It will be essential to examine (examine) your body every year．
⑤这些申请表应尽早寄回，这是很重要的。
It is essential that these application forms (should) be sent back as early as possible．
3．deserve v．应得，应受到；值得
deserve to do 应该/值得做……
deserve to be done＝deserve doing sth． 应该/值得被……
deserve respect/praise 值得尊重/表扬
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译/完成句子
①He has worked very hard and deserves to pass (pass) the exam．
②It's generally recognized that what she has done for children deserves praise/praising/to be praised (praise)．
③不管你是谁，你都应该得到平等的对待。
a．Whoever you are，you deserve equal treatment．(deserve＋n．)
b．Whoever you are，you deserve treating equally．(deserve＋doing)
c．Whoever you are，you deserve to be treated equally．(deserve＋to be done)
④因为他违反了规定，他应受惩罚。
Since he had broken the rule，he deserved punishing/to be punished/punishment．
[名师点津] deserve后接动词-ing的主动形式表示被动意义。与deserve用法相同的动词还有need，want，require等。
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充说明，与先行词之间有逗号隔开，删去非限制性定语从句，主句仍然意思清楚、结构完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：关系代词who，whom，whose，which，as；关系副词when，where。
一、关系词的指代作用及在非限制性定语从句中充当的句子成分
关系词 指代的先行词 充当的句子成分
关系代词 who 人 主语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人/物 定语
which 人/物/整个主句 主语/宾语/表语
as 人/物/整个主句 主语/宾语/表语
关系副词 when 时间名词 时间状语
where 通常是地点名词 地点状语
1．The old man has a daughter，who is an artist．
这位老人有一个女儿，她是一名艺术家。(who在从句中作主语)
2．Mr Smith，whose foot was badly hurt，was quickly sent to the local hospital．
史密斯先生的脚受了重伤，他很快就被送到了当地医院。(whose在从句中作定语)
3．He will put off the picnic until May 1st，when he will be free．
他将把野餐推迟到5月1日，那时他将有空。(when在从句中作时间状语)
4．They went to London，where they lived for six months．
他们去了伦敦，在那儿住了六个月。(where在从句中作地点状语)
5．Tom studies hard and is ready to help others，which/as is what his parents expect．
汤姆学习努力且乐于助人，这正是他父母所期望的。(which/as在从句中作主语)
6．I borrowed the book Sherlock Homes from the library last week，which/as my classmates recommended to me．
上周我从图书馆借了《夏洛克 福尔摩斯》这本书，该书是我的同班同学向我推荐的。(which/as在从句中作宾语)
7．He seemed a foreigner，which/as in fact he was．
他好像是个外国人，确切地说，他就是。(which/as在从句中作表语)
[名师点津]
(1)整个主句作先行词时，非限制性定语从句的谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式(见上面句5)。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中，指人并且作宾语的关系代词通常用whom。
Our doctor，whom we all liked very much，retired last week．
我们的医生上周退休了，我们都很喜欢他。
(3)与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句中的whose指物时，相当于“the ＋名词＋of which”；when，where 相当于“介词＋which”。
The house，whose window(＝the window of which) is open，is mine．
窗户开着的那个房子是我的。
I still remember the day when (＝on which) I became a college student．
我仍然记得成为一名大学生的那一天。
On April 1st they flew to Beijing，where(＝in which) they stayed several days．
他们于四月一号乘飞机去北京，在那里住了几天。
(4)在非限制性定语从句中，of whom，of which 前面可以加some/many/both/all等，表示部分或全部的人或物。
Many people，some of whom are not overweight，are going on a diet．
许多人在节食，其中一些人并不超重。
I have bought two pens，both of which write well．
我买了两只钢笔，都好写。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①Our foreign teacher, who is a Canadian，teaches us in a very interesting way．
②Tom, whose father is one of my old friends，came to see me from London．
③Molai built at the top of each small tree a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to collect rainwater．
④Our graduation will be held in July，in which we will say goodbye to our teachers．
⑤Recently，an important volleyball game will be held in our campus, which/as will be not only meaningful but also exciting．
⑥Secondly，I can speak English correctly and fluently, which/as I think would be an advantage to communicate with the visitors．
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
说明的是先行词必不可少的情况 对先行词进行补充说明
关系词和先行词不用逗号分开 关系词和先行词用逗号分开
先行词只能是名词/代词 先行词是名词/代词/句子
可用that，why引导；关系代词作宾语时可省略 不用that，why引导；关系代词作宾语时不可省略
译成“……的……” 常作为与主句并列的分句来翻译
[名师点津] 先行词为reason时，其后的非限制性定语从句只能用 “for which”引导。
The president said that he didn't need any reason，for which the plan couldn't be carried out．
总裁说他不需要解释这项计划不能执行的任何原因。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①The man that/who/whom I met in the street was an employer from a famous company．
②Last night I saw a very good film，which/as was about the great thinker，Confucius．
③She and her family bicycle to work，which helps them keep fit．
④The reason，for which he was absent from the meeting，wasn't given．
⑤His wife，whom you met at my house，was bored too．
三、as，which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as which
引导的从句可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引导的从句通常位于主句之后，有时在主句之中，但不放在主句前
常译为“正如……” 常译为“这/那……”，有时按限制性定语从句来译
1．As we all know，the situation of the real estate in this town is changing．
众所周知，这个城镇的房地产形势正在发生变化。
2．This book，which only appeared a year ago，has already gone through several editions．
仅仅一年前出版的这本书已经发行了好几版。
[名师点津]
(1)在主谓宾(SVO)及主谓宾补(SVOC)结构的非限制性定语从句中，作主语的关系代词通常用 which，不用as。
It is the third time that she has won the race，which has surprised us all．
她这是第三次赢得比赛了，这让我们都很吃惊。
(2)在主谓宾(SVO)及主谓宾状(SVOA)结构的非限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可用which或as。
I was useful to him，which/as he realised．
当时我能帮他，他意识到了这一点。
(3)在主(系)表(SP)结构的非限制性定语从句中，作主语及表语的关系代词都可用 which或as(如一、句5和句7所示)
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①The weather turned out to be very cold，which/as was more than we could expect．
②As is often the case，we have worked out the production plan．
③He was not sick，which/as some of the other passengers were．
④His speech，which/as he had written on little bits of paper，seemed endless．
⑤His speech，which bored everyone，went on and on．
⑥The boy failed to pass his exam, which made his mother very angry．
四、常见的as引导的非限制性定语从句
as we all know 众所周知
as we all can see 正如我们都能看到的那样
as I can remember 正如我所记得的
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as we expect 正如我们预料的那样
as was expected 正如所预料的那样
as has been said above 如上所述
as may be imagined 正如可以想象的那样
as is often the case 这是常见的情况
短文语境填空
A girl who has a gift for drawing
I went to an exhibition last month，1．where I admired a lot of wonderful paintings．Mary，2．whose drawings were shown at the exhibition，is a model student 3．who/that is often praised for her good work at school．As soon as we got into the exhibition hall，4．where the paintings were on show，our eyes were caught by a very large picture，5．which was hung on the wall in front of us．The horse 6．that/which was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real horse．The man，7．who was riding on it，looked like a living man．It was the best picture 8．that I had ever seen and it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she succeeded．
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①an essential part of human behaviour人类行为的重要组成部分
②be filled with．．．充满……
③throw light on使(问题等)较容易理解
④be remembered for．．．因为……而被铭记
⑤his ability to combine humour with more serious messages他把幽默和更严肃的信息相结合的能力
⑥style of writing写作风格
⑦cross out划掉，删掉(错字)
⑧be equally well known for his witty remarks同样因其风趣的言辞而闻名
⑨for instance例如
⑩a lecturing tour巡回演讲
get a haircut and a shave理发和刮胡子
a ticket to the lecture听演讲的票
just one's luck(对自己的遭遇并不惊讶)常不走运，就这运气
one's unique brand of humour某人独具一格的幽默
bring the concept of humor to modern Chinese literature将幽默的概念引入现代中国文学
a master of humour幽默大师
put sb．on the spot (故意提出难以回答或尴尬的问题)使某人难堪
give/make a speech发表演讲
think on one's feet思维敏捷，反应迅速
feed．．．to．．．把……喂给……
whisper something in one's ear对……耳语
shake one's head摇头
hurry away匆匆离去
tell off斥责，责骂
in the words of．．．用……的话说
The Importance of Humour
Humour has been an essential part of human behaviour①for thousands of years．There is comedy in the texts of Ancient Greece，and medieval writings are filled with②jokes．While these same jokes might not be as funny to us now as they were then，their authors understood that humour could not only entertain but also throw new light on③sensitive or emotive issues．[1]
[1]连词while引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然，尽管”；在该状语从句中又包含一个as引导的比较状语从句；that humour．．．issues为that引导的宾语从句，其中not only．．．but also．．．连接并列谓语。
Closer to modern times，someone who is remembered for④ his ability to combine humour with more serious messages⑤ is American writer，Mark Twain．Twain's particular style of writing⑥ is funny and often mischievous．For example，in his classic novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer，he famously says，“Writing is easy．All you have to do is cross out⑦ the wrong words．[2]”But he is equally well known for his witty remarks⑧ in his everyday interactions with people．For instance⑨，while on a lecturing tour⑩ of the United States[3]，Twain went into a barber's shop to get a haircut and a shave ．The barber，not recognising him[4]，asked if he had a ticket to the lecture ．When Twain replied that he didn't，the barber told him that if he wanted to go to the event he would have to stand，as there were no seats left in the theatre．Twain's response was，“That's just my luck ．I always have to stand when that fellow lectures！”
[2]该句中不定代词all作主语；“you have to do”是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词all。由于修饰主语的定语从句中含有实义动词do，所以作表语的动词不定式to cross out可省略不定式符号to。
[3]此处是“连词＋介词短语”结构，可看作是时间状语从句“while he was on a lecturing tour of the United States”的省略形式。while在此意为“在……期间”。
[4]动词-ing形式短语“not recognising him”作后置定语，修饰“the barber”。
Like Twain，but on the other side of the world，Lin Yutang was soon to become famous for his unique brand of humour [5]．A well-known bilingual writer，Lin brought the concept of humour to modern Chinese literature ．In 1924，he creatively borrowed “youmo” from Ancient Chinese as the translation for the English word “humour”．“Youmo” is still being used in this way today．
[5]动词不定式短语 “to become．．．humour”作表语，构成 “be to do”结构，表示注定要发生的事情。
Lin's quick wit helped make him famous as a master of humour ．Once，having been invited to dinner at a university [6]，he was put on the spot when the president suddenly asked him to give a speech ．Thinking on his feet [7]，Lin started to tell a story about a cruel Roman emperor who tried to feed a man to wild animals．First came a lion．[8]The man whispered something in the lion's ear ，after which the lion shook its head and walked away unhappily [9]．Then along came a tiger．Again，the man whispered in the tiger's ear．The tiger looked shocked and hurried away ．“What did you say to my animals？”said the emperor，astonished [10]．“I told them they had to make a speech after eating me for dinner．” Lin's audience roared with laughter．With this little joke，Lin was able to make people laugh，while gently telling off the president [11]．
[6]动词-ing形式短语“having been invited．．．university”作时间状语，表示被邀请吃晚饭的动作发生在被邀请做演讲之前。
[7]动词-ing形式短语“thinking on his feet”在此作状语。
[8]“First came a lion．”和后文中的“Then along came a tiger．”都是全部倒装句。
[9]此处是“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
[10]形容词astonished在此作伴随状语，表示主语the emperor的状态。
[11]此处是“连词＋动词-ing形式”结构，可看作是时间状语从句“while he was gently telling off the president”的省略形式。while在此意为“与……同时”。
Both Twain and Lin understood that humour isn't just about laughter，but is a way of life and a tool that can be used to illuminate the world．Lin even created an equation to explain this concept：Reality＋Dreams＋Humour＝Wisdom．Living and working with others [12] can sometimes be complicated，and humour makes this easier．Sharing jokes and laughing together can bring individuals and even communities together．Indeed，some may argue that our need for humour is almost as great as our need for water and air．In the words of Mark Twain，“Humor is mankind's greatest blessing”．
[12]此处是动词-ing形式短语作主语。
幽默的重要性
数千年来，幽默一直是人类行为的重要组成部分。古希腊的文字中记载有喜剧，笑话也常常出现在中世纪的作品当中。虽然对现在的我们来说，这些笑话可能没有它们在中世纪的时候那么有趣，但它们的作者明白，幽默不只是一种娱乐的方式，它还可以使人们对敏感问题或有争议的问题产生新的认识。
到了近现代，美国作家马克·吐温因擅长用幽默的方式表达严肃的内容而著称。他独特的写作风格幽默风趣，而且常常带有调侃意味。例如，在他的经典小说《汤姆·索耶历险记》中有一句名言：“写作很容易，你只需要把错误的单词划掉就行。”他日常与人交流中的诙谐言论同样出名。比如，有一次在美国做巡回演讲的时候，马克·吐温走进一家理发店去理发和刮脸。理发师没有认出他，问他有没有这场演讲的门票，马克·吐温说没有。理发师告诉他，如果他想去听演讲就只能站着了，因为剧院里没有多余的座位。马克·吐温回答说：“真倒霉。只要那个家伙演讲，我总是要站着！”
和马克·吐温类似，在世界的另一端，林语堂很快也因其独特的幽默风格而出名。作为著名的双语作家，林语堂将幽默的概念引入了中国现代文学。1924年，他创造性地借用古汉语中的“幽默”作为英文单词“humour”的翻译。今天，“幽默”一词仍在以这种方式被人们使用。
林语堂的机智使他成了著名的幽默大师。有一次，他被邀请去一个大学吃晚餐，当校长突然让他做演讲时，他感到很为难。林语堂急中生智，开始讲述一个残忍的罗马皇帝要把一个人喂给野兽的故事。首先来了一头狮子，那人对狮子耳语了几句，狮子摇摇头，不高兴地走开了。然后来了一只老虎，那人又对老虎耳语了几句，老虎看起来很震惊，急忙跑开了。“你对我的动物们说了什么？”皇帝惊讶地说。“我告诉它们，把我作为晚餐吃掉后，它们必须要演讲一番。”林语堂的听众们顿时哄堂大笑。通过这个小笑话，林语堂既能让大家哈哈大笑，同时也委婉地表达了对校长的不满。
幽默不只能带来笑声，它还是一种生活方式，是一种可以用来阐明世界的工具，马克·吐温和林语堂都明白这一点。林语堂甚至还创造了一个公式来解释他的理念：现实＋梦想＋幽默＝智慧。和其他人在一起生活和工作有时候并不是一件容易的事，而幽默可以让这些事变得更简单。一起讲笑话、一起欢笑可以使不同的个体甚至是团体凝聚在一起。事实上，有些人甚至会认为我们对幽默的需求几乎与我们对水和空气的需求一样强烈。用马克·吐温的话来说：“幽默是人类头等的幸事。”
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共48张PPT)
Period 4
Unit 1 Laugh out loud!
主题语境
人与自我—— 积极的生活态度
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
(1)make sense of 了解……的意义，懂得
(2)in a sense 在某一方面
in no sense 决不
(3)There is no sense (in) doing sth．(口语)做某事是没有道理的。
(4)common sense 常识
a sense of humour/responsibility 幽默感/责任感
1．make sense有道理；有意义
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/词汇升级
①I can't make sense __ this article，but perhaps I will if I read it again．
②In _ sense，she was lucky，for she learned a lot from the experience．
③As far as I'm concerned，there is no sense in _______(get) upset about it now．
④(普通表达)What she referred to was so confusing that they could hardly understand it．
(高级表达)What she referred to was so confusing that they could hardly _____________ it．
of
a
getting
make sense of
(1)be essential for/to... 对……来说是重要的
It is essential (for sb．) to do sth．
(对某人来说)做某事是极其必要的
It is essential that... ……是必要/至关重要的(that从句要用
虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋
动词原形”，should可省略)
(2)essentially adv． 本质上，根本上
2．essential adj．极其重要的，必不可少的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Catching to the fashion is not essential ______ the happiness of all women．
②___________ (essential)，what we are suggesting is that the firm needs to change．
to/for
Essentially
③It is essential that students ____________ (get) themselves prepared for the coming future．
④It will be essential __________ (examine) your body every year．
⑤这些申请表应尽早寄回，这是很重要的。
It is essential that these application forms _____________________ as early as possible．
(should) get
to examine
(should) be sent back
deserve to do 应该/值得做……
deserve to be done＝deserve doing sth．
应该/值得被……
deserve respect/praise 值得尊重/表扬
3．deserve v．应得，应受到；值得
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译/完成句子
①He has worked very hard and deserves _______ (pass) the exam．
②It's generally recognized that what she has done for children deserves _________________________ (praise)．
to pass
praise/praising/to be praised
③不管你是谁，你都应该得到平等的对待。
a．Whoever you are，you _______________________．(deserve＋n．)
b．Whoever you are，you _____________________．(deserve＋doing)
c．Whoever you are，you ________________________．(deserve＋to be done)
④因为他违反了规定，他应受惩罚。
Since he had broken the rule，he _______________________________
__________________．
deserve equal treatment
deserve treating equally
deserve to be treated equally
deserved punishing/to be
punished/punishment
[名师点津] deserve后接动词-ing的主动形式表示被动意义。与deserve用法相同的动词还有need，want，require等。
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充说明，与先行词之间有逗号隔开，删去非限制性定语从句，主句仍然意思清楚、结构完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：关系代词who，whom，whose，which，as；关系副词when，where。
一、关系词的指代作用及在非限制性定语从句中充当的句子成分
关系词 指代的先行词 充当的句子成分
关系代词 who 人 主语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人/物 定语
which 人/物/整个主句 主语/宾语/表语
as 人/物/整个主句 主语/宾语/表语
关系副词 when 时间名词 时间状语
where 通常是地点名词 地点状语
1．The old man has a daughter，who is an artist．
这位老人有一个女儿，她是一名艺术家。(who在从句中作主语)
2．Mr Smith，whose foot was badly hurt，was quickly sent to the local hospital．
史密斯先生的脚受了重伤，他很快就被送到了当地医院。(whose在从句中作定语)
3．He will put off the picnic until May 1st，when he will be free．
他将把野餐推迟到5月1日，那时他将有空。(when在从句中作时间状语)
4．They went to London，where they lived for six months．
他们去了伦敦，在那儿住了六个月。(where在从句中作地点状语)
5．Tom studies hard and is ready to help others，which/as is what his parents expect．
汤姆学习努力且乐于助人，这正是他父母所期望的。(which/as在从句中作主语)
6．I borrowed the book Sherlock Homes from the library last week，which/as my classmates recommended to me．
上周我从图书馆借了《夏洛克 福尔摩斯》这本书，该书是我的同班同学向我推荐的。(which/as在从句中作宾语)
7．He seemed a foreigner，which/as in fact he was．
他好像是个外国人，确切地说，他就是。(which/as在从句中作表语)
[名师点津]
(1)整个主句作先行词时，非限制性定语从句的谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式(见上面句5)。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中，指人并且作宾语的关系代词通常用whom。
Our doctor，whom we all liked very much，retired last week．
我们的医生上周退休了，我们都很喜欢他。
(3)与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句中的whose指物时，相当于“the ＋名词＋of which”；when，where 相当于“介词＋which”。
The house，whose window(＝the window of which) is open，is mine．
窗户开着的那个房子是我的。
I still remember the day when (＝on which) I became a college student．
我仍然记得成为一名大学生的那一天。
On April 1st they flew to Beijing，where(＝in which) they stayed several days．
他们于四月一号乘飞机去北京，在那里住了几天。
(4)在非限制性定语从句中，of whom，of which 前面可以加some/many/both/all等，表示部分或全部的人或物。
Many people，some of whom are not overweight，are going on a diet．
许多人在节食，其中一些人并不超重。
I have bought two pens，both of which write well．
我买了两只钢笔，都好写。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①Our foreign teacher, ______ is a Canadian，teaches us in a very interesting way．
②Tom, ______father is one of my old friends，came to see me from London．
③Molai built at the top of each small tree a bamboo platform, _____ he placed earthen pots with small holes to collect rainwater．
who
whose
where
④Our graduation will be held in July，__ which we will say goodbye to our teachers．
⑤Recently，an important volleyball game will be held in our campus, _________will be not only meaningful but also exciting．
⑥Secondly，I can speak English correctly and fluently, ________ I think would be an advantage to communicate with the visitors．
in
which/as
which/as
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
说明的是先行词必不可少的情况 对先行词进行补充说明
关系词和先行词不用逗号分开 关系词和先行词用逗号分开
先行词只能是名词/代词 先行词是名词/代词/句子
可用that，why引导；关系代词作宾语时可省略 不用that，why引导；关系代词作宾语时不可省略
译成“……的……” 常作为与主句并列的分句来翻译
[名师点津] 先行词为reason时，其后的非限制性定语从句只能用 “for which”引导。
The president said that he didn't need any reason，for which the plan couldn't be carried out．
总裁说他不需要解释这项计划不能执行的任何原因。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①The man _____________ I met in the street was an employer from a famous company．
②Last night I saw a very good film，________ was about the great thinker，Confucius．
③She and her family bicycle to work，_____ helps them keep fit．
④The reason，___ which he was absent from the meeting，wasn't given．
⑤His wife，______ you met at my house，was bored too．
that/who/whom
which/as
which
for
whom
三、as，which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as which
引导的从句可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引导的从句通常位于主句之后，有时在主句之中，但不放在主句前
常译为“正如……” 常译为“这/那……”，有时按限制性定语从句来译
1．As we all know，the situation of the real estate in this town is changing．
众所周知，这个城镇的房地产形势正在发生变化。
2．This book，which only appeared a year ago，has already gone through several editions．
仅仅一年前出版的这本书已经发行了好几版。
[名师点津]
(1)在主谓宾(SVO)及主谓宾补(SVOC)结构的非限制性定语从句中，作主语的关系代词通常用 which，不用as。
It is the third time that she has won the race，which has surprised us all．
她这是第三次赢得比赛了，这让我们都很吃惊。
(2)在主谓宾(SVO)及主谓宾状(SVOA)结构的非限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可用which或as。
I was useful to him，which/as he realised．
当时我能帮他，他意识到了这一点。
(3)在主(系)表(SP)结构的非限制性定语从句中，作主语及表语的关系代词都可用 which或as(如一、句5和句7所示)
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①The weather turned out to be very cold，________ was more than we could expect．
②___ is often the case，we have worked out the production plan．
③He was not sick，________ some of the other passengers were．
④His speech，________ he had written on little bits of paper，seemed endless．
⑤His speech，_____ bored everyone，went on and on．
⑥The boy failed to pass his exam, ______made his mother very angry．
which/as
As
which/as
which/as
which
which
四、常见的as引导的非限制性定语从句
as we all know 众所周知
as we all can see 正如我们都能看到的那样
as I can remember 正如我所记得的
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as we expect 正如我们预料的那样
as was expected 正如所预料的那样
as has been said above 如上所述
as may be imagined 正如可以想象的那样
as is often the case 这是常见的情况
短文语境填空
A girl who has a gift for drawing
I went to an exhibition last month，1．_____ I admired a lot of wonderful paintings．Mary，2．______drawings were shown at the exhibition，is a model student 3．_______ is often praised for her good work at school．As soon as we got into the exhibition hall，4．_____ the paintings were on show，our eyes were caught by a very large
where
whose
who/that
where
picture，5．______was hung on the wall in front of us．The horse 6．___________was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real horse．
The man，7．___ was riding on it，looked like a living man．It was the best picture 8．____ I had ever seen and it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she succeeded．
which
that/which
who
that
①an essential part of human behaviour人类行为的重要组成部分
②be filled with...充满……
③throw light on使(问题等)较容易理解
④be remembered for...因为……而被铭记
⑤his ability to combine humour with more serious messages他把幽默和更严肃的信息相结合的能力
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑥style of writing写作风格
⑦cross out划掉，删掉(错字)
⑧be equally well known for his witty remarks同样因其风趣的言辞而闻名
⑨for instance例如
⑩a lecturing tour巡回演讲
get a haircut and a shave理发和刮胡子
a ticket to the lecture听演讲的票
just one's luck(对自己的遭遇并不惊讶)常不走运，就这运气
one's unique brand of humour某人独具一格的幽默
bring the concept of humor to modern Chinese literature
将幽默的概念引入现代中国文学
a master of humour幽默大师
put sb．on the spot (故意提出难以
回答或尴尬的问题)使某人难堪
give/make a speech发表演讲
think on one's feet思维敏捷，反应迅速
feed...to...把……喂给……
whisper something in one's ear对……耳语
shake one's head摇头
hurry away匆匆离去
tell off斥责，责骂
in the words of...用……的话说
The Importance of Humour
Humour has been an essential part of human behaviour①for thousands of years．There is comedy in the texts of Ancient Greece，and medieval writings are filled with②jokes．While these same jokes might not be as funny to us now as they were then，their authors understood that humour could not only entertain but also throw new light on③sensitive or emotive issues．[1]
[1]连词while引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然，尽管”；在该状语从句中又包含一个as引导的比较状语从句；that humour...issues为that引导的宾语从句，其中not only...but also...连接并列谓语。
Closer to modern times，someone who is remembered for④ his ability to combine humour with more serious messages⑤ is American writer，Mark Twain．Twain's particular style of writing⑥ is funny and often mischievous．For example，in his classic novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer，he famously says，“Writing is easy．All you have to do is cross out⑦ the wrong words．[2]”But he is equally well known for his witty remarks⑧ in his everyday interactions with people．For instance⑨，while on a lecturing tour⑩ of the United States[3]，Twain
went into a barber's shop to get a haircut and a shave ．The barber，not recognising him[4]，asked if he had a ticket to the lecture ．When Twain replied that he didn't，the barber told him that if he wanted to go to the event he would have to stand，as there were no seats left in the theatre．Twain's response was，“That's just my luck ．I always have to stand when that fellow lectures！”
[2]该句中不定代词all作主语；“you have to do”是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词all。由于修饰主语的定语从句中含有实义动词do，所以作表语的动词不定式to cross out可省略不定式符号to。
[3]此处是“连词＋介词短语”结构，可看作是时间状语从句“while he was on a lecturing tour of the United States”的省略形式。while在此意为“在……期间”。
[4]动词-ing形式短语“not recognising him”作后置定语，修饰“the barber”。
Like Twain，but on the other side of the world，Lin Yutang was soon to become famous for his unique brand of humour [5]．A well-known bilingual writer，Lin brought the concept of humour to modern Chinese literature ．In 1924，he creatively borrowed “youmo” from Ancient Chinese as the translation for the English word “humour”．“Youmo” is still being used in this way today．
[5]动词不定式短语 “to become...humour”作表语，构成 “be to do”结构，表示注定要发生的事情。
Lin's quick wit helped make him famous as a master of humour ．Once，having been invited to dinner at a university [6]，he was put on the spot when the president suddenly asked him to give a speech ．Thinking on his feet [7]，Lin started to tell a story about a cruel Roman emperor who tried to feed a man to wild animals．First came a lion．[8]The man whispered something in the lion's ear ，after which the lion shook its head and walked away unhappily [9]．Then along came a tiger．Again，the man whispered in the tiger's ear．The tiger looked shocked and hurried away ．“What did you say to my animals？”said the emperor，astonished [10]．“I told them they had to make a speech after eating me for dinner．” Lin's audience roared with laughter．With this little joke，Lin was able to make people laugh，while gently telling off the president [11]．
[6]动词-ing形式短语“having been invited...university”作时间状语，表示被邀请吃晚饭的动作发生在被邀请做演讲之前。
[7]动词-ing形式短语“thinking on his feet”在此作状语。
[8]“First came a lion．”和后文中的“Then along came a tiger．”都是全部倒装句。
[9]此处是“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
[10]形容词astonished在此作伴随状语，表示主语the emperor的状态。
[11]此处是“连词＋动词-ing形式”结构，可看作是时间状语从句“while he was gently telling off the president”的省略形式。while在此意为“与……同时”。
Both Twain and Lin understood that humour isn't just about laughter，but is a way of life and a tool that can be used to illuminate the world．Lin even created an equation to explain this concept：Reality＋Dreams＋Humour＝Wisdom．Living and working with others [12] can sometimes be complicated，and humour makes this easier．Sharing jokes and laughing together can bring individuals and even communities together．Indeed，some may argue that our need for humour is almost as great as our need for water and air．In the words of Mark Twain，“Humor is mankind's greatest blessing”．
[12]此处是动词-ing形式短语作主语。
幽默的重要性
数千年来，幽默一直是人类行为的重要组成部分。古希腊的文字中记载有喜剧，笑话也常常出现在中世纪的作品当中。虽然对现在的我们来说，这些笑话可能没有它们在中世纪的时候那么有趣，但它们的作者明白，幽默不只是一种娱乐的方式，它还可以使人们对敏感问题或有争议的问题产生新的认识。
到了近现代，美国作家马克·吐温因擅长用幽默的方式表达严肃的内容而著称。他独特的写作风格幽默风趣，而且常常带有调侃意味。例如，在他的经典小说《汤姆·索耶历险记》中有一句名言：“写作很容易，你只需要把错误的单词划掉就行。”他日常与人交流中的诙谐言论同样出名。比如，有一次在美国做巡回演讲的时候，马克·吐温走进一家理发店去理发和刮脸。理发师没有认出他，问他有没有这场演讲的门票，马克·吐温说没有。理发师告诉他，如果他想去听演讲就只能站着了，因为剧院里没有多余的座位。马克·吐温回答说：“真倒霉。只要那个家伙演讲，我总是要站着！”
和马克·吐温类似，在世界的另一端，林语堂很快也因其独特的幽默风格而出名。作为著名的双语作家，林语堂将幽默的概念引入了中国现代文学。1924年，他创造性地借用古汉语中的“幽默”作为英文单词“humour”的翻译。今天，“幽默”一词仍在以这种方式被人们使用。
林语堂的机智使他成了著名的幽默大师。有一次，他被邀请去一个大学吃晚餐，当校长突然让他做演讲时，他感到很为难。林语堂急中生智，开始讲述一个残忍的罗马皇帝要把一个人喂给野兽的故事。首先来了一头狮子，那人对狮子耳语了几句，狮子摇摇头，不高兴地走开了。然后来了一只老虎，那人又对老虎耳语了几句，老虎看起来很震惊，急忙跑开了。“你对我的动物们说了什么？”皇帝惊讶地说。“我告诉它们，把我作为晚餐吃掉后，它们必须要演讲一番。”林语堂的听众们顿时哄堂大笑。通过这个小笑话，林语堂既能让大家哈哈大笑，同时也委婉地表达了对校长的不满。
幽默不只能带来笑声，它还是一种生活方式，是一种可以用来阐明世界的工具，马克·吐温和林语堂都明白这一点。林语堂甚至还创造了一个公式来解释他的理念：现实＋梦想＋幽默＝智慧。和其他人在一起生活和工作有时候并不是一件容易的事，而幽默可以让这些事变得更简单。一起讲笑话、一起欢笑可以使不同的个体甚至是团体凝聚在一起。事实上，有些人甚至会认为我们对幽默的需求几乎与我们对水和空气的需求一样强烈。用马克·吐温的话来说：“幽默是人类头等的幸事。”
