Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
1．characteristic n．特征，特性；品质 adj． 典型的，独特的，特有的
(1)It is characteristic of sb．to do sth． 做某事是某人的特点。
(2)character n． 品格，品质；特征，特性；(小说、戏
剧中的)人物，角色；(汉)字，字体；性格
a leading character 主角
in character 符合某人的性格
out of character 不符合某人的性格
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It's characteristic (character) of her to complain when in trouble．
②It is characteristic of students to stay (stay) up studying deep into the night for the final exam．
③我想不到她会对我撒谎——这太不符合她的性格了。
I can't believe she lied to me—it seems so out of character．
④这本书的主角是一个能直面困难、永不言弃的人。
The leading character in this book is a person who can face difficulties and never give up．
⑤玛丽是我们的英语老师，甜美的嗓音是她最明显的特征。
Mary is our English teacher, and the sweet voice is her most noticeable characteristic．
2．blame v．责怪，指责；把……归咎于 n．过失；责备
(1)blame sb．for．．． 因……而指责某人；把……归咎于某人
blame sth．on sb． 把某事归咎于某人
be to blame for doing sth． 对做某事负有责任；应承担责任；
该受责备
(2)accept/bear/take the blame for．．． 对……负责；为……承担责任
put/lay the blame for sth．on sb．/sth． 把某事的责任推到某人/某物身上
[名师点津] be to blame for sth．意为“应为某事负责或受指责”，其中不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①It is my fault，so I am to blame (blame) for Miller's accident．
②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame on the alarm clock．
③ Blamed (blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits．
④他把考试失败归咎于老师。
a．He blamed the failure of his exam on the teacher． (blame ．．．on)
b．He blamed the teacher for the failure of his exam． (blame ．．．for)
c．He put/laid the blame for the failure of his exam on the teacher． (blame n．)
3．decline v．减少；衰退；谢绝 n．下降；衰退
(1)decline by/to．．． 下降了/到……
decline to do sth． 拒绝做某事
(2)in decline 在下降
on the decline 在下降
a sharp decline in．．． 在……方面急剧下降
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①There has been a decline in the size of families．
②The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year．
③In spite of many invitations，he would always decline to visit (visit) Oxford．
④The intense competition from overseas has caused the cotton industry fall into a decline．
⑤自从新的交通法规实施以来，闯红灯的人数下降了。
The number of people who run the red light has been on the decline since the new traffic regulations came into effect．
⑥我主动提议开车送他们，但他们婉言谢绝了。
I offered to give them a lift but they declined．
4．be native to 源于……的，原产于……
(1)native adj． 本地的；当地的；原产于某地的
n． 本地人；当地人；本地的动(植)物
one's native tongue/language 某人的母语
one's native land/country 某人的故乡/祖国
(2)be a native of．．． ……的人；生长于……的动物或植物
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Many rare animals and plants are native to this small island．
②By studying the bones，scientists further concluded that Waitaha penguin was once a native of New Zealand．
③事实上，法语不是我的母语。
As a matter of fact，French is not my native language．
④她叔叔是上海本地人，还是只是一名游客？
Is her uncle a native of Shanghai，or just a visitor
⑤据说，这种虎产于印度。
It is said that the tiger is native to India．
“be＋adj．＋to do”结构
(教材P70)Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control．
格雷戈尔·孟德尔选择研究豌豆是因为它们的特性容易被控制。
[句式分析] were easy to control是“be＋adj．＋to do”结构，是用主动形式表示被动意义。
This is a new machine which is very easy to operate．
这是一台很容易操作的新机器。
在“主语＋be＋adj．＋to do”结构中，不定式与句子主语构成动宾关系时，不定式仍用主动形式表示被动意义。常用于此结构的形容词有difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，pleasant，interesting，exciting等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子/句型转换
①It is difficult to answer (answer) this question in a few words．
②Credibility is hard to earn (earn) but easy to lose (lose)，and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out．
③他发现这个句子很难理解。
He found that the sentence was hard to understand．
④When he turned on the computer，he found that the emails were hard to answer．
→When he turned on the computer，he found the emails hard to answer．
过去完成时
一、过去完成时的构成和用法
1．构成
肯定式 had＋过去分词
否定式 had not/never/hardly＋过去分词
疑问式 had (not)＋主语＋过去分词
被动式 had been＋过去分词
2．用法
(1)表示在过去某个时间或动作之前就已经发生的动作，通常简称为“过去的过去”。句中常有by, by the end of等介词(短语)和by the time, before, when, until等引导的状语从句，也可以通过一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。
—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house
——你们在找到安的家这方面有困难吗？
—Not really．She had given us clear directions and we were able to find it easily．
——算不上难。她已经给了我们她家的清楚的方位，我们能够容易地找到它。
By the end of 2019, he had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps．
到2019年底，他已经收集了1 000多枚外国邮票。
(2)表示发生在过去某个动作或时刻之前的动作一直延续到过去的另一个时间，常与for, since等词连用。
It had been very windy for a few hours and it had rained for two days．
风刮了好几个小时，雨已下了两天。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①When I got to school I found that my classmate had left (leave)．
②He is a professor of Shandong University．He stayed (stay) in America for 4 years．
③The man said that he had written (write) about 300 pieces of music．
④The three of us traveled (travel) around Europe for about a month last summer．
⑤John and Jane had known (know) each other for a long time before their marriage．
⑥Instead of getting down to a new task as I had expected (expect)，he examined the previous work again．
⑦He had hoped (hope) to catch the 8：00 bus，but found it gone．
⑧The twins，who had finished (finish) their homework，were allowed to play badminton on the playground．
二、过去完成时在几个重点句型中的应用
1．在no sooner．．．than, hardly．．．when句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。意为“一……就；刚……就”。
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain．
我刚到家就开始下雨了。
I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang．
我一踏入教室的门，铃就响了。
2．在“It was the first/second/．．．time that．．．”句型中，that从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English．
那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
3．It was＋一段时间＋since 从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing．
我离开北京至少有3个月了。
4．主句(过去完成时)＋ by the time ＋表示过去的从句
主句(过去完成时)＋by the end of ＋表示过去的时间
By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone．
我到车站时，火车已经开走了。
By the end of last term we had learnt about 500 English words．
到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了大约500个英语单词。
5．表示“意愿、打算”的动词如hope, mean, want, think, expect, plan, intend等的过去完成时表示“原本……(但事实上并没有……)”之意。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn't manage it．
我本来计划在彼得结婚时送他一个礼物的，可是我没有做到。
6．过去完成时还经常用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。
Helen said (that) she had moved to another flat．
海伦说她已搬到另一套公寓去了。
I didn't think about asking her if she had passed her examination．
我没有想问她是否考试及格了。
7．用于虚拟语气。
If only we had listened to their advice!
我们要是听了他们的建议就好了！
I'd rather you hadn't been present．
我宁愿你当时不在场。
If I had asked for directions，I wouldn't have gotten lost．
我如果问一下路，就不会迷路了。
[即时训练2]
(1)单句语法填空
①This was the second time that the musician had toured (tour) Europe．
②The audience had hardly been seated when the saxophone solo started．
③If he had taken (take) your advice，he would have passed the driving test．
④I would rather you had been (be) here yesterday．
⑤My friend Andrew had lived (live) in a foreign country for many years before he returned to England．
⑥He once worked (work) as a lecturer，but now he is a manager．
⑦His brother has been (be) the conductor of the orchestra for many years．
⑧He had learned (learn) maths all by himself by the age of fourteen．
(2)补全句子
①We had hoped that you would come (本期望你会来)，but you didn't．
②I had intended (本来打算) to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor．
③She said that she had seen the film before (以前看过这部电影)．
④We had built five bridges (已经建了5座桥) by the end of last year．
三、过去完成时、一般过去时以及现在完成时的区别
1．过去完成时：强调“过去的过去”，即表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，是以过去某一时间为基准的。
2．一般过去时：以现在时间为基准，表示在过去发生的动作或存在的状态，对现在没有影响。
3．现在完成时：强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作。
He had worked on a farm for 10 years before he became the manager of the company．
在成为公司经理之前，他在农场工作过10年。
He once worked on a farm for 10 years，and now he is the manager of the company．
他在农场工作过10年，现在是这家公司的经理。
I haven't seen her since she went abroad five years ago．
自从5年前她出国后我就没有见过她。
I met her at the airport yesterday．I hadn't seen her for five years since she went abroad．
我昨天在机场遇到她了。自从她出国以来我已经五年没见过她了。
[名师点津] (1)表示过去某个时间以前所连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时，一般用and, then, but按照动作的先后顺序连接，此时通常用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。
He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down at the table．
他走进房间，打开灯，坐在桌子旁。
He said he went to the shop and bought some food．
他说他去商店买了一些食品。
(2)当一个由before, after, as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接着发生时，两个动作均可用一般过去时来表示。
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises．
做完早操后，我们吃早饭。
The train started to move just before he reached the platform．
他到月台时火车刚要走。
They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields．
他们一到地里就开始耕地。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①He kept looking at her，wondering whether he had seen (see) her somewhere before．
②By nine o'clock last night, we had received (receive) more than 200 letters from the audience．
③They had intended (intend) to arrive in Beijing before 10 o'clock，but the train was late．
④One of the biggest companies I wrote to was (be) Alaska Airlines Paris．
⑤We have done (do) quite enough work for the morning; now let's take a break．
短文语境填空
One day in winter
My hometown is located in a very habitable valley where the people live in a harmonious atmosphere．I still remember last winter when I woke up in the morning, it 1．had already stopped (stop) snowing．Looking outside of the window, the shiny white snow on our lawn 2．had been cleaned (clean) by my father．I closed the book that 3．had been borrowed (borrow) from the local library and went downstairs for breakfast, which 4．had been prepared (prepare) well on the kitchen table．Then my little brother came to tell me that he 5．had finished (finish) all his homework and he had a very nice dream the night before．During the breakfast, we talked about his dream．He said he 6．had gone (go) skiing in the mountains with me and our parents, and we really 7．had had (have) a good day there．After breakfast, I really went out to play snow with my little brother for half a day．It was the first time that we 8．had enjoyed (enjoy) ourselves together．It was really a happy day．
第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
①a thing of myths and legends神话和传说中的事情
②as well as又，和，也(常用于连接两个并列的成分)
③Alexander the Great亚历山大大帝
④after all毕竟，终究
⑤get attacked受到攻击
⑥release tiny amounts of chemicals释放出微量的化学物质
⑦a call for help呼救
⑧drive away 赶跑，使离去
⑨more surprisingly更令人惊讶的是
⑩most surprisingly of all最令人惊讶的是
in some ways在某种程度上
spread poisons to attack other plants传播毒素来攻击其他植物
The Secret Language of Plants
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends①．Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as② warnings to people．Alexander the Great③ and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India． [1] And in some modern stories，such as the film Avatar，trees can communicate with animals and people．
[1]此处为 “主语＋be＋said＋动词不定式”句型。
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy[2]，new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all④ [3]．
[2]此处为with复合结构，动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，其中that引导宾语从句，作believing的宾语。
[3]本句中的it作句子的主语，无实际意义。appears 是系动词，其后的that则引导一个表语从句。
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other． [4] This happens when a plant，say a bean plant，gets attacked⑤ by insects．The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals⑥ from the leaves that are being eaten．This is like a warning，or a call for help⑦：“I'm being attacked！” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour，it starts to release its own，different chemicals．Some of these chemicals drive insects away⑧．Others attract insects—the wasps！The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants．Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system，so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides．
[4]本句中的it在句中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面由that引导的从句。
More surprisingly⑨，plants also use sound to communicate．People can't hear these sounds，but plants are making them．Some plants make noises with their roots．Corn and chilli plants do this．They also “listen” to the noises from other plants．A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful，or unfriendly．Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water，indicating drought is arriving． [5]
[5]此处when引导时间状语从句，意为 “当……时”；indicating．．．arriving是动词-ing形式短语作伴随状语。
Most surprisingly of all⑩，plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest．Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”．It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use．While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites [6]，the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi．This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other．Using the wood wide web [7]，plants can share information and even food with each other．For example，some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow．But just like our own Internet，the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime”．Plants can steal food from each other，or spread poisons to attack other plants ．Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web．
[6]此处while为并列连词，表示对比关系，意为 “而，然而”。
[7]此处是动词-ing形式短语作方式状语。
Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other [8]．Who knows？Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves．
[8]此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句；介词in由先行词ways的搭配决定。
植物密语
会说话的植物一直是神话传说中的一大元素。在许多种文化中流传下来的故事里，会说话的树给予人们忠告和警示。据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过一棵会说话的树。在一些现代故事——例如电影《阿凡达》中，树可以与人类和动物沟通交流。
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中，但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现：植物间似乎确实可以交流。
人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质进行交流。当一株植物——比如豆科植物，被昆虫袭击时，就会发生这种情况。正遭受啃食的叶子会释放出微量的化学物质，这像是警示，抑或求救：“我被攻击了！”当另一株豆类植物察觉到附近受伤同伴释放的化学物质时，它自身便开始释放不同的化学物质，其中一些能驱赶昆虫，而另一些则会吸引另一种昆虫——黄蜂！黄蜂会杀死那些啃食豆类植物的昆虫。科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于不用使用农药的农作物的种植。
更不可思议的是，植物也能用声音交流。虽然人类听不到，但植物确实正在发出声音。有些植物通过根部发出声响，比如玉米和辣椒。它们还能“听见”其他植物发出的声响。由此，辣椒可以知道自己附近的植物是敌是友。还有些树木在水分不足时会发出咔嗒声，以示干旱就要来了。
然而最令人惊奇的是，植物拥有一套神奇的信息交流系统，几乎可以连接起森林中所有的植物。科学家们称之为“植物万维网”。在某种程度上，它很像人类使用的互联网。互联网是通过电缆和卫星连接的全球计算机网络，而植物万维网则是在地下通过真菌连接而成的。这个真菌网络将不同植物的根彼此连接，通过它，植物可以互相分享信息甚至是食物。比如，某些松树会通过真菌网络向松树幼苗输送养分，帮助它们生长。但是，像互联网一样，植物万维网也会发生“网络犯罪”。植物会偷取同伴的养分，或散播有毒物质攻击其他植物。也许未来某一天，科学家会研究出建造“防火墙”的方法来阻止植物万维网中的这些攻击。
科学家们每天都在增进对植物间相互沟通的秘密方式的了解。谁知道呢？说不定哪一天，我们就能足够了解植物沟通的知识，从而亲自和植物“聊天”了。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共54张PPT)
Period 4
主题语境
人与自然—— 自然科学研究成果
Unit 5 Revealing nature
课时学案 单元语法讲练(Using language)
(1)It is characteristic of sb．to do sth．
做某事是某人的特点。
(2)character n． 品格，品质；特征，特性；(小说、戏 剧中的)人物，
角色；(汉)字，字体；性格
a leading character 主角
in character 符合某人的性格
out of character 不符合某人的性格
1．characteristic n．特征，特性；品质 adj． 典型的，独特的，特有的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It's ______________ (character) of her to complain when in trouble．
②It is characteristic of students _______ (stay) up studying deep into the night for the final exam．
③我想不到她会对我撒谎——这太不符合她的性格了。
I can't believe she lied to me—it seems so ________________．
characteristic
to stay
out of character
④这本书的主角是一个能直面困难、永不言弃的人。
_____________________________ is a person who can face difficulties and never give up．
⑤玛丽是我们的英语老师，甜美的嗓音是她最明显的特征。
Mary is our English teacher, and the sweet voice is _________________
_____________．
The leading character in this book
her most noticeable
characteristic
(1)blame sb．for... 因……而指责某人；把……归咎于某人
blame sth．on sb． 把某事归咎于某人
be to blame for doing sth． 对做某事负有责任；应承担责任；
该受责备
(2)accept/bear/take the blame for... 对……负责；为……承担责任
put/lay the blame for sth．on sb．/sth． 把某事的责任推到某人/某物身上
2．blame v．责怪，指责；把……归咎于 n．过失；责备
[名师点津] be to blame for sth．意为“应为某事负责或受指责”，其中不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①It is my fault，so I am ________ (blame) for Miller's accident．
②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame __ the alarm clock．
③ _______ (blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits．
to blame
on
Blamed
④他把考试失败归咎于老师。
a．He _______________________________________． (blame ...on)
b．He _______________________________________． (blame ...for)
c．He ___________________________________________________．
(blame n．)
blamed the failure of his exam on the teacher
blamed the teacher for the failure of his exam
put/laid the blame for the failure of his exam on the teacher
(1)decline by/to... 下降了/到……
decline to do sth． 拒绝做某事
(2)in decline 在下降
on the decline 在下降
a sharp decline in... 在……方面急剧下降
3．decline v．减少；衰退；谢绝 n．下降；衰退
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①There has been a decline __ the size of families．
②The number of tourists to the resort declined __ 10% last year．
③In spite of many invitations，he would always decline ________ (visit) Oxford．
④The intense competition from overseas has caused the cotton industry fall into _ decline．
in
by
to visit
a
⑤自从新的交通法规实施以来，闯红灯的人数下降了。
The number of people who run the red light has been ______________ since the new traffic regulations came into effect．
⑥我主动提议开车送他们，但他们婉言谢绝了。
I offered to give them a lift but _____________．
on the decline
they declined
(1)native adj． 本地的；当地的；原产于某地的
n． 本地人；当地人；本地的动(植)物
one's native tongue/language 某人的母语
one's native land/country 某人的故乡/祖国
(2)be a native of... ……的人；生长于……的动物或植物
4．be native to 源于……的，原产于……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Many rare animals and plants are native __ this small island．
②By studying the bones，scientists further concluded that Waitaha penguin was once a native __ New Zealand．
③事实上，法语不是我的母语。
As a matter of fact，French is not __________________．
to
of
my native language
④她叔叔是上海本地人，还是只是一名游客？
Is her uncle ___________ Shanghai，or just a visitor
⑤据说，这种虎产于印度。
It is said that the tiger ____________ India．
a native of
is native to
(教材P70)Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control．
格雷戈尔·孟德尔选择研究豌豆是因为它们的特性容易被控制。
“be＋adj．＋to do”结构
[句式分析] were easy to control是“be＋adj．＋to do”结构，是用主动形式表示被动意义。
This is a new machine which is very easy to operate．
这是一台很容易操作的新机器。
在“主语＋be＋adj．＋to do”结构中，不定式与句子主语构成动宾关系时，不定式仍用主动形式表示被动意义。常用于此结构的形容词有difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，pleasant，interesting，exciting等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子/句型转换
①It is difficult _________ (answer) this question in a few words．
②Credibility is hard _______ (earn) but easy _______ (lose)，and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out．
③他发现这个句子很难理解。
He found that the sentence ______________________．
④When he turned on the computer，he found that the emails were hard to answer．
→When he turned on the computer，he found _______________________．
to answer
to earn
to lose
was hard to understand
the emails hard to answer
过去完成时
一、过去完成时的构成和用法
1．构成
肯定式 had＋过去分词
否定式 had not/never/hardly＋过去分词
疑问式 had (not)＋主语＋过去分词
被动式 had been＋过去分词
2．用法
(1)表示在过去某个时间或动作之前就已经发生的动作，通常简称为“过去的过去”。句中常有by, by the end of等介词(短语)和by the time, before, when, until等引导的状语从句，也可以通过一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。
—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house
——你们在找到安的家这方面有困难吗？
—Not really．She had given us clear directions and we were able to find it easily．
——算不上难。她已经给了我们她家的清楚的方位，我们能够容易地找到它。
By the end of 2019, he had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps．
到2019年底，他已经收集了1 000多枚外国邮票。
(2)表示发生在过去某个动作或时刻之前的动作一直延续到过去的另一个时间，常与for, since等词连用。
It had been very windy for a few hours and it had rained for two days．
风刮了好几个小时，雨已下了两天。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①When I got to school I found that my classmate ________ (leave)．
②He is a professor of Shandong University．He ______ (stay) in America for 4 years．
③The man said that he ___________ (write) about 300 pieces of music．
④The three of us ________ (travel) around Europe for about a month last summer．
had left
stayed
had written
traveled
⑤John and Jane _________ (know) each other for a long time before their marriage．
⑥Instead of getting down to a new task as I ____________ (expect)，he examined the previous work again．
⑦He _________ (hope) to catch the 8：00 bus，but found it gone．
⑧The twins，who ____________ (finish) their homework，were allowed to play badminton on the playground．
had known
had expected
had hoped
had finished
二、过去完成时在几个重点句型中的应用
1．在no sooner...than, hardly...when句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。意为“一……就；刚……就”。
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain．
我刚到家就开始下雨了。
I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang．
我一踏入教室的门，铃就响了。
2．在“It was the first/second/...time that...”句型中，that从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English．
那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
3．It was＋一段时间＋since 从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing．
我离开北京至少有3个月了。
4．主句(过去完成时)＋ by the time ＋表示过去的从句
主句(过去完成时)＋by the end of ＋表示过去的时间
By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone．
我到车站时，火车已经开走了。
By the end of last term we had learnt about 500 English words．
到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了大约500个英语单词。
5．表示“意愿、打算”的动词如hope, mean, want, think, expect, plan, intend等的过去完成时表示“原本……(但事实上并没有……)”之意。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn't manage it．
我本来计划在彼得结婚时送他一个礼物的，可是我没有做到。
6．过去完成时还经常用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。
Helen said (that) she had moved to another flat．
海伦说她已搬到另一套公寓去了。
I didn't think about asking her if she had passed her examination．
我没有想问她是否考试及格了。
7．用于虚拟语气。
If only we had listened to their advice!
我们要是听了他们的建议就好了！
I'd rather you hadn't been present．
我宁愿你当时不在场。
If I had asked for directions，I wouldn't have gotten lost．
我如果问一下路，就不会迷路了。
[即时训练2]
(1)单句语法填空
①This was the second time that the musician __________ (tour) Europe．
②The audience had hardly been seated ____ the saxophone solo started．
③If he _________ (take) your advice，he would have passed the driving test．
④I would rather you ________ (be) here yesterday．
had toured
when
had taken
had been
⑤My friend Andrew _________ (live) in a foreign country for many years before he returned to England．
⑥He once ______ (work) as a lecturer，but now he is a manager．
⑦His brother ________ (be) the conductor of the orchestra for many years．
⑧He ___________ (learn) maths all by himself by the age of fourteen．
had lived
worked
has been
had learned
(2)补全句子
①We ____________________________ (本期望你会来)，but you didn't．
②I ____________ (本来打算) to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor．
③She said that she _______________________ (以前看过这部电影)．
④We __________________ (已经建了5座桥) by the end of last year．
had hoped that you would come
had intended
had seen the film before
had built five bridges
三、过去完成时、一般过去时以及现在完成时的区别
1．过去完成时：强调“过去的过去”，即表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，是以过去某一时间为基准的。
2．一般过去时：以现在时间为基准，表示在过去发生的动作或存在的状态，对现在没有影响。
3．现在完成时：强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作。
He had worked on a farm for 10 years before he became the manager of the company．
在成为公司经理之前，他在农场工作过10年。
He once worked on a farm for 10 years，and now he is the manager of the company．
他在农场工作过10年，现在是这家公司的经理。
I haven't seen her since she went abroad five years ago．
自从5年前她出国后我就没有见过她。
I met her at the airport yesterday．I hadn't seen her for five years since she went abroad．
我昨天在机场遇到她了。自从她出国以来我已经五年没见过她了。
[名师点津] (1)表示过去某个时间以前所连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时，一般用and, then, but按照动作的先后顺序连接，此时通常用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。
He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down at the table．
他走进房间，打开灯，坐在桌子旁。
He said he went to the shop and bought some food．
他说他去商店买了一些食品。
(2)当一个由before, after, as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接着发生时，两个动作均可用一般过去时来表示。
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises．
做完早操后，我们吃早饭。
The train started to move just before he reached the platform．
他到月台时火车刚要走。
They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields．
他们一到地里就开始耕地。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①He kept looking at her，wondering whether he ________ (see) her somewhere before．
②By nine o'clock last night, we ____________ (receive) more than 200 letters from the audience．
③They ____________ (intend) to arrive in Beijing before 10 o'clock，but the train was late．
④One of the biggest companies I wrote to ____ (be) Alaska Airlines Paris．
⑤We _________ (do) quite enough work for the morning; now let's take a break．
had seen
had received
had intended
was
have done
短文语境填空
One day in winter
My hometown is located in a very habitable valley where the people live in a harmonious atmosphere．I still remember last winter when I woke up in the morning, it 1．___ already _______ (stop) snowing．Looking outside of the window, the shiny white snow on our lawn 2．________________ (clean) by my father．I closed the book that 3．_________________ (borrow) from the local
library and went downstairs for breakfast, which 4．_________________ (prepare)
had
stopped
had been cleaned
had been borrowed
had been prepared
well on the kitchen table．Then my little brother came to tell me that he 5．____________ (finish) all his homework and he had a very nice dream the night before．During the breakfast, we talked about his dream．He said he 6．________ (go) skiing in the mountains with me and our parents, and we really 7．_______ (have) a good day there．After breakfast, I really went out to play snow with my little brother for half a day．It was the first time that we 8．___________ (enjoy) ourselves together．It was really a happy day．
had finished
had gone
had had
had enjoyed
①a thing of myths and legends神话和传说中的事情
②as well as又，和，也(常用于连接两个并列的成分)
③Alexander the Great亚历山大大帝
④after all毕竟，终究
⑤get attacked受到攻击
⑥release tiny amounts of chemicals释放出微量的化学物质
课下预习 第二篇课文(Developing ideas)
⑦a call for help呼救
⑧drive away 赶跑，使离去
⑨more surprisingly更令人惊讶的是
⑩most surprisingly of all最令人惊讶的是
in some ways在某种程度上
spread poisons to attack other plants传播毒素来攻击其他植物
The Secret Language of Plants
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends①．Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as② warnings to people．Alexander the Great③ and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India． [1] And in some modern stories，such as the film Avatar，trees can communicate with animals and people．
[1]此处为 “主语＋be＋said＋动词不定式”句型。
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy[2]，new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all④ [3]．
[2]此处为with复合结构，动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，其中that引导宾语从句，作believing的宾语。
[3]本句中的it作句子的主语，无实际意义。appears 是系动词，其后的that则引导一个表语从句。
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other． [4] This happens when a plant，say a bean plant，gets attacked⑤ by insects．The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals⑥ from the leaves that are being eaten．This is like a warning，or a call for help⑦：“I'm being attacked！” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour，it starts to release its own，different chemicals．Some of these chemicals
drive insects away⑧．Others attract insects—the wasps！The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants．Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system，so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides．
[4]本句中的it在句中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面由that引导的从句。
More surprisingly⑨，plants also use sound to communicate．People can't hear these sounds，but plants are making them．Some plants make noises with their roots．Corn and chilli plants do this．They also “listen” to the noises from other plants．A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful，or unfriendly．Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water，indicating drought is arriving． [5]
[5]此处when引导时间状语从句，意为 “当……时”；indicating．．．arriving是动词-ing形式短语作伴随状语。
Most surprisingly of all⑩，plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest．Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”．It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use．While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites [6]，the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi．This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other．Using the wood wide web [7]，plants can share information and even food with each other．For example，some
pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow．But just like our own Internet，the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime”．Plants can steal food from each other，or spread poisons to attack other plants ．Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web．
[6]此处while为并列连词，表示对比关系，意为 “而，然而”。
[7]此处是动词-ing形式短语作方式状语。
Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other [8]．Who knows？Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves．
[8]此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句；介词in由先行词ways的搭配决定。
植物密语
会说话的植物一直是神话传说中的一大元素。在许多种文化中流传下来的故事里，会说话的树给予人们忠告和警示。据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过一棵会说话的树。在一些现代故事——例如电影《阿凡达》中，树可以与人类和动物沟通交流。
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中，但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现：植物间似乎确实可以交流。
人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质进行交流。当一株植物——比如豆科植物，被昆虫袭击时，就会发生这种情况。正遭受啃食的叶子会释放出微量的化学物质，这像是警示，抑或求救：“我被攻击了！”当另一株豆类植物察觉到附近受伤同伴释放的化学物质时，它自身便开始释放不同的化学物质，其中一些能驱赶昆虫，而另一些则会吸引另一种昆虫——黄蜂！黄蜂会杀死那些啃食豆类植物的昆虫。科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于不用使用农药的农作物的种植。
更不可思议的是，植物也能用声音交流。虽然人类听不到，但植物确实正在发出声音。有些植物通过根部发出声响，比如玉米和辣椒。它们还能“听见”其他植物发出的声响。由此，辣椒可以知道自己附近的植物是敌是友。还有些树木在水分不足时会发出咔嗒声，以示干旱就要来了。
然而最令人惊奇的是，植物拥有一套神奇的信息交流系统，几乎可以连接起森林中所有的植物。科学家们称之为“植物万维网”。在某种程度上，它很像人类使用的互联网。互联网是通过电缆和卫星连接的全球计算机网络，而植物万维网则是在地下通过真菌连接而成的。这个真菌网络将不同植物的根彼此连接，通过它，植物可以互相分享信息甚至是食物。比如，某些松树会通过真菌网络向松树幼苗输送养分，帮助它们生长。但是，像互联网一样，植物万维网也会发生“网络犯罪”。植物会偷取同伴的养分，或散播有毒物质攻击其他植物。也许未来某一天，科学家会研究出建造“防火墙”的方法来阻止植物万维网中的这些攻击。
科学家们每天都在增进对植物间相互沟通的秘密方式的了解。谁知道呢？说不定哪一天，我们就能足够了解植物沟通的知识，从而亲自和植物“聊天”了。
